Background: Hypertension is one of the most common health problems globally and happens to be the leading risk factor for considerable morbidity and mortality. Hypertension is reported to be the fourth contributor to premature death in developed countries and the seventh in developing countries. Knowledge, attitudes and life style modifications of patients play an important role in controlling hypertension and preventing the long-term complications. Objective: The objective of this study was (1) To find out the socieo-demographic characteristics of the newly diagnosed hypertensive patients, and (2) To find out the association between hypertension and its’ four risk factors like obesity, physical activity, dietary habit, and smoking habit, among the newly diagnosed hypertensive patients. Methods: This is an observational and cross-sectional study, carried out in the Medicine Department, of Enam Medical college & Hospital, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Study period was from January 2020 to December 2021. Total 125 patients were diagnosed having hypertension first time and were included in the study. Patients’ waist circumference was measured in centimeters; body weight in kilogram and height in centimeter. Then BMI was calculated using the formula weight (kg)/height (m2). Along with this patients’ socio-demographic characteristics, and data regarding to the smoking & dietary habit were collected using a pre-designed, pre-tested structured questionnaire was used to collect data; then the data were analyzed in the using the softwire, statistical package social science (SPSS 22.0 version). Results: We found more than half (53.60%) of our newly diagnosed patients are in the age group of 45 to 59 years (53.6%), and we had more male (57.6%) than female (42.4%). Among the 125 diagnosed hypertensive patients 70.40% had a BMI above 23 kg/m2 and 65.60% had high waist circumference. Nearly one-third patients use tobacco either smoking, chewing or by any other means and more than two-third of our do not use tobacco. Above 95% are active and have physical activity either occupation related and exercise related. 65% of the them take average amount of salt in their diet, one-third patients eat fruits regularly and 80% consume vegetables regularly. Conclusions: We need a comparative study to find out the effect of anthropometric measurement and lifestyle on hypertension and their effect on patients’ outcome, a case control study would be more conclusive.

Occupational mental health not only creates an impact on the professional life and performance given by an employee but it is also responsible for affecting the quality of personal life lead by the employees.Depression and anxiety are the most common psychosocial crisis that the female employees undergo while trying to give their best performance both at home and at the workplace. Recent studies have proved that married woman with young children show more anxiety and depression. This study aimed at analyzing the impact of the Psychosocial problems faced by female employees. In this regard, the objective of this study was set to assess the prevalence of psychosocial problems among female employees. A cross-sectional study was conducted from July 2019 to June 2020. Stratified random sampling was done in female employees in Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. A pre-tested semi-structured proforma was used. The study was being done on 378 participants. All the data were entered and analysed in SPSS-20.0 To find out the association between certain variables Chi-square/Fisher Test was used. Among the study participants, 26.7% of working female employees falls below 25th percentile of psychological well-being. This indicates that majority (73.3%) of the female employees have higher psychological well-being. 24.6% of working female employees falls below 25th percentile of Social Well-being. This indicates that majority (75.4%) of the female employees have higher SWB. Only 40% of the doctors scored above 25th percentile of Social Well-being which is the least in terms of the percentage among all the occupational categories of the working women. Among the nursing officer, more than three-fourth (n=166; 78.7%) scored above 25th percentile on PWB scores whereas, 21.3% (n=45) of nursing officer scored below 25th percentile. The Psychological Well-Being is significantly associated to the occupation of the women. The Social Well-Being is significantly associated with Occupation of the women.

Aim: To compare and measure molar anchorage loss during en-masse retraction using mini-implant and conventional mechanics. Objectives: 1) To evaluate the molar anchorage loss during en-masse retraction of anterior teeth by using conventional mechanics. 2) To evaluate the molar anchorage loss during en-masse retraction of anterior teeth by using the orthodontic mini-implant as absolute anchorage. 3) To measure and compare the molar anchorage loss during en-masse retraction using mini-implant and conventional mechanics. Methods: The study was carried out on 10 patients requiring extraction of four first premolars and maximum retraction. On the right side (experimental side) mini-implants were placed between the second premolar and first molar and an e-chain was engaged from the head of the implant to the crimpable hook. On the left side (control side) an e-chain is given from crimpable hook to molar hook for en masse retraction. The retraction space closure was calculated using vernier caliper on the study model after 28weeks of retraction. Lateral cephalogram was taken before and after orthodontic retraction for calculating molar anchor loss. Results: The retraction space closure after 28 weeks showed a mean value of 3.59+0.68mm on the mini-implant side and 3.98+0.62mm on the conventional mechanics side, which was statistically significant. The anchor loss of 0.17+0.3 mm was observed on the mini-implant side and 1.32+0.62 mm was observed in the conventional mechanics after retraction, which was found to be statistically significant. Conclusion: In this study, the molar anchor loss of 0.17+ 0.3mm was seen on the mini-implant side and 1.32+0.6mm on the conventional mechanics side which was significantly more by 1.15mm than the mini-implant side. The closure of extraction space on the mini-implant side was done by retraction of anterior teeth and minimal anchorage loss, while in the conventional mechanics side there was anchor loss of anterior as well as posterior teeth.

Research into individuals’ risk perception is essential to understanding their behaviour, and adoption of individual-level preventive measures (e.g. wearing masks, washing hands etc) in case of pandemic. Various perceptions and practices have been associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. In this study, we assessed the knowledge, attitude and practices regarding COVID-19 among rural population in Jawan in Aligarh. A descriptive cross-sectional study design was used. Data was collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Data collection took place from August - October,2021.We conducted a door to door survey and interviewed 300 persons, aged ≥18 years, who gave consent for the study .The questionnaire was developed using the risk communication and community engagement tool, which was modified according to local settings. Majority of the study population thought Covid 19 to be a disease while few thought it to be a biological weapon used by China or to be due to radiation caused by 5 G network testing. Majority of the study population washed their hands with soap and water and avoided crowded places. Majority of the respondents perceived fever, cough and sore throat as the main symptom, followed by breathlessness and running nose .Very less respondent’s perceived loss of taste and loss of smell. Majority of the population adopted some homemade remedies as a precautionary measure in the form of tea or Kaadha. Most of them had knowledge about mode of spread through cough and sneeze but no one know about the spread of disease through asymptomatic patient. Health care workers also need to use strategies for identifying and communicating with at-risk populations (specifically the elderly) through field visits. They also need to prioritize research in areas of elderly COVID-19 perceptions, particularly around barriers and facilitators to adherence to preventive measures.

The potential of amino benzene and its derivatives in the synthesis of monoazo disperse dyes was studied. The dyes were synthesized by the diazotization of amino benzene and its derivatives and subsequent coupling with salicylic acid. The synthesized dyes were subjected to UV and IR characterization and the UV-VIS absorption spectra of the dyes in methanol, ethanol and ethyl acetate revealed that the dyes have absorption bands within the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum and that the λmax of the dyes increases with increase in polarity of the solvents. The FTIR characterization of the dyes revealed the presence of C – O from phenol, C – N and N – H from amines, C – H from alkane, N = O from nitro compounds and – OH from alcohol and the proposed structures of the dyes revealed the presence of chromophoric, auxochromic and azodic groups which may help to explain why the dyes have excellent colourations. The dyeing and fastness properties of the dyes on nylon, wool, polyester and cotton revealed that the dyes will have commercial importance within the textile industries.

A part of overall health includes oral health. Oral diseases are among the most common diseases in the world and have significant adverse consequences on both health and economy. Dental caries, periodontal disease, tooth loss, and oral malignancies are the oral disorders that have the highest impact on world health. Families and healthcare systems have a significant financial burden from the expense of treating oral diseases. The increased prevalence of oral diseases in many low- and middle-income nations is particularly concerning as oral diseases are a global public health issue. In order to help healthcare decision-makers, this article will outline the assessment of the economic impacts of dental diseases. In order to reduce oral diseases, behavioral changes connected to oral health are necessary and can be brought about by health economics and public policy working together. By focusing on specific instances of evidence gaps in oral health and care, health economics can be a useful tool to guide the design of policies linked to oral health.

Guiera senegalensis generally occurs as a shrub or a small tree which belongs to the Combretaceae family and locally named in Sudan as “Gabeish”. It has medicinal properties such as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-asthmatic, potential anticancer, anti-anaphylactic and anti-microbial activities. The plant was collected from the traditional market in Omdurman. Prepared ethanolic extract of leaves were used to evaluate the phytochemical screening to detect the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, phenol, saponins, carbohydrate,cumarins and absence of anthraquinones and triterpenes. The phytochemical contents revealed tannins (1.662), alkaloids (3.524), flavonoids (39.350) and biological study of leaves extract showed activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtile, Papillus subtile and Candida albicana.

Nutrient foramen is an opening, which gives passage to the blood vessels of medullary cavity. In lower limb, the lower end of femur and upper end of tibia are the growing ends. The knowledge of nutrient foramen and nutrient artery is of utmost important in surgical procedures like bone grafting, fracture fixation etc. Damage to nutrient artery causes avascular necrosis of bone.

Introduction: Dehiscence is a partial or total separation of previously approximated wound edges, due to a failure of proper wound healing. Wound dehiscence primarily occurs after a surgery relating to an open wound. It is sometimes called wound breakdown, wound disruption, or wound separation. It can be influenced by various preoperative and postoperative factors. Various preoperative and postoperative variables might impact it, and these factors can also influence the patient's result following surgery. Aim of the Study: The aim of the study was to observe the risk factors and operative findings of abdominal wound dehiscence cases in emergency laparotomy. Methods: This prospective clinical study was conducted at the Department of Surgery, MAG Osmani Medical College, Sylhet, Bangladesh. The study duration was 8 months, from July 2008 to February 2009. A total of 460 participants were selected from those undergoing emergency laparotomy in the study place for this study. A consecutive selection method was followed for the selection of the participants. The participants were divided into two groups depending on whether wound dehiscence was developed or not. Result: All the baseline characteristics (age, body mass index, and smoking habit) of patients except sex were significantly associated with wound dehiscence. The history of receiving steroid and cytotoxic drug were higher in patients with wound dehiscence than that in patients without wound dehiscence. However, the history of receiving the immunosuppressive drug was almost identical between the groups. The patients who did not take hygienic measures or take bath before an operation or change clothing had a higher incidence of wound dehiscence. The risk factors tuberculosis, diabetes mellitus, jaundice, bronchial asthma, anemia, edema, and dehydration were found significantly higher in wound dehiscent patients compared to those without wound dehiscence. The mean duration of operation, prolene suture used for closure, midline incision, mass closure technique and drain given had significant influence on development of wound dehiscence. presence of ascitic fluid, pus and contaminated fecal material demonstrated their significant presence in patients who develop wound dehiscence than those who did not develop wound dehiscence. Postoperative conditions like abdominal distention, coughing and wound infection tend to be associated with wound dehiscence more frequently than their counterpart. Conclusion: The current study recommends evaluating patient-related risk factors before to surgery and quickly addressing them. A skilled surgeon should do surgery on high-risk patients. The study contends that the development of wound dehiscence is significantly influenced by baseline traits like age and BMI. The degree of patient cleanliness before surgery greatly influences the likelihood of wound dehiscence. According to the study, other factors that may affect the occurrence of postoperative abdominal wound dehiscence include surgical procedures, skin preparation, the length of the procedure, and the type of wound closure. Coughing, vomiting, and subsequent infection are additional postoperative side effects that increase the risk of wound dehiscence.

Background: More disability and incapacity to work and a poorer quality of life in spondyloarthritis (SpA) in the presence of enthesitis is associated with higher disease activity. Objective: To find out the co-relation between disease activity and quality of life among patients with peripheral spondyloarthropathy. Methodology: From March 2021 to February 2022, the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation at BSMMU, Dhaka, performed a cross-sectional research. A total of 105 individuals diagnosed with pSpA who were included in the trial were chosen on purpose. Excluded from the research were patients with concomitant systemic inflammatory rheumatic diseases such as RA, SSc, lupus, and Dermatomyositis. The validated Bengali version of The Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score (ASDAS), including C-reactive protein (ASDAS-CRP), was used to measure disease activity, while the validated Bengali version of the Short Form Health Survey (SF) 12v2 was used to evaluate health-related quality of life. Results: The participants' mean age was 38.8(±9.8) years, and 68(64.8%) were male. The mean duration of sickness was 4.3(±3.3) years, with 55.4% of cases lasting less than 3 years. The mean ASDAS-CRP was 3.9(±0.08), with 69(65.7%) individuals having a very high Disease Activity Score. 100% of the individuals in the research experienced arthritis and inflammatory back pain. The majority of research subjects had the HLA B27 gene (N=101, or 96.2%), and 99(94.3%) had enthesitis. Physical Component Summary (PCS) and Mental Component Summary (MCS) mean scores were 34(±7.8) and 41(±7.7), respectively. A slight negative association existed between age and PCS scores on the SF-12 (r=-0.233, p=0.017). There was a negative connection between illness duration and PCS (r=-0.339, p=0.001) and MCS (r=-0.290, p=0.003) SF-12 scores. Again, there was a moderate negative connection between ASDAS-CRP and the PCS and MCS scores of the SF-12 (r=-0.406, p=0.001) and the MCS scores of the SF-12 (r=-0.461, p0.001). Conclusion: The Disease Activity Score of the majority of individuals with peripheral spondyloarthritis was very high. The psychological health of these patients was superior to their physical health. Both physical and mental health components were negatively linked with illness duration. There was a moderate inverse connection between ASDAS-CRP and the Physical Component Summary (PCS) and Mental Component Summary (MCS) scores of the SF-12.

Background: The majority of perinatal research on COVID-19 currently focuses on the pregnancy consequences of SARS-CoV-2-infected women, including as cesarean sections, fetal distress, premature delivery, and even maternal mortality. However, it is currently uncertain how the COVID-19 pandemic would negatively affect premature membrane rupture. Aim of the Study: The aim of this study was to assess the impact of Covid 19 on preterm rupture of membrane. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in department of obstetrics and gynaecology, Care Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh from 2021 to 2022. Total 100 pregnant women were included in this study. Where group A represented Covid 19 affected (n=50) and group B represented Not affected by Covid 19 (n=50). Result: In this study, mean age was 30.9 years (SD±8.5 years) in group A and 29.3 years (SD±7.5 years) in group B. Mean gestational age was 37.55 weeks (SD±2.42 weeks) in group A and 36.10 weeks (SD±3.08 weeks) in group B. Both groups had history of preterm delivery (2%), 8% of group A and 4% of group B had history of postpartum hemorrhage, and 22% of group A and 2% of group B had other family members affected. The commonest mode of delivery in both groups; 74% and 62% in group A and group B respectively. 16% in group A and 8% in group B had premature rupture of membranes and 4% in group A and 2% in group B had preterm premature rupture of membranes. Table V shows the neonatal outcome. Neonatal Covid 19 positive was 4% in group A. 18% of group A and 10% of group B were admitted in NICU. Neonatal mortality was 4% in group A and 2% in group B. Conclusion: Preterm births are more likely to occur in pregnant COVID-19 patients and the disease has an impact on NICU admissions. Premature rupture of membranes at term and preterm are more frequent in patients with COVID-19.

Background: Post tubal ligation syndrome has been a topic of debate and the association of Dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) has been identified as a long-term complication. In refractory cases, hysterectomy can be considered a treatment option for managing the post-ligation syndrome due to prolonged menstrual complaints. But very few studies summarize the fact in our country's context. Considering of epidemiological data, the study was designed to assess the incidence of hysterectomy for DUB with post-tubal ligation. Methods: The hospital-based cross-sectional type of descriptive study was conducted in the inpatient Department of Gynae & Obst in Rajshahi Medical College Hospital (RMCH), From January 2019 to July 2019. Women suffering from DUB and having a history of post tubal ligation were included in the study. After selecting the patients, informed written consent was taken from the subjects. All patients were subjected to a detailed history, clinical examination, and relevant investigation. In necessary cases, hysterectomy was done as a treatment option. Data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire designed for the study by the researcher. Data analysis and presentation were made by statistical software SPSS 23. Results: Total 100 patients with DUB were included in this study. The mean age was 40.9±6.28 SD (years), range: 25-54 years. The majority of patients (52%) belonged to the age group (41 – 50 years). About 59% came from rural areas. The mean parity was 3.43±1.34. The incidence of hysterectomy among DUB patients with a previous history of tubal ligation was 25%. The mean duration of tubal ligation was 13.4±6.3 years. The usual presentation per vaginal bleeding pattern at presentation was menorrhagia (47%), followed in second and third by metrorrhagia (20%) and postmenopausal bleeding (17%). Besides, 78% of patients also complained of tiredness, and 12% complained of pelvic pain. And Mean duration of symptoms was 13.44 months. Conclusion: About one-fourth of the tubal ligation patients underwent a hysterectomy in their subsequent life, and usually presented with menorrhagia. However, further studies are needed to finalize the incidence rate.

Land is essential for every human activity on earth as it is the source of all material wealth. In order to regulate the ownership, use and development of land and land resources, nations over the world have instituted land ownership systems aimed at consistent balancing of the interests of the government, the land owning class and the landless class. This paper examines the parallel nature of statutory and customary land ownership in Cameroon, how it has evolved over the years until 1974 when a single land law, otherwise known as the 1974 Land Ordinance, which were established to harmonize and regulate land ownership in the country. The paper further contends that the present land ownership system in Cameroon as found in the ordinance is advocating inclinations with excessive state control of land ownership, use and development. In connection with our above objectives, we adopted an in-depth content analysis, which is based on primary and secondary sources of data collection imperative to the study. The paper concludes that such land system cannot effectively support the indigenes and development initiatives as it creates too much bureaucracy in land transactions, land registration and land titling. It recommends an urgent balance between the statutory and customary land ownership to facilitate access to land with ease for various purposes.

Herbal remedies used traditionally to cure different types of human disease. The research in herbal drugs, to discover single compound used a lead for developing new therapeutically active products. Cleome viscosa Linn. (wild or dog mustard), belongs to family(Capparaceae). Cleome viscosa well known plant for their antimicrobial, anti-diarrheal, hepatoprotective, analgesic and anti-fibrolytic potential. In living beings, infection caused by helminths (helminthiasis) is a severe problem to health that results in hardship and stunted growth. In the developing world, helminthiasis (in human intestine) is the most common infectious disease. The seed contained salicylic acid and Lupeol. This study has been carried out to evaluate anthelmintic potential of Cleome viscose seed by molecular docking via drug-tubulin interaction. The molecular docking result revealed that salicylic acid and Lupeol showed encouraging docking score. The docking score found to be -1.98 and -3.82 kcal mol–1 respectively.

Introduction: PEFR is considered as the simplest index of pulmonary function. Ventilatory function tests like PEFR provide a better understanding of the changes in the lungs from a diagnostic viewpoint. It is effort dependent and reflects mainly the calibre of the bronchi and larger bronchioles, which are subjected to reflex bronchoconstriction. Objective: To study the variations in the PEFR with various factors with respect to age, body mass index, blood pressure and heart rate among males and females patients. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted at Department of Medicine, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmad Medical College Hospital, Gazipur, Bangladesh from January to December 2020 among young male and female subjects. The subjects with no history of cardio, availability & capacity to cooperate adequately, non- smokers; and no history of any drug intake which could affect the lung functioning were included in the study. PEFR was measured with the subject comfortably seated during the same time of the day for all subjects. It was determined in litres/minute with the help of “The Peak”, Individualised Peak flow meter from Multispiro Inc. Results: Out of the total subjects 121 subjects, 45.4% were ≤18 years followed by 19-20 (42.1%) and >20 (12.3%). There were 37.1% males and 62.8% females. PEFR was found to be significantly (p=0.0001) higher among males compared to females in all the age groups. PEFR increased with increasing age in both male and female subjects. PEFR was found to be significantly (p<0.0) higher among males compared to females in the entire body mass index (BMI) category. PEFR increased with increasing BMI in both male and female subjects. Conclusion: PEFR is higher among male than female subject. Also, PEFR was higher in males than females in all the age groups and BMI status. The effects of various factors like age, height, weight, BSA and BMI on the PEFR values have also been discussed in this study. PEFR increases with increase in age and BMI in both male and female subjects.