In recent years, many research groups have begun to utilize bioengineered in vitro models of cancer to study mechanisms of disease progression, test drug candidates, and develop platforms to advance personalized drug treatment options. Due to advances in cell and tissue engineering over the last few decades, there are now a myriad of tools that can be used to create such in vitro systems. In this review, we describe the considerations one must take when developing model systems that accurately mimic the in vivo tumor microenvironment (TME) and can be used to answer specific scientific questions. We will summarize the importance of cell sourcing in models with one or multiple cell types and outline the importance of choosing biomaterials that accurately mimic the native extracellular matrix (ECM) of the tumor or tissue that is being modeled. We then provide examples of how these two components can be used in concert in a variety of model form factors and conclude by discussing how biofabrication techniques such as bioprinting and organ-on-a-chip fabrication can be used to create highly reproducible complex in vitro models. Since this topic has a broad range of applications, we use the final section of the review to dive deeper into one type of cancer, glioblastoma, to illustrate how these components come together to further our knowledge of cancer biology and move us closer to developing novel drugs and systems that improve patient outcomes. Glioblastomas are universally fatal cancers and contain self-renewing glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) that initiate tumors. Traditional anticancer drug development based on in vitro cultures tends to select targets with low therapeutic indices and fails to effectively represent the tumour microenvironment's impacts. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive form of brain cancer, with treatment options often constrained due to inherent resistance of malignant cells to conventional therapy. We investigated the impact of triggering programmed cell death (PCD) by using BH3 mimetic drugs in human GBM cell lines. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) has been characterized by the high incidence, therapy tolerance and relapse. The molecular events controlling GBM resistant to chemotherapy temozolomide (TMZ) remain to be elusive. Here, we identified WNT signaling was amplified by TMZ and mediated drug response in GBM. We found O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) was redundant to WNT-mediated chemoresistance, which was highly associated with p53 mutation status. In GBM with p53 mutation, loss of function of p53 downregulated miR-34a expression, which represses transcription of WNT ligand 6 (WNT6) by directly binding to 3′ UTR of WNT6 mRNA, leading to activation of WNT signaling, and the eventual WNT-mediated chemoresistance to TMZ. Combined treatment of TMZ with WNT inhibitor or miR34a mimic induced drug sensitivity of p53-mutant GBM cells and extended survival in xenograft mice in vivo. Our findings provide insight into understanding the molecular mechanism of GBM chemoresistance to TMZ and facilitating to develop novel treatment strategy to combat p53-mutant GBM by targeting miR-34a/WNT6 axis. Advantages and drawbacks of dexamethasone in glioblastoma multiforme: Dexamethasone has been used for many years to treat brain edema and inflammation caused by GBM.Several investigations have shown that dexamethasone also exerts antitumoral effects against GBM.Unfortunately, steroids are associated with various undesirable side effects. Herein, we review pre-clinical and clinical applications of Dexamethasone in GBM. The most widespread, malignant, and deadliest type of glial tumor is glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Despite radiation, chemotherapy, and radical surgery, the median survival of afflicted individuals is about 12 months. Unfortunately, existing therapeutic interventions are abysmal. Dexamethasone (Dex), a synthetic glucocorticoid, has been used for many years to treat brain edema and inflammation caused by GBM. Several investigations have recently shown that Dex also exerts antitumoral effects against GBM. On the other hand, more recent disputed findings have questioned the long-held dogma of Dex treatment for GBM. Unfortunately, steroids are associated with various undesirable side effects, including severe immunosuppression and metabolic changes like hyperglycemia, which may impair the survival of GBM patients. Current ideas and concerns about Dex's effects on GBM cerebral edema, cell proliferation, migration, and its clinical outcomes were investigated in this study. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most common, most formidable, and deadliest malignant types of primary astrocytoma with a poor prognosis. At present, the standard of care includes surgical tumor resection, followed by radiation therapy concomitant with chemotherapy and temozolomide. New developments and significant advances in the treatment of GBM have been achieved ..........

Function Analysis System Technique (FAST) diagraming is a key component of Function Analysis. It contributes to Value Engineering (VE) teams’ understanding of the scope of VE studies and maximizes the number of identified VE alternatives. This paper identified some of the challenges encountered by university students in constructing FAST diagrams. This was accomplished through the assessment of 36 FAST diagrams constructed by 36 students and five FAST diagrams constructed by five teams of 24 students. The assessment found less flaws in FAST diagrams when students work as a team rather than as individuals. The analysis also found difficulties associated with understanding and linking functions in the When logic or same time functions. To overcome this issue, the paper is suggesting the use of a “Function Block” approach to facilitate the understanding and construction of FAST diagrams. The new approach was tested by three teams of 13 students to identify its advantages and disadvantages.

Background: De Quervain's thyroiditis is an inflammatory thyroid disorder. The new coronavirus is incriminated as the causative agent. Aims: We describe two cases of subacute thyroiditis, the first is linked to covid-19 infection, and the second is secondary to the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Methods: A 48-year-old female, presented with severe anterior neck pain, and thyroid dysfunction; the thyroid ultrasound showed an enlarged gland, with external hypoechoic areas. The RT-PCR was positive, the patient was treated according to the protocol of covid-19. A 49-year-old female, consulted for intense neck pain, one month after receiving the first dose of vaccination (Astrazeneca); the cervical ultrasound showed an external hypoechoic areas. Results: In first case, neck pain and other signs disappeared in one week. In second case, neck pain disappeared within two weeks. Conclusion: Clinicians should be aware of the possibility of thyroiditis in patients infected with Sars-COV-2.

Based on the theoretical framework of POA, this paper intends to evaluate an English textbook—Going Global (Elementary) through three criteria: "appropriateness of output objectives"，"effectiveness of facilitation activities" and "achievement of output goals". By means of interviews and a questionnaire, the research results show that Going Global (Elementary) fit the evaluation criteria of POA in general. However, this textbook also has some limitations which needs further improvement.

Based on 2030 vision of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), improving the quality of preventive and therapeutic health care services is one of the targets that set out by the National Transformation Program (NTP). Clinical Audit (CA) is one of the great tools of quality improvement worldwide. Although a CA program was initiated just a while ago in Saudi Arabia, in this short duration the maturity of this practice in this country is evident in various documentations. However, it is still a long path to go in this practice as many health professionals are not yet mindful about the positive implications and benefits of this concept. In this consideration, this article was attempted to highlight the concepts, broad principles of and the mandatory stages in implementing CA practice to a success. Apart from that the leadership role in materializing CA, the barriers to its success, as well as, the pattern of CA practice in Saudi Arabian health care system in achieving its maturity have also been outlined.

With the conversion of traditional energy sources to new energy sources, the dissemination of informative texts on energy is increasing. The book Energy Transition, written by a famous French energy expert Bertrand Cassoret, has a strong reference effect on China's current energy transition. As one of the three major text types, the importance of informative texts is self-evident. This type of text is characterized by its strong practicality and contains many technical terms and complex sentences. Communicative translation theory focuses on the dissemination of information and the reader's response and is suitable for guiding the translation of informative texts. Guided by communicative translation theory, this paper explores different translation techniques in conjunction with the translation examples in Chapters 6 and 7 of this book. In terms of vocabulary, the method of part-of-speech conversion is used to convert nouns into verbs. In terms of sentences, the translation skills of voice conversion, inversion, addition and subtraction are adopted. According to communicative translation theory, the translator tries to make the language easier for the target readers to understand, thus achieving the purpose of information dissemination.

Oral cancer considered one of the most 10 cancer among world population [1]. In the period between 1995- 2015 Saudi cancers registries detect 172,424 cancer cases, 3184 were oral cancer cases. 1.5 Per 100000 for female population and 1.4 per 100000 among male population, the majority of cases are from jazan region [2, 3]. The aim of this review is to explain the basic and essential aspects of oral cancer focusing on squamous cell carcinoma , starting from its definition to epidemiology in Saudi Arabia as well world wild as well addressing carcinogenesis , potential malignant diseases , and premalignant lesions. As oral cancer is preventable disease, prevention will be addressed as well.

This study moderates firm characteristics with key monetary variables (inflation rate and exchange rate) and examine their effect on the financial performance of fifteen (15) listed consumer goods manufacturing firms in Nigeria using an annual panel dataset from 2004 to 2020. The dependent variable (financial performance) is measured as return on assets while the independent variables are capital structure, dividend policy, managerial efficiency and firm size. In addition, the study used fixed and random effects regressions as techniques of data analysis. The results of this study are categorized into two parts namely; regression results without moderators and regression results with moderators (inflation and exchange rate). The result from the model without moderators shows that there is a positive and statistically relationship between capital structure, managerial efficiency and firm size and financial performance while dividend policy has no significant effect on financial performance. However, the results moderated with both the inflation and exchange rate indicate that capital structure and firm size have a significant negative effect on financial performance while dividend policy and managerial efficiency have a significant positive effect on financial performance. Thus, this study recommends the need for an increase in both dividend policy and managerial efficiency and limiting the increase in capital structure and firm size since they adversely affect financial performance. Finally, there is a need for consumer goods manufacturing firms to put into consideration the trends in monetary variables before making any investment decision.

Currently, both job stress and presenteeism are critical problems. Job stress carries enormous costs for healthcare workers and nurses in terms of overall wellbeing, presenteeism, and turnover, which in turn affect the quality of patient healthcare services. The objectives of this research were to uncover the extent of presenteeism and job stress among nurses in hospitals in Hafr Al-Batin, a city in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. A descriptive, correlational, cross-sectional study was conducted. The study sample included 146 nurses working in Hafr Al-Batin hospitals. Data were collected from May to June 2020. For analysis, the researcher used two tools, the Expanded Nursing Stress Scale (ENSS) and the Stanford Presenteeism Scale-6 (SPS-6). The data was subsequently analyzed by descriptive statistics and Spearman’s correlation coefficient. Study results showed that the mean values of job stress and presenteeism were both high. Furthermore, there was a relationship between the overall presenteeism and overall job stress experienced among staff nurses. The results of this research would aid both nursing administrators and hospital managers in designing effective strategies to reduce job stress and manage presenteeism among staff nurses in the hospitals of Hafr Al-Batin.

The new SARS-CoV-2 virus has become a worldwide emergency. It is recognized as a multiorgan disease and post-acute sequalae are seen in many systems. Many oral symptoms have been reported in relation to COVID-19. Cause- effect relationship between coronavirus and the appearance of such oral lesions still cannot be established. Immunosuppression state of positive cases could explain appearance of oral lesions. Oral hygiene is an aspect that should not be left aside, and it is of great importance to encourage the patient to reinforce hygiene techniques.

Translation of poetry has always been a difficult problem. Questions like what form to adopt, whether to retain the original structure, how to choose words, etc. have long confused numerous experts and translators. The text type theory proposed by German translation theorist Katrina Rice believes that poetry, a typical expressive type, should be translated as faithfully as possible to the original text, and this theory provides a theoretical basis for translators to choose a better translation strategy. This paper takes The Poems of Emily Dickinson translated by Zhou Jianxin as an example to analyze the application of text type theory in poetry translation. The translation has high faithfulness to the original text, including not only the form and the meaning of the poem, but also its aesthetic features and the personal style of the poet, which is a good sample of the application of text type theory. It provides a reference for subsequent translators to translate poetry, and also shows a practical path for translations of foreign poetry.

Due to its ambiguous nature, culture is one of the most difficult human phenomenons to define. Sociologists and Linguists are continuously expanding the aspects of what constitutes culture in an effort to understand how our individual identities can coexist as simultaneous members of a global community. This paper analysed various theories and literature in relation to the concept of culture in an effort to determine the effect it has on English as a second language (ESL) students. It discovered that although spoken and written discourse is integral to succeeding in a community, there are several non-linguistic methods of communication that can help ESL students to participate and become accepted members of their chosen second language society. This paper also compared the differences between individual and collective cultures and the social and environmental impact they can have on its participants.

This article discusses the factors that cause the State Administration Agency or Official (TUN Agency or Official) unable to realize a PTUN decision execution that is in accordance with the Pancasila Justice Value currently; and how to reconstruct the execution regulations of the PTUN decisions based on the values of Pancasila justice In a study using the constructivism paradigm and the method of the socio-legal research approach. The data sources in this study consist of primary data sources and secondary data sources consisting of primary legal materials, secondary legal materials, and tertiary legal materials related to the analysis of qualitative descriptive data. The results of the discussion show that the weaknesses that cause the State Administration Agency or Official (TUN Agency or Official) unable to realize a PTUN decision execution that is in accordance with the Pancasila Justice Value currently include 4 things, namely: (1) low compliance and legal awareness of the State Administration Agency or Official; (2) low legal compliance and awareness of the community; (3) the existence of the interests of state administration officials; and (4) there is an error in vision in the use of the authority of his position. Then, the Reconstruction of this regulation is as follows: paragraph (3) regarding the grace period for submitting an application for execution; Paragraph (4) regarding forced efforts, administrative sanctions are emphasized in the form of disciplinary action on dismissal from office; the addition of paragraph (5), regarding the synergy of the implementation of the decision; the addition of paragraph (6) regarding the contempt of court for officials and related parties who do not comply with the decision; paragraph (7) changes regarding hierarchical execution, to execution carried out by an executing agency; paragraph (7) is old, deleted because it is no longer using forced money, and administrative sanctions have been regulated in paragraph (4).

This work interrogates the seeming ambivalence between Arthur Schopenhauer's existentialist pessimism and his advocacy for artistic, moral and ascetic forms of awareness, as means of managing the absurdities and frustrations of life. The objective of this work is to discover whether or not his apparently orthogonal positions can be reconciled in any way at all, and what that might portend for the contemporary philosopher. Schopenhauer's metaphysics and philosophy of nature led him to the doctrine of pessimism: the view that sentient beings, with few exceptions, are bound to strive and suffer greatly, all without any ultimate purpose or justification and thus life is not really worth living. Arthur Schopenhauer was among the first 19th century philosophers to contend that at its core, the universe is not a rational place. Inspired by Plato and Kant, both of whom regarded the world as being more amenable to reason, Schopenhauer developed their philosophies into an instinct-recognizing and ultimately ascetic outlook, emphasizing that in the face of a world filled with endless strife, we ought to minimize our natural desires for the sake of achieving a more tranquil frame of mind and a disposition towards universal beneficence. Often considered to be a thoroughgoing pessimist, Schopenhauer in fact advocated ways to overcome a frustration-filled and fundamentally painful human condition. He believed that the "will-to-life" (the force driving man to survive and to reproduce) was the driving forces of the world, and that the pursuit of happiness, love and intellectual satisfaction was essentially futile and anyway secondary to the innate imperative of procreation. This essay argues that phenomenologically, Schopenhauer had an “existentialist” orientation towards the spatio-temporal world that informed his pessimism, but also engenders further questions regarding the actual sincerity of his mental commitment to such a position.

This work is expository, analytic, critical and evaluative in its methodology. Admittedly, both thinkers were dualists. But, where Descartes turned out to be a dualist in the stronger sense, Husserl had brought the Ego closer to the objects it perceives, constituting them through intentionality. More specifically, through h the intertwinement between the intentional act and the intentional object. The goal of Descartes’ method was to arrive at an inconcussum quid, at something which cannot be subjected to doubt: his own existence as a thinking substance, in addition to the proof(s) of the existence of God. So, he methodically doubted all the things he had been certain about, in order to reaffirm their existence. Husserl’s method, on the other hand, employs what is sometimes seen as a twofold approach: phenomenological ἐποχή, (epoche) or “suspension of belief,” and phenomenological reduction. Husserl’s main philosophical problem had nothing to do with being certain about reality. He understood our certitude about reality as a basic fact of our everyday experience, as something to be taken at face value. Therefore, he did not need to doubt whether reality is as it seems to be, or even exists at all. Although there are many ways to explain Husserl’s main issue, but to take the epistemological route, the one he took in his first public communication on this topic, The idea of phenomenology, it pertains to the manner in which exterior objectivity, as something whose existence transcends the subject, can reach an immanent subject.