Triumfetta cordifolia is used in traditional medicine to treat inflammation in Bayelsa State, Nigeria, however, the aqueous methanol extract of T. cordifolia leaves have not been explored scientifically to confirm this ethno-medicinal claim using animal model. In this study, aqueous methanol extract of T. cordifolia leaves was tested for its anti- inflammatory properties and the profiling of flavonoid components using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In vivo anti-inflammatory efficacy was performed utilizing a rat model of formalin-induced paw edema. The extract's anti-inflammatory effectiveness against formalin-induced paw edema revealed notable anti-inflammatory effects. The percentage inhibition of the extract at the dose of 500 mg/kg with 10.69% inhibition was comparable to the standard drug aspirin with 10.69% inhibition while the dose of 100 and 250 mg/kg has higher percentage inhibition (13.58%) in comparison with the standard drug aspirin (10.69%) at same time interval all in the curative measure. The major flavonoid compounds from the HPLC analysis include kaempferol, quercitrin, (+) - catechin, luteolin, quercetin, myricetin, hesperidin, narigin, apigenin and rutin. Thus, it can be suggested that the high content of flavonoids may be responsible for the anti-inflammatory activities exhibited by the methanol extract of T. cordifolia. Therefore, the results obtained in this study shows that the methanol leaf extract of T. cordifloia possess potent anti-inflammatory activity in acute inflammation.

The aim of this analysis is to compare and contrast the numerous categories of preformed crowns that can be used to restore the primary teeth in children. Historically, preformed crowns have been widely available for the past 50 years. The clinical performance of preformed crowns has evolved to meet higher functional, mechanical, and aesthetic demands. Preformed crowns are available in a range of prefabricated sizes and shapes. Preformed crowns can vary depending on their properties, compounds, methods of preparation and biocompatibility.

Background: It is well known that education and learning can be linked with lucid, playful and pleasurable experiences. Aim: This study evaluated the knowledge, attitude and practice of edutainment among anatomy educators. Methods: The study was conducted among Anatomy educators in four Colleges of Medicine in South Eastern Nigeria. The study adopted a survey research design with a validated structured questionnaire. A total of 34 lecturers (8 females and 24 males) participated in the study. Results: Thirty one (91.2%) of our respondents has heard of edutainment. Their major source of information was from the internet (n=19; 61.3%) followed by conferences (n=9; 29%). Our respondents showed a positive attitude to edutainment. 28 (82.4%) of our respondents said edutainment is not part of their curriculum and 24 (70.6%) of our respondents use edutainment to teach anatomy. Conclusion: Edutainment in anatomy teaching is necessary and will be productive, there is need to complement traditional teaching method (lectures) with edutainment in anatomy teaching in other to increase students’ interest and understanding.

The aim of this study is to investigate the physiologic effect of prolonged consumption of Raphia Hookeri fruits pulp aqueous extract on renal functions of male wistar rats. A total of 32 male wistar rats of weight ranging from 130gram to 200grams were used. The extract was administered orally for each 4 groups except control (group1) for twenty-eight (28) days. Group 1 rats were given animal feed and water only, group 2 were given 500mg/kg body weight of the extract, group 3 were given 1000mg/kg body weight of the extract, group 4 were given 2000mg/kg body weight of extract. The statistical analysis done using mean and standard deviation, P value at ≤ 0.05 and results showed that the sodium ion levels in all the test groups were marginally raised when compared to group 1, potassium ion levels in all test groups had only non-significant variations when compared to both the control and test groups but in test groups were seen to be slightly reduced with respect to group 1. Groups 2, 3 and 4 indicated elevated bicarbonate ion but of all, it was most and significant in group 4 when compared to group 1. Chloride ion indicated non-uniform and non-significant changes when compared to both the control and test groups. Creatinine all indicates non-significant effects of the extract when compared to group 1. The increase observed in urea and creatinine indicates that kidney function would deteriorate as it prolongs which negatively alter the renal physiology of the male wistar rats.

The new normal order of life after the coronavirus/covid-19 pandemic requires changes in government procedures that were previously carried out conventionally/analogously to digital. The state's civil apparatus has undoubtedly been impacted by the age of disruption. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine how organizational learning is impacted by the implementation of information technology and agility, as well as how the state's civil service performs as a result of these factors. Using SmartPLS 3.3 as a research methodology for quantitative analysis. The research sample is 100 respondents. Conclusions of the study: Information technology implementation has a significant positive impact on organizational learning, agility has a significant positive impact on organizational learning, information technology implementation has a significant positive impact on state civil servants' performance, and organizational learning has a significant positive impact on performance state civil service.

Nuclear energy is the second-highest producer of carbon-free electricity after hydropower. Currently, nuclear energy is generated from fission- where the nuclei of an atom split into several parts; however, research on the energy generation from fusion is ongoing. Nuclear reactors are termed as heart of this process. This paper reviews the major nuclear reactor involved in these reactors' power generation and working and provides a broader aspect of the GEN-IV reactor.

Background: Male infertility is a significant yet under-reported public health concern. It affects 30% of couples who regularly engage in unprotected sexual activity. In Nigeria, the male partner is sometimes unwilling to have a fertility evaluation, which results in the underreporting of male infertility. The female partner is frequently held responsible for infertility. Hyperprolactinaemia has been identified as a reversible cause of male infertility, which is amenable to treatment, but studies to evaluate the concept are sparse. Aim: To determine if there is an association between high prolactin levels and abnormal seminal fluid analysis parameters. Methods: The study is a cross-sectional analytical study involving male partners of infertile couples. Two hundred and thirty-three (233) patients that met the inclusion criteria and gave informed consent were enrolled on the study at the Human Reproduction and Research Program Unit (HRRP) of the University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin-city, Nigeria. A detailed history was taken, and a physical examination was done for all subjects. Seminal fluid analysis was done for all subjects, and blood was also collected for serum prolactin assay. Information was obtained from sociodemographic data and medical history. Data obtained using interviewer-administered questionnaires were analyzed with SPSS Package version 20.0. Results: The study included 233 patients, with a mean age of 40.77.1 and a majority (57.7%) of the subjects with aberrant SFA between the ages of 40 and 49. Participants with normal and abnormal SFA had hyperprolactinemia at 4.3% and 14.2%, respectively. There was a significant negative correlation between prolactin level, motility (r=-0.010, p=0.001), morphology (r=-0.077, p=0.001) and sperm count (r=-0.082, p=0.003). Obesity, alcohol consumption and smoking were significant predictors of abnormal sperm parameters (p=0.011, p=0.001, and p=0.001, respectively). Conclusion: This study indicated a relationship between hyperprolactinaemia, sperm count, motility, and morphology, which suggests that increased prolactin may negatively affect semen quality if left untreated.

Anthropometry can be defined as the art and science of measurements of physical dimensions of parts or whole of human body. Cephalofacial measurement is an important anthropometry, which generates data that form important indices for studying brain growth and formation of facial types. This descriptive study involves 390 Ogoni Children (215 males and 175 females) between the ages of 5-12 years. Since very few studies have been done on Nigerian infants, the aim of this study is to evaluate the Cephalofacial morphology of Ogoni Children and describe sexual dimorphism among the population study. The length and width of the head and face of each subject was measured to determine the cephalic Index and facial Index of each subject and evaluate the prevalent head and face type of the population study. The results showed that mean values of the cephalic and facial indices were higher for males than females. The mean cephalic Index values were 71.85±3.79 and 71.79±3.86 for males and females respectively. The difference in these values were not found to be statistically significant and thus cannot be useful in describing sexual dimorphism among the study population (p>0.05). The mean facial Index values were 85.35±6.05 and 83.86±4.86 for males and females respectively. The difference found in these values were statistically significant (p<0.05) and thus was useful in describing sexual dimorphism. The results also showed that dolichocephalic head type was the most prevalent with males (47.44%) having a higher percentage prevalence than females (41.71%), while euryprosopic facial type was the most prevalent with females (42.29%) having a higher percentage prevalence than males (37.21%).

Long covid syndrome is a condition that persists in patients infected with SARS Covid 19 virus which may affect several organ systems. These individuals do not completely recover and symptoms may persist for a long time. There is a high risk of infection in post covid syndrome as the immune system gets suppressed. Cough and dyspnea were the most reported symptoms within the subjects. Patients with comorbidities have a high risk of hospitalization, the most prevalent comorbidity being diabetes mellitus followed by hypertension. Cardiovascular and pulmonary complications were most prevalent among the study subjects. The blood group related evaluation helps in studying the prevalence of long Covid in each blood type and to find the most susceptible group to persisting symptoms of Covid-19. The evaluation of lab parameters helped in understanding the pattern of lab changes in the affected individuals. The changes in the quality of life are topics of discussion, as the persisting symptoms may affect the everyday life of the affected individuals. Using a set of standard questionnaires, the quality of life was calculated qualitatively and conclusions were derived.

Beyond copious production of biogas, household septic tanks present largely untapped potentials for waste water recycling, especially in area with difficulty in getting sustainable supply of water and energy. The black water (the faeces and urine from the toilets) and grey water (the waste water from the bathrooms, kitchen and laundry) in the septic tank can be harnessed for biogas production and could be recycled for use in irrigation and other domestic uses. In this work, an enhanced septic tank system was designed and implemented in the preliminary treatment of domestic waste water. From the results obtained the system has the ability to significantly reduce the TDS, turbidity, and BOD of a given sample prior to filtration. The COD and TDS of the sample decreased and increased with time due to pressure buildup. This informs the timing for fluid transfer into the next phase of the recycling – sand filtration. Optimization of the design and operations of the new enhanced septic tank system is important in the actualization of the goal of having efficient bio-waste recycling and conversion.

Background: Cataract is a common cause of visual impairment in the elderly and the leading cause of blindness worldwide. Bangladesh is not exception of this. Though cataract treatment is available across the country but there is no nationwide strategy to prevent this disease. Therefore, this study tried to explore the distribution of this diseases among the elderly patients in Bangladesh to provide some insights about the prevention strategies of cataract. Methodology: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among conveniently selected 1020 cataract patients attending in two eye camps of Bagura and Jaypurhat districts in Bangladesh. Face to face interview was taken by using a structured validated questionnaire. Descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage, mean, median, and standard deviation as well as inferential analysis were used for both categorical and continuous variables with the application of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26. Results: Out of 1020 cataract patients, male and female were 53.5% and 46.5%, respectively where 69.5% were in the age group of 15-64 years. Approximately 50% of participants were illiterate and 70.6% had family history of cataract. About 42.8% of respondents had identified age as the cause of disease and almost 50.8% were suffered from 1.1 to 3 years. 39.4% had delayed in receiving treatment for having financial issues. Age and gender had statistical significant association (p<.05) with the cataract. Conclusion: Age and gender based prevention strategies should be planned and implemented as cataract is found to be prevalent on these variables in this study.

Background: The complexity of the root canal system makes it difficult to completely disinfect is the leading cause for endodontic retreatment. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is the traditionally used irrigation solution and has improved its efficacy with various adjuncts. The use of lasers in disinfecting the canal system has come into prominence in recent years. Aim: To assess the efficacy of sodium hypochlorite and Er, Cr: YSGG laser against E faecalis biofilm. Methodology: A systematic search was conducted using a search strategy in PubMed and Google scholar for studies published between 1st January 2011 and 21st March 2022. Hand searching of relevant articles in Institutional library was also performed. Comparative in vitro studies in English language or articles in other languages which had a possibility of translation into English comparing sodium hypochlorite and Er, Cr: YSGG laser for irrigation against E faecalis biofilm were included in the review whereas, studies comparing efficacy against biofilm other than E faecalis, comparison with other laser activated intracanal irrigation, data reported through letter to editors, short communications and conference proceedings were excluded from the review. Results: A preliminary search yielded a total of 67 studies of which seven articles giving 11 estimates were included for qualitative synthesis. Data on colony forming units for both the groups (sodium hypochlorite and Er, Cr: YSGG laser) was extracted. Overall, four studies presented significant difference in the effectiveness of sodium hypochlorite and Er, Cr: YSGG laser whereas three studies presented with no difference among the two groups. Conclusion: Irrigation of root canal by sodium hypochlorite and Er, Cr: YSGG laser activation both prove to be effective in reducing the E faecalis colony forming units. However, it is difficult to provide a conclusive statement on the superiority of Er, Cr: YSGG laser activated irrigation over sodium hypochlorite solution as half of the studies gave contrasting results. Future studies with larger sample size on complex anatomical root structure are recommended.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in Wuhan, China, in late 2019. This became a global health crisis which caused millions of deaths worldwide. The first official case reported in India on 27th January 2020 in Thrissur, Kerala. The vaccines developed, approved and in function are Covaxin (BBV152), Oxford-AstraZeneca (ChAdOx1nCoV-19), Covishield, PfizerBioNtech and Moderna. These vaccines are still under their respective phases of trials. Their adverse effects are under surveillance. In India these AEFIs are reported to Ministry of Health and Family welfare. The common systemic reactions observed were injection site pain, myalgia, fever, headache and shivering. The delayed and rare side effects reported include dyspnea, ischemia, thrombolysis, anaphylaxis, neuralgias, orofacial symptoms and death. The list of orofacial adverse effects based on the clinical trials include palatal petechiae, herpes zoster, angular cheilitis, mucositis, xerostomia, burning sensation in mouth, dysguesia, oral apthous ulcers, trigeminal neuralgia and facial nerve palsy. Reporting these oral lesions are under the onus of oral medicine experts and this article aims to provide a systematic review of the same.

Background: The hospital setting itself can be a cause of both hope and distress to the ill children and their families. Prolonged hospitalization and advance medical procedures and care can lead to anxiety or depression. Aim of the Study: To assess reactive anxiety and depression level among hospitalized children before and after application of art therapy intervention at pediatric ward. Material & Method: A quantitative quasi-experimental, cross sectional design. The study conducted in the medical/surgical inpatient wards at in Tabuk City- King Salman Military Hospital. It was consecutive sample, the sample size was 30 child. The researcher used a tool to assess level of reactive anxiety and depression of hospitalized children. Results: The study results showed levels of HADS Anxiety for children before test and after, its reported that (23.33%) of children tested in the hospitals their anxiety level is border line pretest and (0%) on the same level after posttest. levels of HADS depression for children before test and after, its reported that (63.33%) of children tested in the hospitals their depression level is border line pretest and deceased to (13.33%) on the posttest. DAP test showed decrease in the anxiety and depression indexes in the posttest compared to the pretest. ANOVA indicated a significant time effect pre and posttest. Thus, there is a significant evidence that there was a change is art therapy.

The Lung function test of smokers and non-smokers was carried out using spirometer and Peak Expiratory Flowmeter in 50 subjects in Ubimini Community of Rivers State. Their ages ranged from 19.0 to 40.0 years. Mean PEFR was 524.5±80/min in smokers and 418.4 ± 96/min in non-smokers. Smokers are insignificantly lower than non-smokers. Mean 'TV was 255.8+98 in smokers and 246.4±84 in non-smokers. These results obtained showed an exceptionally increase, instead of a decrease because of the passive smokers who were exposed to cigarettes smoke most of the time while in the midst of heavy smokers but do not smoke themselves. This agreed with the findings that cigarette particles inhaled by smokers and non-smokers settle on their airway epithclia and alveoli and can elicit allergic reactions. Mean 1RV was 401.2±110 in smokers and 402.7±126 in non-smokers. Mean ERV was 323.3±150 in smokers and 424±185 in non-smokers. Mean VC was 908.4±171 in smokers and 914.3±192 in non-smokers. This showed that a non-smoker is likely to have more respiratory volume than a smoker. Mean BM1 was 40.25± 8kg/m2 in smokers and 37.55 ± 5kgm2 in non-smokers. This fact also agreed with the findings that cigarette particles inhaled by smokers and non-smokers settle on their airway epithelia and alveoli thus, can elicit allergic reactions. In comparison, PEFR is lower in smokers than in non- smokers. Thus, smokers have low flow rate when compared with non-smokers. This means that, cigarette smoking has adverse effect on lung volumes.