Described since the 15th century by Ambroise Paré, adult hydrocele is an abnormal collection of serous fluid in the space between the parietal and visceral layers of the tunica vaginalis It is generally a lesion acquired by attack of the integrity of the vagina, unlike the hydrocele of the child due to the persistence of the peritoneal-vaginal canal. Purpose: To study the epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic aspects of hydrocele in the reference health center of Fana. Methodology: A descriptive prospective study, conducted from January 1, 2020 to December 31, 2020 of the CSRéf of Fana. Results: We collected 66 cases of hydroceles be 16.8% of surgical activities. The average age of disease was 49.27 ± 4 years. The age of 60 to 74 was the most represented with a frequency of 39.4%; Harming during physical activities has been the most common reason for consultation and accounted for 51%. The hydrocele was idiopathic in the majority of our patients in our study, or 65%. The nature of the vaginal fluid was yellow citrin in the majority of patients or 90.9%. Hernie was the most frequently associated pathology with the hydrocele (11 out of 26) or 42%. The Bergman technique was used in 77% of patients and closing the peritoneo-vaginal canal in 23%. Morbidity was 4.5% (3 cases) with hematoma type and 1.5% (1 case) with type of infection. The mortality rate has been zero. Conclusion: Vaginal hydrocele is a pathology that remains frequent in tropical regions. Surgical treatment by total vaginal resection with hemostatic overlock gives good results. Its morbidity is low, dominated by intrascrotal hematoma and infection of the surgical site which are generally well controlled by rigorous care.

Complexities of root canal system necessitate the use of irrigation along with their activation to achieve complete cleaning. Common methods include sonic and ultrasonic activation of the irrigants. A newer rotary file system, XP-Endofinisher has the advantage of elliptical movement resulting in efficient cleaning. 24 single canalled maxillary anterior teeth were selected and divided into 3 groups, Group 1- XP (n=12), Group 2- PUI (n=12), Group 3 – Endoactivator (n=12). All samples were prepared with Protaper Universal files and irrigated with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite & 17% EDTA. In Group 1- XP-Endofinisher at 800rpm for 1 min; Group 2- i-SuperTip in EMS scaler for 1 min; Group 3- Endoactivator for 1 min. Specimens were filled with Cerafill and then sectioned horizontally with a water-cooled diamond saw at depths of 4, 7 and 10mm to produce 1mm slices. POBS was performed, bond strength in MPa was obtained after dividing the load at failure by the area of the bonded interface. POBS of Cerafill to root dentin of Group 1 was significantly more than that of Group 2 and 3 (p≤0.05) at all three levels. Group 2 was better than 3 at all levels but difference was not significant. In Group 1, POBS was significantly more at 4mm compared to 7mm and 10mm (p≤0.05). Use of XP- Endo Finisher after biomechanical preparation improves the POBS of bioceramic based sealer to root dentin at 4, 7 and 10mm. POBS of sealer after PUI was marginally better than Endoactivator at all levels.

The aim is to study acute appendicitis in the surgery department of the Markala Reference Health Center. Patients and Methods: We conducted a retrospective study in the general surgery department of the reference health center which took place over a period of 35 months from October 1, 2019 to October 30, 2021. The retrospective period was from the month of October 2019 in October 2020 then follows the prospective period until October 2021. Inclusion criteria: Were included in our study; all patients with appendicitis or its complicated forms in the general surgery department of the Csréf in Markala. Non-inclusion criteria: Were not included in our study; cases of appendicitis outside the general surgery department of the Csréf. -Appendicitis accounted for 58.2% of hospitalizations or 31% of emergency surgeries performed during the study period. 85.4% of the patients were without medical-surgical ATCD, on the other hand the oldest of our patients was 61 years old; the average age was 29 years old and the youngest was 13 years old. Furthermore, we note that there was no age of onset of appendicitis. The treatment received by all of our patients was appendectomy (93 cases were operated on urgently and the 10 cases were first cooled and then operated on 3 months after the medical treatment). No major complication was noted in our patients, apart from three cases of infection of the surgical site related to the fact that it was an appendicular abscess. Conclusion: Acute appendicitis is one of the most common surgical emergencies in digestive surgery. Its diagnosis is essentially clinical, sometimes made difficult by the absence of anatomo-clinical parallelism linked to the polymorphism of the lesions and the variations in the position of the organ in the abdominal cavity. Untreated, it can progress to serious complications (generalized peritonitis). It is a condition with low morbidity and mortality subject to early diagnosis and surgical treatment.

Nine existing sunshine based models and three existing temperature based models were evaluated and compared to ascertain the most suitable models for estimating global solar radiation in Maiduguri; the most suitable sunshine based and most suitable temperature based models were also compared. The measured monthly average daily global solar radiation, sunshine hours, maximum and minimum temperature meteorological parameters during the period of thirty one years (1980 – 2010) was utilized and the evaluated models were tested statistically using validation indicators of coefficient of determination, Mean Bias Error, Root Mean Square Error, Mean Percentage Error, t – test, Nash – Sutcliffe Equation and Index of Agreement. The results indicated that the linear exponential sunshine based model and the logarithmic temperature based model were found more accurate for global solar radiation estimation in Maiduguri as compared to other evaluated models. Furthermore, the logarithmic temperature based model was found more accurate for estimating global solar radiation as compared to the linear exponential sunshine based model, and this was testified from the figure showing the comparison between the recommended sunshine based and temperature based models in which the recommended temperature based model depicts the best fitting with the measured global solar radiation data.

To study the epidemiological-clinical profile of sickle cell patients in the health district of Bla. Method: This was a prospective and descriptive study over 1 year, from February 2021 to January 2022; relating to all patients who were screened with the TDR_Sikle Scan and/or followed up during the study period. Results: We performed the TDR in 982 patients from all the consultations (N= 2976). The mean age was 29.6 ± 3.8 years. SS and SC sickle cell disease represent 8.04% (79 cases). Children 23.52% (28 patients) and women 64.35% (51 patients). SS married couples represented (13.92%). Anemia was the most common reason for consultation (47%), followed by bone and joint pain (29%). 33% of the patients (26 cases) had a complication, of which 15 patients had had a CVO and 6 patients (23%) a worsening of the anemia. We have recorded 1 death. Conclusion: regular medical follow-up of sickle cell patients considerably improves the vital prognosis. The frequency of sickle cell traits remains high including SS and SC forms.

Artificial intelligence is defined as "the study and improvement of computer systems capable of performing tasks typically requiring cognitive abilities, such as image perception, speech recognition, decision making, and language translation." When a computer imitates analytical traits such as "learning and problem-solving," which humans normally connect with other human brains, the term "AI" is employed. A profusion of studies and papers on the function of AI in restorative dentistry have been published in recent years, with the majority of the efforts focusing on recognising and diagnosing dental disorders such as caries, gum disease, and tooth fractures. The major purpose of this study is to undertake a thorough review of prior research on the impact of artificial intelligence on restorative dentistry. The relevance of the theme tooth reconstruction was prioritised during the search. AI has achieved important improvements in a wide range of medical fields, most notably in dentistry for the diagnosis, localization, classification, estimation, and assessment of dental disease. This review only covers seven papers on the impact of AI on restorative dentistry. Artificial intelligence (AI) has advanced significantly as a powerful tool for computerised tooth repair during the previous two decades. More study is needed, however, to compare different types of AIs and assess their clinical usefulness in occlusal interface restoration.

The search for dietary sources with potent biological activities has increasingly attracted considerable attention. Sweet potato leaves (SPL) are considered to be a leafy vegetable consumed by humans, which is not currently widely used, despite it possession drought tolerance, and the ability to grow in different climates and farming systems. This study evaluated the in vitro Nutraceutical and Pharmacological potential of underutilized leafy vegetable (Ipomoea batatas leaf). The phytochemicals, in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities; mineral and vitamins compositions of the leaf were carried out using standard method. The bioactive compounds in Ipomoea batatas were identified using GC-MS. The results of the GC-MS profiling revealed n-Hexadecanoic acid (23.43%), Cyclotrisiloxane, hexamethyl (17.73%), and 16-Pregnenolone (11.30%) as the most abundant bioactive compounds in Ipomoea batata leaves. The mineral analysis showed that Ipomoea batata leaves contains favorable amount of macro elements such as Ca (915.40±9.50), K (2083.30±15.00), P (511.26±4.70), Mg (271.25±7.20), Na (9.98±1.06) and considerable amount of trace elements such as Fe (10.60±1.30), Mn (2.55±0.27), Zinc (2.70±0.11), and Cu (1.32±0.08) in which all were measured in miligram per 100g (mg/100). The vitamins such as of Vitamin A, vitamins C, vitamin E, niacin (B3), thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), pyridoxine (B6), vitamin D and vitamin K are present in trace amount in the leaves. The in vitro antioxidant activities of the extract showed a significant (p<0.05) dose dependent free radical scavenging activities. The anti-inflammatory analysis showed that the percent inhibition of hemolysis (20–100 µg/mL dry weight basis) was within the range of 4.1% to 18%. Percent inhibition of protein denaturation was within the range of 29.0–71.0%, Proteinase inhibitory activity was within the range of 16–30.0% and the lipoxygenase inhibition was within the range of 8.2–34.5%. This study provide validation for the usage of Ipomoea batatas leaf as new leafy vegetable with appreciable nutritional values and also provided credence to the bioactive compounds in leaf as potential novel drug candidate for pharmaceutical industries.

Background/Objectives: Diabetes is frequent among cancer patients. Diabetes and cancer co-occurrence may result in a worse prognosis and complications in cancer patients. This systematic review aims to investigate the impact of glycemic control in patients having both cancer and diabetes. Methods: PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were systematically searched to include the relevant literature. Rayyan QRCI was used throughout this systematic approach. Results/ Interpretation: A total of thirteen studies with 13550 patients were included in this review. The reported follow-up duration ranged from 2 to 12 months. Cancer patients with diabetes are more likely to get infections, be hospitalized, and require chemotherapy reductions or discontinuation. Having cancer with comorbid diabetes affects diabetes self-management and results in poor glycemic control. Applying clinical pharmaceutical programs to raise awareness about compliance with diabetic medication along with cancer treatment was found to have positive outcomes. Evidence-based practice recommendations or policies should be developed that advocate assessing diabetes patients' glycemic state at the time of cancer diagnosis.

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic condition characterized by major derangements in glucose metabolism and abnormalities in fat and protein metabolism. Diabetes and infection are among the serious health challenges. This study evaluated the in vitro and hypoglycemic effect and antimicrobial properties of methanol extract of Ipomoea batatas leaf. The antimicrobial activity was done using agar disc diffusion methods and the in vitro hypoglycemic activity was done using Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitory activities assay, Lipase activity assay, Glucose absorption Capacity assay, Glucose diffusion retardation Index. The result of the percentage alpha glucosidase inhibition ranged from 35.70 to 56.33%. The percentage alpha amylase inhibition ranged from 40.96 to 65.15%. The extract showed significant (p<0.05) dose dependent inhibition of alpha glucosidase and alpha amylase. The extract possess inhibition of lipase activity with percentage inhibition ranging from 72.35 to 81.57%. Though there was non-significant (p<0.05) difference in the various concentrations of the extract on inhibition of lipase activity. The result of the glucose absorption capacity (0.30 to 2.25) was observed to be dose dependent. The glucose diffusion retardation index was time dependent. The antimicrobial susceptibility screening of extracts showed a zone of inhibition that ranged from 2.70 to 15.73mm. The study showed that Ipomoea batatas leaf could be used in the treatment and management of diabetes and infections.

This study highlights the basic features of Bloom’s Taxonomy and its importance in integrated teaching- learning-assessment system. This study detailed a plan of information and Communications Technology (ICT) based implementation of revised Bloom’s taxonomy (2001) as a mark of examination reform to analyze students’ attainment level by measuring knowledge level (K), course outcome (CO) and program outcome (PO) in respect to each curriculum. The plan ultimately facilitate to develop a portal and fulfil the basic objective of Outcome based Education (OBE) system as the students’ attainment report is one of the required field for accreditation by National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC).

Appendiceal mucocele is a rare pathology, which poses a double problem by its potential malignancy and the risk of peritoneal pseudomyxoma in case of perforation. We report here the case of a 57 year old patient operated for anal fistula in whom the clinical examination revealed a mass of the right iliac fossa. Ultrasound showed a cystic pericaecal mass. The patient underwent a laparoscopic appendectomy removing the caecal base and the appendicular operative specimen measured 130 mm in length and 64 mm in diameter. Pathological analysis of the specimen confirmed the diagnosis of appendiceal mucocele without malignant cells. The postoperative course was simple and the patient was discharged on the sixth postoperative day. The aim of this study was to show the diagnostic and therapeutic features of this condition in our context.

The increasing incidence of mortality due to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in ageing men globally is of serious concern and needed collective efforts to arrest it. The benign prostatic hyperplasia result from excessive growth of the prostate gland due to proliferating cells which impairs urethral functions by compressing it. This present study evaluated the effect of methanol extract of Allium sativa (MEAS) on lipid profile, renal and hepatic function biomarkers of testosterone induced benign prostate hyperplasia in male rats. The study was done using 25 adult male albino rats, divided into 5 groups, which comprises of normal control, negative control, positive control, and BPH induced rats treated with 200 and 400 mg/kg /day of MEAS respectively. Hepatic and renal biomarkers (ALT, AST, ALP, Urea, Creatinine) and lipid profile (HDL, LDL, TAG, CHOL were evaluated. The BPH induction caused significant (p<0.05) increases in lipid profile with exception HDL; hepatic and renal biomarkers of the negative control when compared with the normal control. The MEAS treated BPH-induced rats had significant (p>0.05) reduction in the biochemical biomarkers with significant (p<0.05) increase HDL. The findings of this study indicated that BPH impairs cellular functionality and treatment of BPH with methanol extract of Allium sativa showed to be effective. Therefore, extract of Allium sativa is a potential agent for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Background and Objectives: Cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) infections are increasing worldwide due to the increased use of implantable cardiac devices. (CIED) infection is a serious complication that is associated with increased mortality and morbidity as well as increased healthcare costs. However, risk factors for infection of implanted devices are poorly documented in Saudi Arabia. We aimed to determine risk factors for CIED infection in our region. Methods and Results: A retrospective study was carried out in cardiology departments at different centers in Saudi Arabia. Our population consisted of all patients with device-related infections over twenty years from January 2009 to December 2020 with one control case matched to each confirmed infection of the implanted device, resulting in 137 patients with device infection. The mean age was 58±16 years, where males constituted 75.2%. Most infections occurred in patients with the first implant. (63.5%) patients had chronic kidney disease, (59.9%) of patients had diabetes mellitus, (65%) of patients had hypertension, and (43.1%) of patients had coronary artery disease. Most of the patients had a pocket infection. Preop antibiotics were obtained in all patients before implanting. The median time from the last surgical intervention involving the device to infection symptoms was 730 days. The median length of hospitalization was 27±23 days. 130 patients survived at the time of discharge, resulting in an overall mortality rate of 5.1%. Using Multivariate analysis, we identified male gender (P = 0.000), hypertension HTN (P = 0.002), diabetes DM (P = 0.006), and presence of underlying heart disease CHD (P = 0.000) Type of the device (P = 0.000) as significantly associated with a higher risk of CIED infection. Conclusion: Our data show that gender, diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease are independent risk factors for infection after cardiac device implantation. As regards device characteristics, ICD device is associated with a higher infection rate compared to other devices.

Background: Plate fixation is the mainstay of care for distal forearm shaft fractures in adults. By and large, volar or dorsal plating is used for radial shaft fractures. The radius's lateral surface offers an equal and constantly curved region for inserting a plate. The radial bow may be readily evaluated and restored after surgery. A prospective investigation was performed to examine the result of lateral plating of radius shaft fractures. Objective: In this study our main goal is to evaluate the treatment outcome of fixation of fracture shaft of radius ulna. Method: The research was conducted at tertiary medical hospital and district general hospital, Dinajpur included 100 patients. Several of them had broken both of their forearm bones, while others had broken only the radial shaft. Within 36 hours of damage, all patients were fixed with a 3.5 mm restricted contact dynamic compression plate or locking compression plate on the lateral surface of the radius. Typical procedure was used to repair the ulna. Results: During the study, majority were belong to 32-40 years age group, 36%. Followed by 20% were belong to 41-50 years age group, 11% belong to 20-31 years age group. In addition to that, 80% were male. 75% had fractured both of their forearm bones. Followed by 70% had closed fractured type, 35% had motor vehicle accident and lastly 85% had middle third radial shaft. Union was assessed by gradual disappearance of the fracture line and/or development of bridging callus at the fracture site. After getting treatment, 89% patients had excellent results, 8% had satisfactory and 1% had unsatisfactory result. There was 1% failure (nonunion). Conclusion: As compared to conventional methods, radial lateral plating holds promise as a viable option. Longitudinal studies with larger patient groups and study criteria are needed to confirm the potential advantages and validate our results.

When ASHAs were introduced in NRHM in 2005, their primary aim was to visit homes of newborns as the first program in UP operated through the ASHAs was the Comprehensive Child Survival Program in 2008. Since then, tracking of all deliveries and all the newborns are an integral part of the work of ASHAs in all the primary health care programs operated by the NHM in UP (GOI, 2005, GOUP, 2013). The current article examines the role, work & approach of ASHAs through the feedback of the program managers at district & state level. Evaluation studies on the performance of ASHAs was done since 2011 as by then ASHAs had actually worked in the field for a minimum period of 5 years. It is to be noted that National Rural Health Mission was rolled out in April 2005 but it took about one to two years for the states to hire ASHAs and put things in place right from the state to the village level (GOUP, 2013). In this article, a comprehensive feedback is elicited from the program managers of newborn care program at the district & state level. The current study explores some of the crucial variables on the performance of ASHAs through the feedback of program mangers on the role of ASHAs in newborn & child health programs followed by their role in Home Based Newborn Care program. The article also includes the feedback of the program mangers on the work & approach of ASHAs. That’s how the perception of the program managers in the state of UP is included in this article. The program managers responded about the performance of ASHAs based upon their experience in the work by ASHAs on Janani Surakhya Yojana (JSY), New Born Care (NBC) & Routine Immunization (RI) as these are the frontline programs for the states. They were purposefully selected as respondents as they were the nodal persons for rolling out newborn care related programs. The relevance of the study assumes significance as data on the details of the program awareness of managers on child health & newborn are not included in many surveys. Further, feedback details on the health personnel’s performance is usually not collected from the nodal officers looking after the programs at district & state level. Such responses that collect feedback on the work & approach of ASHAs including the awareness of the program managers are not the focus in very large-scale health surveys. Such feedback on work & approach of ASHAs including the opinion & knowledge of program managers about the current implemented programs come under the ambit of social audits. The audits gain more teeth when the feedback is solicited from the people who manage the programs (GOI, 2016). It is important to note that social audit is an integral part of the National Health Mission document but it is not a priority activity of NHM. Usually, the responses, knowledge of trained health personnel are assessed in many studies while neglecting the response & perception of the program managers of the public health system. Here in this article, the managers talk about their own knowledge about the current programs, give feedback on the work & approach of ASHAs including the performance of ASHAs in the child health & newborn care programs. All these are trapped in 5 case studies of 5 stakeholders in 4 districts and one at state level. Here also it is seen that usually in social audits, the trained health personnel become the respondents as part of evaluation of their timely actions in many other studies. The uniqueness of the current study is that those who manage the programs are the respondents through their case studies. These managers become the pivot around which the contents of the current article revolve. A total of four districts of Uttar Pradesh were selected purposively for the study and the data collection was conducted among the program managers where one manager was purposefully selected in the respective districts & one at the state with the help of a pre-tested structured interview guide with only open-ended questions. These in-depth interview guide collected descriptive details as responded by managers. The qualitative data were conducted amongst the managers and a total of 5 respondents participated in the study through 5 case studies. The results reflected that among the operational programs, it was surprising to note that none of the policy makers in the four districts mentioned about the Facility Based Newborn Care programs. The state level manager gave the details about the child health & newborn care programs but hinted that Home-Based Newborn Care (HBNC) was recently at the forefront because of the emphasis on setting up Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) centers at selected public health facilities. The knowledge of policy makers about the role of ASHAs in the roll out of newborn related program was poor across all the districts except the state level. Further, it was imperative that the management of program related information was not at all the priority of the program managers. ...............