Prior to the beginning of the Cold War, exploration of outer space by explorers was majorly for scientific discoveries of new planets. But as time went by, governments and private entities began to explore further for natural resources that could be beneficial to the existence of man on earth. Such minerals that could be found in asteroids include iron, iridium, nickel, magnesium, gold, platinum, and palladium, among others. Although every nation of the world is believed to have equal right to outer space and the resources discovered therein, the commercialisation of space mining activities have seemingly restricted the control of these resources to world leading governments such as, the United State, China, Russia, Japan, France and some private enterprises who have the financial power for such activities. The goal of the article was to examine commercialisation, property rights and contemporary legal issues concerning outer space mining. Can private or non-governmental entities operate in the outer space without governmental authorisation and continuing supervision? How best could ensuing space mining disputes and environmental concerns be addressed? Doctrinal research method was adopted for this study to discuss fundamental issues and resolve questions raised by the article. This entailed the examination of available literature in the area plus existing international and domestic laws regulating outer space mining activities in order to give in-depth analysis of the subject matter and to support the position reached in the article. In concluding the article, the authors proffered some suggestions on the identified contemporary issues.

Pragmatics as a field of linguistic science helps us understand how language is used, what it is used for and it’s meaning in a given context. Therefore, health posters are peculiar means of communicating information about diseases, identifying risk factors and promoting behavioural change. Language use aids healthcare providers to shape and define ‘normal and healthy’ behaviours and conditions. This study therefore aims at doing a pragmatic analysis of selected health posters so as to establish the relationship between the visuals and the captions of the posters and the relevance of the principles of meaning in the posters. Three health posters cutting across different diseases were collected and analysed, using Sperber and Wilson’s Relevance Theory. It involves the analysis of direct and indirect relevance of pragmatic principles in the health posters. The study discovers that colour combination in the health posters communicates the desired message of the health care providers. The study also revealed that the health posters are informative and educational despite that, some of them appeared vague and ambiguous.

Acute pancreatitis associated with pregnancy occurs mostly in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy or during the immediate postpartum period, mainly caused by biliary lithiasis. Its incidence is approximately 1 in 1000 to 3000 pregnancies [1]. Maternal and fetal mortality due to acute pancreatitis occurring during pregnancy has fallen in recent years thanks to medico-technical advances in intensive care units with better management of severe attacks and better management of premature newborns. The clinical presentation is often atypical in pregnant women and the possibilities of imaging and surgery are limited. Acute pancreatitis can be treated medically but surgery becomes necessary if there is no improvement under medical treatment.

Background: The present study investigated the antihyperglycemic and ameliorative effect of aqueous leaves extract of Acalypha wilkesiana on alloxan-induced diabetic male rats. The experimental rats were divided into six groups. Rats of the first group served as normal controls. Rats of the second group were negative control as they were induced with diabetes without treatment. The third group was treated with glibenclamide after induction of diabetes. The fourth, fifth and sixth groups were diabetic rats, treated with aqueous leaves extract of Acalypha wilkesiana at low dose (100mg/kg body weight), medium dose (200mg/kg body weight) and high dose (400mg/kg body weight) respectively. The blood glucose levels of the animals in each group were checked on day 5, 10 and 15 to examine the antihyperglycemic effect of the aqueous leaves extract of Acalypha wilkesiana. Also, on day 5, 10 and 15, the pancreas and spleen of experimental animals from each group were harvested for histological examination. Result: The result obtained showed that the graded doses of the extract significantly (p<0.05) reduced the blood glucose levels of the diabetic animals in a dose-dependent manner. Also, the histological examination of the pancreas and spleen of the experimental animals treated with aqueous leaves extract of Acalypha wilkesiana showed normal pancreatic islet (PI) filled with islet cells (Granular appearance) and pancreatic acini (PA), while normal spleen with white pulp containing periarteriolar lymphatic sheath (PALS) and central arteriole (CA), splenic cord (SC) and sinusoids (SS) were seen in the same animals treated with the extract. The effect of the extract was similar in action to the standard drug glibenclamide. Conclusion: The aqueous leaves extract of Acalypha wilkesiana possesses antihyperglycemic potentials and ameliorates the pancreas and spleen of diabetic albino rats.

HIV infection is known to be a factor associated with cardiovascular disease. The objective of this work is to draw the attention of clinicians working in a resource-limited environment to the risk run by these patients in hospitalization in order to be able to prevent and ensure early and adequate management allowing the reduction of thrombotic risk andits complications. This is a descriptive cross-sectional study from January 2022 to May 2023, all patients hospitalized for advanced HIV disease were assessed by the Padua score supported by the D-dimer test. The data was collected in strict confidentiality. Out of a total of 400 hospitalized patients 40 were identified as being at being at risk of developing venous thromboembolic disease (VTE). The average age was 33, 6 years, 28 patients were female (70%).Coma (37,5%) and dyspnea(30%) were the main reasons for consultation. Cellular immunosuppression was severe (CD4∠200 mm3) in 95% of patients disseminated tuberculosis(50%), pneumocystosis carini pneumonia(25%), sepsis(12,5%), neuromeningeal cryptococcosis(7,5%) and Kaposi’s sarcoma (5%) were the main associated opportunistic conditions. 28(70%) patients were naïve to antiretrovirals and 12(30%) had been on retroviral treatment for six months. 12(30%) patients died, 8(20%) patients progressed well, and 20(50%) were lost sight of for lack financed mean.

Background: Achalasia is a medical ailment characterized by irregular contractions of the esophagus and incomplete relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter. This condition results in difficulty swallowing food and liquids, and often leads to regurgitation and heartburn. Case presentation: This case report describes a 36-year-old female patient who presented with difficulty swallowing, heartburn, chest pain, and coughing while eating or drinking. The patient had lost significant weight despite a good appetite, and a physical examination revealed poor nutrition. Esophageal manometry confirmed the diagnosis of Achalasia Type 1, and endoscopy showed severe Candida esophagitis and a very dilated esophagus with diverticula. Due to the patient's condition and endoscopic finding of diverticula, surgery was considered, as she did not qualify for the Peroral Endoscopic Myomectomy (POEM) procedure. The patient was treated with fluconazole to address the esophageal candidiasis, and NG feeding was initiated to improve weight and nutrition. After recovering, the patient underwent a laparoscopic Heller myotomy with Dor fundoplication using a video laryngoscope to facilitate intubation. Anesthesia was maintained with O2/air with Sevoflurane, and the patient was extubated and transferred to the post-anesthesia care unit. Conclusion: Achalasia is a frequently researched esophageal motility disorder that is distinguished by inadequate relaxation of the LES and absent or irregular peristalsis in the esophagus. Common symptoms in most patients include difficulty swallowing solids and liquids, regurgitation, and varying degrees of weight loss. This case highlights the importance of prompt diagnosis and treatment of Achalasia Type 1, as well as the use of rapid sequence induction and proper anesthesia techniques during surgery.

Infections are frequent complications of hospitalization. Nosocomial infections or healthcare associated infections or hospital acquired infections are endogenous or exogenous infections which a patient acquires either during hospitalization or soon after discharge from the hospital. Hospitals and hospital-like settings tend to gather many sick under one roof and hence, serve as a reservoir of numerous infectious agents. These overcrowded healthcare settings with inability to maintain hygienic conditions are threat not only to the patients but also to the healthcare workers. Increasing population of immune-compromised patients including the aged-ones, unsafe medical care, surgical procedure, injections, transplants are some of the major causes of spread of nosocomial infections. Nosocomial infections have severe adverse effects. It leads to emotional stress, functional disability and even death in certain cases. Mortality caused by nosocomial infections in India is more than any other form of accidental death. It also prolongs the hospital stays and adds to the economic burden of managing the underlying disease. The active cooperation of the Healthcare workers for better implementation of the existing preventive and control measures along with the technical advances will contribute much to fight against the nosocomial infections.

The teaching of Physical Education and Sports (PES) is increasingly compromised in Djibouti, as most of the new middle and secondary schools built in the past two decades do not have playgrounds. This situation has meant that some students have never had access to physical and sports activities as part of their school curriculum. They consequently suffer the detrimental consequences of this situation, particularly on health, well-being, and overall development. To carry out this research, we have analyzed several data sources, such as internal reports and statistical directories of the national education system. We have also studied legislative documents, articles, reports, and chapters on the evolution of school education in Djibouti, as well as ethnographic surveys. Through descriptive analyses, the purpose of this article is to highlight the disparities that exist among different schools in terms of playground equipment and, by extension, access to physical and sports activities. Ultimately, this article emphasizes the urgent need to address the crisis of playgrounds in schools to ensure a better future for PES and enable students to benefit from the physical, social, and educational advantages associated with engaging in physical and sports activities.

Background: Nasal foreign body (NFB) refers to an object which lodges into nasal cavity. A case of 11 years old boy who presented at our clinic with a three year history of nasal bromihidrosis and discharge from the nostrils was reported by the parents, and added that it was persistent since one year ago. Methods: A dark object was visualized at the turbinate of the right nostril. The visible object was sounded with a forceps extractor to confirm the nature of the object. The nose was swabbed; debris cleaned and with the forceps extractor a gentle traction was carried out as the forceps grabbed the object. There was little or no resistance but two attempts to grab the object failed. On the third attempt, the forceps was able grip the object firmly and on pulling, the object was gently extracted from the area of impaction behind the right turbinate. Conclusion: The NFB was observed to be a stone embedded with purulent nasal discharge. This case emphasizes the need for parents and caregivers to be aware of the complications associated with presence of NFBs and need to seek prompt medical attention.

Infection prevention must be a top concern in all dental settings, regardless of the level of care offered, and all settings must be set up to follow standard precautions and other infection prevention guidelines. This study's objective was to evaluate dental assistants' knowledge with infection control guidelines. In Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, a cross-sectional survey of female dental assistants was carried out. To collect information on knowledge of infection control, a 27-question survey was given out from January to March 2023. Comparisons that were both descriptive and statistical were made. The sample for the study included 125 female dental assistants. Among participants, correctly knew the essentials of infection control scored 88%. The percentage of correct responses for the understanding of personal protective equipment (PPE) was high (97%). The least amount of knowledge (82%) was possessed about sterilizing dental equipment. No statistically significant differences were found between any of the comparisons. With limitations, we concluded from the study that, with an overall score of 88%, the participants were knowledgeable on ways to decrease infection in dental clinics. Promoting infection control practices, risk awareness education, and initiatives that encourage the adoption of all precautions should be prioritized. Dental assistants need to have more information given how crucial infection control is to their field of work.

Halal pharmaceuticals involve drugs, medicinal ingredients, traditional medicines, and cosmetics that contain permitted ingredients and are produced according to Islamic rules and regulations. The purpose of this research was to identify the types and sources of halal pharmaceutical documents published in PubMed from 2001 to 2021, as well as the most productive halal pharmaceutical authors and the keywords and topics associated with this field. The method used is bibliometric analysis with the VOS viewer application evaluated studies with halal pharmaceutical keywords. After analyzing all of the 369 documents, it was found that 44.15% of them were articles, 39.3% reviews, 7.3% meta-analyses, and 5.7% systematic reviews. The most significant documents were from Advancer in Experimental Medicine and Biology, followed by Molecules, Life Sciences, and Phytotherapy Research. Publications increased significantly, reaching 157 in 2020 and 101 in 2021. The most published authors were Sahebkar with 221 documents, Jamialahmadit with 63 papers, and Sathyapalan with 41 documents. The most common keywords were human, animal, and male, while the trending topics were COVID-19, degenerative diseases, and curcumin.

India recorded large and exogenous capital inflow from the very beginning of this century. This made monetary and liquidity management increasingly complex and difficult in India. Independent monetary policy in the era of free and volatile capital flow became challenging. To deal with the problems of excess liquidity in the system, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) in consultation with the Government of India (GOI) introduced Market Stabilisation Scheme (MSS) in April 2004 with the objective of impounding excess liquidity from the system. In this paper, we have attempted to examine whether MSS was effective as an instrument of sterilisation in absorbing excess liquidity from the system and enabled the RBI to manage the liquidity condition smoothly. This paper has found that MSS was an effective instrument of sterilisation that helped the RBI in managing liquidity conditions in the period of large and exogenous capital inflows. This paper has also found that MSS was even effective in injecting back liquidity into the system through unwinding of securities under MSS redemption and its buyback operations in the period of large capital outflows during the international financial crisis of 2008-09. This helped the large borrowing programmes of the government during 2009-10. The paper has estimated the cost of MSS operations and found it on the lower side considering the scale of operation of this scheme.

Cancer is one of the most leading causes of mortality in the general population. Most cancers are accompanied with pain. Pain management in cancer is just as important as treatment of cancer for better quality of life for the patient. The primary objective of the study includes the role of opioids in managing cancer pain and also check for dose titrations, ADRs of opioids and its management and the role of Co-Analgesics used in Cancer Pain Management. A retrospective, observational study of 5 years from 1st June 2016 to 31st May 2021. The study was conducted in the Oncology department of Lourde’s hospital, Kochi which is a tertiary care teaching hospital.98 patients admitted in the oncology department who were taking opioids for their cancer pain management and who were included based on the inclusion criteria .The patient’s pain scores were obtained and statistical analysis was done, which showed p < 0.001, there is a significant difference existing between pain among cancer patients before and after taking opioids. This proves that there is a significant reduction in pain after taking opioids. All patients received adequate dose titration (100%) and the main ADR recorded was constipation [22.4%]. Also the use of co-analgesics significantly plays a role in mitigating the pain intensity in patients with cancer. The study found that the use of opioids as analgesic medication for cancer patients is the cornerstone for cancer pain management because of the effectiveness of opioids in mitigating pain.

Healthcare industry in Saudi Arabia has been progressing with the advancement in technology. Patients have been getting better healthcare facilities with the introduction of digital innovations. New facilities launched in the market are using digital platforms to reach the masses. The approach taken now days to handle the business has transformed for the better with the digital technology. This article would help in analyzing the client satisfaction in healthcare market in Saudi Arabia. The study would focus on the new advancements in healthcare industry using digital technology to launch new facilities in the market for better treatment of the patients. The feedback received and the pain points of the customer can be used further to develop the new facilities using digital platforms. The analysis would cover the healthcare market and the digital impact on the new facilities and client satisfaction in the healthcare environment.

Nigeria's industrial zone is often seen as an instrument of economic development, and the financial sector is frequently seen as the fuel that accelerates the growth of that sector. These two areas are bound to interact in a way that benefits both. To that end, this study evaluated the impact of money market activities on industrial production in Nigeria. Quantitative data (time series data) was sourced from the Central Bank of Nigeria's statistics bulletin in 2021. The findings discovered that the interest rate was a highly predictive and negative factor for industrial sector production in Nigeria, but had little to no influence on production directly. But there exists a strong positive correlation amid the money supply and industrial production in Nigeria. Findings suggest that money market interest rates should be decreased and maintained by regulatory bodies at current levels. It is the job of the central bank to make sure there is always enough cash on hand for productive endeavours.