Objectives: All studies performed periodontal distraction with interseptal bone cuts but no one performed it without interseptal bone cuts. Therefore the aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare the effect of periodontal distractor with and without interseptal bone cuts on the pulp vitality of the retracted canines. Methods: The sample of the study consisted of 32 canines in 16 female patients (16- 21 years old) requiring extraction of bilateral maxillary first premolars and canine retraction. They were divided into two groups: canine retraction by periodontal distractor with distal interseptal bone cuts (Group I), canine retraction by periodontal distractor without distal interseptal bone cuts (Group II). After bilateral maxillary premolar extraction in both groups inter septal bone cuts was done in group I only. Then the periodontal distractor was cemented and activated twice per day in both groups. An electrical vitality test was evaluated before and after the distraction procedure. Results: None of the teeth reacted negatively to the electrical vitality test that was performed one month after the completion of the distraction procedure. There was no clinical sign of discoloration or pulpal pain in any tooth. Conclusions: Canine retraction was accelerated effectively by periodontal distraction technique either with or without distal interseptal bone cuts. The electrical pulp tester was positive in both groups.

Background: Women suffers 10 times more with thyroid disorders than men. Alterations in menstrual cycle alters thyroid function which could be either hypo or hyper thyroidism. Abnormal increase in serum prolactin level can cause disturbance in follicle maturation and corpus luteum function, and can lead to inhibition of normal secretion of GR hormone in hypothalamus which results in anovulation. The aim of the present study was to assess the thyroid and the prolactin levels among the women with dysfunctional uterine bleeding at tertiary care Hospital of western Rajasthan. Methods: An observational study was conducted for a period two years i.e from 2020 to 2022 in our institution at the gynaecology OPD with help of pathology department. 250 Patients with the complaints of dysfunctional uterine bleeding of age group between 25 to 70 years were included in the study. Estimation of Free T3, Free T4, TSH and prolactin was done by chemiluminescent immunoassay for the patients. Results: The mean TSH levels among the DUB cases was high. Similarly, hyperprolactinemia was found in cases and the mean prolactin levels were higher in cases. Significantly strong positive correlation between thyroid function and prolactin with p value <0.0001 was found.which indicates that as the TSH level increases prolactin levels also increases. Conclusions: Early detection of hypothyroidism in DUB cases can save the patient from recurrent curettage and at times hysterectomy. The financial implications of screening for prolactin/thyroid hormone abnormalities will have to be evaluated before a general recommendation can be made.

Background: Dysfunctional uterine bleeding is one of the most frequently encountered conditions in gynaecological practice world over and is defined as bleeding from the uterine corpus that is abnormal in volume, regularity and /or timing and has been present for majority of the past 6 months. This study was done to evaluate histology of endometrium for identifying the endometrial causes of DUB. Material and Methods: This was a retrospective study done at Dr S N Medical College, Jodhpur, Rajasthan on 250 patients who presented with DUB from June 2020– September 2022. The endometrial changes were observed by reviewing and studying the histological slides, prepared through routine processing channels which includes fixation, grossing, tissue processing, dehydration, paraffin embedding, cutting and H&E staining procedures. Results: The commonest endometrial pattern was proliferative pattern in 145(58.00%) cases. Followed by secretary pattern in 34(13.60%), disordered proliferative pattern 19(7.60%). Cystic Dilatation11 (4.4%), Simple Endometrial Hyperplasia 9 (3.6%), Atrophic Changes 9(3.6%), Late Proliferative Pattern8 (3.2%), Early Secretory Pattern 6(2.4%), Hyperplasia without atypia5 (2%), Arias Stella reaction3 (1.2%), Cystic Hyperplasia1(0.4%). Conclusion: The incidence of proliferative pattern was significantly high in this study, suggesting an early presentation of these patients.

Oral health is essential to quality of life because it promotes social and physical well-being and serves as a reflection of general health. According to some estimates, dental and oro-dental conditions are the most prevalent illnesses in the world. One important known predisposing factor for various oral illnesses is poor oral hygiene. Since the beginning of recorded history, mankind has suffered from oral diseases in all of its manifestations. Ancient Chinese, Greek, Roman, Egyptian, Arabic, and Indian surgical and medical treatises all discuss mouth illnesses at some point. Many renowned Unani physicians have too mentioned about various oral diseases and unhygienic conditions in their respective books. They have clearly mentioned how to maintain oral health and treat various oral conditions in their respective rich Unani texts. Present review paper is an attempt to throw some light over oral hygiene, its historical background and diseases which occur due to poor oral health light of the Unani literature.

Breast milk is a natural liquid’s food given to babies who are between one-day old to about 2 years old depending on mothers and locations. The aim of this study is to investigate Pattern of Breastfeeding amongst Mothers and its Physiological Effects on Infants in Rural Areas of Rivers State. This is a cross-sectional study involving 111 lactating mothers who are within the age of 18 to 42 years. A well-structured questionnaire was administered to participants. Each participant had one questionnaire to fill appropriately and independently after instructions were given to them by the researchers. The study lasted for a period of 9 weeks. The study revealed that 17(15.30%) had primary education, 64(57.70%) had secondary education while 30(27.00%) had tertiary education. Occupational distribution of respondents shows that 10(9.00%) were civil servants, 61(55.00%) business class while 40(36.00%) were farmers. The results also, shows that 98(88.30%) were nursing mothers while 13(11.70%) were not. The results of breastfeeding pattern of respondents show that 11(9.90%) used breast milk alone, 32(28.80%) breast milk +water, 2(1.80%) breast milk + pap, 31(27.90%) breast milk +NAN or others in this category +30(27.00%) breast milk + solid food while 5(4.50%) employed pap alone. The level of awareness of the respondents about exclusive breastfeeding revealed that 78(70.30%) said YES while 33(29.70%) said NO, that they do not know about exclusive breastfeeding. 90(81.1%) of the respondents do not carry out exclusive breastfeeding and 21(18.9%) carried out exclusive breastfeeding. The duration for breastfeeding among mothers are 5.4% (6 months), 13.5% (5 m0nths), 37.8% (3 months), 43.2% (none).

Climate change is the single greatest threat to human health, and medical professionals around the world are already taking action to mitigate the health effects brought on by this developing crisis. In order to avoid catastrophic health effects and the millions of fatalities that would come from climate change, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) thinks that the increase in global temperature must be kept below 1.5°C. Some global temperature increases and other climate effects are already unavoidable due to historical emissions. Every additional tenth of a degree of global warming will have a significant negative impact on people's lives and health. It is thought that even a rise of 1.5°C is unsafe.

Summary: It is important to estimate the aboveground biomass and carbon stocks of trees with non-conforming trunks in the forests of the central Congolese basin to plan resource management and to assess the contribution of these forests in mitigating the effects of climate change and, this within the framework of conservation at the scale of a reserve, that for Measuring, Reporting and Verifying forest carbon stocks within the framework of national strategies for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions linked Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+). This study aimed to set up a protocol for estimating the aerial biomass and the corresponding carbon stocks of trees with particular architecture in the Yasikia forest. To succeed, a dendrometric study was carried out for all trees with non-compliant trunks. Dendrometric data were collected on 189 trees divided into 9 families and 20 species. The results of this study show that it is preferable to use the equivalent diameter for a good estimate of the biomass because taking the diameter at the end of the buttress or above, underestimates the quantity of biomass for a tree with a trunk not compliant. The equation used to estimate the woody biomass from different diameters was that of Brown et al., (1989). The results of this study show that it is preferable to use the equivalent diameter for a good estimate of the biomass because taking the diameter at the end of the buttress or above, underestimates the quantity of biomass for a tree with a trunk not compliant. The equation used to estimate the woody biomass from different diameters was that of Brown et al., (1989). The results of this study show that it is preferable to use the equivalent diameter for a good estimate of the biomass because taking the diameter at the end of the buttress or above, underestimates the quantity of biomass for a tree with a trunk not compliant. The equation used to estimate the woody biomass from different diameters was that of Brown et al., (1989).

Introduction: Intramedullary nailing is a commonly employed procedure for treating distal tibial fractures. The two primary approaches for this procedure include the suprapatellar and infrapatellar techniques. Despite their widespread use, there is ongoing debate about the relative merits and drawbacks of these two approaches. Aim of the Study: The aim of this study was to assess the comparison between suprapatellar and infrapatellar approaches for intramedullary nailing of distal tibial fractures. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, Brahmanbaria Medical College Hospital, Brahmanbaria, Bangladesh, during the period from December 2020 to December 2022. Total 120 patients with intramedullary nailing of distal tibial fractures were included in this study. All the patients were divided into two groups; Group A comprised of 60 patients treated by suprapatellar approach and Group B comprised of patients treated by infrapatellar approaches. Result: For age, the mean age in Group A is 42.3 years (SD± 9.8 years), and in Group B it is 44.7 years (SD±10.3 years). In terms of sex, male predominance was seen in both groups. Surgical characteristics like surgical time (68.5 vs 74.2 mins), blood loss (58.4 vs 63.7 ml), and fluoroscopy number (15.7 vs 18.9) were significantly less in Group A. Post-operatively, Group B reported more pain (VAS score: 27.1 vs 18.7), while Group A had better range of motion (18.3 vs 17.1) and knee functionality (Lysholm score: 84.6 vs 80.9). Group B showed better foot and ankle functionality (AOFAS score: 94.4 vs 91.3). Fracture healing time was similar (24.5 vs 24.7 months). Fewer patients in Group A experienced complications like fracture deformity, malalignment, and surgical site infections. Conclusion: The suprapatellar approach may be the preferred nailing technique for treating distal tibial fractures compared with infrapatellar approach.

Background: Preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, and premature delivery are three obstetric problems related with high iron reserves during pregnancy. Few studies have found an association between preeclampsia and higher serum ferritin levels, however, this finding was not convincing. Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the variation in the levels of serum ferritin and serum iron level in preeclamptic Bangladeshi women compared to healthy pregnant women. Methods: This case control study was carried out in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) during October 2018 to September 2020. A total of 94 pregnant women between 18-40 years of age were included in this study in her 32 weeks to 38 gestational weeks. Among them 47 diagnosed case of preeclampsia and rest 47 healthy pregnant women were consider as control. Purposive sampling technique was followed. After taking consent and matching eligibility criteria, data were collected from patients on variables of interest using the predesigned structured questionnaire by interview, observation, clinical examination and hematological investigation of the patients. The serum ferritin and serum iron level were measured in Department of Biochemistry in BSMMU. Statistical analyses of the results were be obtained by using window based Microsoft Excel and Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS-22), where required. Results: Serum ferritin in preeclamptic women was (124.54±32.14 ng/ml), versus (50.83±2.53 ng/ml) in the control group with P-value (0.001). Serum iron in preeclamptic women was (110.19±23.62µg/dl), versus (105.15±26.6 µg/dl) in the control group with P- value (0.334). Almost three fourth (74.5%) patients had serum ferritin >120 (ng/ml) in case and 17(36.2%) in control. The difference was statistically significant (p<0.05) between two groups with OR= 5.15 (95% CI 2.12-12.47). There was a positive significant Pearson’s correlation coefficient between serum ferritin and each systolic and diastolic blood pressure (r=0.561, p<0.001 and r=0.556, p<0.001 respectively). Serum ferritin level increases significantly in preeclamptic women. There was no significant difference in serum iron levels between the preeclamptic women and control groups. Increased level of serum ferritin may play a role in pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Conclusion: Preeclampsia as one of pregnancy related complications is a notable burden of adverse health. This case-control study demonstrated that preeclampsia is associated with high serum ferritin levels, and that in preeclamptic women, serum ferritin was positively correlated with blood pressure.

The study investigated the acute and sub-chronic effects of the n-hexane seed extract of RICOM-1013-J in biochemical and haematological parameters of mature adult female Wistar rats with an average weight of 110 g. The objective of the study was to determine the immediate, short-term and prolonged toxicological profile of the extract. Thirty-four (34) adult female rats were randomly divided into three groups (n=8) of rats. Two animals (group I) and coded A received 0.2 ml/100 g rat of vegetable oil, and served as control. Two other animals (group II) coded B received 5 mg/kg, subcut. of the extract, a third set of animals (group III) code C was administered 20 mg/kg, subcut. The last two animals (group IV) coded D were injected with 30 mg/kg, subcut. of the extract. The same dosage regimen was administered to a different set of animals of equal number in groups II and III in pairs, and coded accordingly. SGOT, SGPT, urea, total protein, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin and haematological assays were carried out at weeks I, IV and VIII in groups I, II and III respectively. Findings from the experiment showed no significant (P>0.05) differences in the mean values of the biochemical parameters and haematological indices test groups relative to control. The study concluded that the n-hexane seed extract of RICOM-1013-J is relatively safe in rats when administered subcutaneously.

Introduction: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a common health issue among pregnant women, leading to adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. Despite this, the etiology of UTIs among pregnant women, particularly in resource-limited settings like Bangladesh, is poorly understood. Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Holy Family Red Crescent Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh. A total of 120 pregnant women with UTIs, admitted between January 2021 and June 2022, were included in the study following specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. Result: The majority of the women was aged 18-24 years (35.83%) and had secondary education (32.50%). Anemia and proteinuria were present in 31.67% and 20.00% of the women, respectively. The primary obstetric characteristic was being primigravida (60.00%). Key risk factors of UTIs included a history of UTI (25.00%), diabetes mellitus (12.50%), frequent sexual activity (33.33%), history of urinary tract abnormalities (8.33%), use of urinary catheters (4.17%), and recent antibiotic use (20.83%). The primary etiological agent was Escherichia coli (60.00%). Conclusion: The findings underscore the need for comprehensive antenatal care, including routine screening for UTIs, anemia, and proteinuria among pregnant women in Bangladesh. Targeted interventions, such as health education and improved sanitation, are recommended to mitigate the identified risk factors. Further research on antimicrobial resistance patterns among the identified etiological agents is warranted to guide appropriate antimicrobial therapy.

Cowpea is an important pulse crop grown in sub-Saharan Africa and in parts of Asia and the Americas. Cowpea seed is an affordable source of nutrients rich in protein with number of essential amino acids. Dehulled seeds of eight improved cowpea lines grown in N’Djamena and Bebedjia (Chad) were analyzed for seed protein content in order to assess the variability, the heritability and the effect of environment interaction. In each locality, the experimental design was a triplicated randomly complete block design. The results showed a wide variability among genotypes for crude seed protein content. The mean value of crude seed protein content was 25.55% with varieties TN-27-80, TN-985-61399 and TN-5-78 showing highest values. High heritability in broad-sense (h2 = 0.74) and moderate genetic advance (GA = 14%) estimated for this character indicated the scope for improvement through selection. The effects of genotype (83.1% of the total sum of square), location (3.5%) and their interaction (13.4%) were highly significant (P<0.01), but the protein content was slightly influenced by the environment. High potential for breeding programs is expected as genetic factors are believed to account for the main variation in protein content. This research could provide information for breeders to develop cowpea cultivars with higher protein content.

The research is focused on identifying the changes in the consumption pattern of the consumers in the FMCG sector due to the COVID 19 pandemic. The distribution channel disruption and the complete lockdown severely affected the manufacturing and the distribution of the FMCG products and the shifts that has taken place when it comes to purchase of FMCG goods, the medium used and whether the change in the behavior of the consumers are permanent or temporary. The research was conducted on the FMCG sector which provides huge opportunity in the rural markets of India. The pandemic has shifted the consumer consumption pattern from non- essential goods to essential products. Purpose – The main purpose of the research is to look into the consumption patterns for pre- corona, during the lockdown and the post lockdown and finds out the changes in the consumption pattern so as to understand the future of the FMCG sector. The customer conversion into e-commerce platforms and home delivery services for purchase of groceries, vegetables etc.

Background: Combined oral contraceptive pills are an effective and widely used method for contraception. Combined oral contraceptives have been shown to alter lipid profiles among various population groups with different patterns of dyslipidemia and cardiovascular risk. Objectives: The study aimed at determining the lipid profile pattern and cardiovascular risk among combined oral contraceptive users. Methods: This cross-sectional analytical study was conducted in the Department of Physiology, Rajshahi Medical College, from January 2018 to December. 2018. The study group was made of 100 women. (mean age 24.1 ± 5 years), who took combined oral contraceptive pills (30 mg ethinyl estradiol, 150 mg Levonorgestrel) for a period ranging from 1-60 months, while 100 age-matched women with regular mentruation with no history of hormonal use within the last six months before the investigation were used as controls. Fasting blood samples from all study subjects were collected and analyzed for lipid profile [ Total cholesterol (TC), High-Density Lipoprotein- cholesterol (HDL-c), Low-Density Lipoprotein- cholesterol (LDL-c) and Triglyceride (TG)] using standard calorimetric Techniques. Results: Combined oral contraceptive use was associated with increased levels of total cholesterol (p ≤ 0.001), Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p ≤ 0.001), triglyceride (p ≤ 0.001), as well as decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) (p = .408) in comparison to controls. Conclusion: Combined oral contraceptive use is associated with alteration in lipid profile, particularly increases total cholesterol triglyceride, LDL and decreased HDL-c. These changes carry a potential risk in the development of cardiovascular disease. Evaluating the most effective and safest contraceptive methods is important to avoid the potential risk of developing cardiovascular disease.

Commonly used vitamins such as vitamin C is seen by many athletes as nutritional supplement rather than a performance enhancing drug that boost pulmonary function parameters. This research work is aimed at investigating the effect of vitamin C on Spirometric parameters of athletes. 100 participants were used, 50 for each test group (Vitamin C) and water as control group. Spirometry and peak flow measurements were carried out on each participant. The vitamin C administered orally at a dose of 1.50mg/kg body weight and 35ml of water given orally, the body mass index (BMI), age, sex considered. Measurements were taken before and after one hour of administration of drugs. The results show mean PEFR male and female for Ascorbic Acid test group as 535.2±207.79L/Min and 322.76±20.39L/Min respectively. Control group PEFR male and female as 364.8±23.20L/Min and 325.6±20.45L/Min respectively. Control groups PEFR male and female as 450.6±51.45L/Min and 290±34.90L/Min for Vitamin C, 318±16.26L/Min and 275.20±14.77L/Min for water respectively. Vitamin C increases PEFR much more than water, ERV, IC, VC and IVC were increased by Ascorbic Acid while water decreased ERV, IC, VC, and IVC. The vitamin C effect shows a significant (p<0.05) increase in PEFR, indicating a minimal response of smooth muscle to sympathomimetic. The research work supports the performance enhancing role of Vitamin C, more pronounced in males than females. The finding of this study actually shows that vitamin C indeed has beneficial effect on pulmonary function which means enhancement of performance of athletes. The relatively lower values in females in this study correspond with the report that progesterone reduces fatigue and lowers exercise tolerance (Van-Haren et al., 1998), the participants have high reserve expiratory abilities. This might be due to the fact that they are athletes, meaning they always engage in active regular bodily exercises.