The coming to power of the Taliban in Afghanistan in August 15, 2021, changed the social and economic situation in the country. First of all, the changes concerned the rights of women, regarding which new rules are being established. As a result, Afghanistan lost its twenty-year achievements in the field of democracy, human rights, especially women's rights. The main aim of this article is to give full description to the situation of women rights in Afghanistan and give some recommendations on their improvements according to the foreign practice. The scientific significance of the article lies in the fact that the authors tried to give a scientific analysis of the situation with women's rights in Afghanistan, made a comparative analysis with women's rights in other Muslim countries to highlight Taliban Misconceptions of Islamic rules and gave specific recommendations. In this article, the authors used systematic analysis method, historical method, as well as comparative analysis method. In this research, on one hand authors discussed the situation of Afghan Women in the current Taliban’s government, Taliban's decrees regarding women, and the clear violation of the most basic human rights of women. On the other hand, they discussed on Islamic laws, the legal status of women in some Islamic countries. The authors hope, this article, which contains exact recommendations has great practical importance to provide a model that can be useful and effective for the future of Afghan Women.

The trend in global food safety production, processing, distribution, and preparation is creating an increasing demand for food safety research in order to ensure a safer global food supply. The aim of this study is to assess the level of food hygiene practises of food handlers and their health implications in fast food restaurants in Port Harcourt, Rivers State. The study employed a cross-sectional descriptive survey to investigate the hygiene practises of food handlers. Also, an experimental method of analysis was used to determine the microbial quality of food served in restaurants. The data were also collected with the aid of a well-structured questionnaire through face-to-face interviews. A Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS, version 20.0) was used to analyse the collected data. Descriptive statistics were used to display the results of the study, and the statistical association was ascertained with the chi-square test. From the results, 105 (66%) reported having good knowledge of food hygiene practises. 70 (36.8%) received training and had a certificate in cooking, while 120 (63.2%) did not. The respondents were assessed on their means of food preservation; 140 (73.7%) reported they stored food in refrigerators. Personal observation from the restaurants showed that adequate protection of food from flies and dust scored 40 (44%), while no protection scored 50 (56%). In conclusion, there is relatively low knowledge among respondents about the health implications of fast food restaurants. The majority of restaurant owners are not well or fully aware of the HACCP system in formal setups. The Ministry of Health, through the public health authorities in the urban centre, should adequately educate all restaurant owners, managers, staff, and other stakeholders on system implementation.

The objective of this article is to conduct a critical reflection on the role of EIA as a tool that aids decision making in achieving sustainable development. Despite the fact that there is a host of legal and institutional mechanisms ranging from global, regional, sub regional right down to the national level that regulate environmental policies in Cameroon, sustainable development is still a major challenge to policy makers. The major problem that Cameroon is facing is that of implementation of the available legal instruments coupled with the institutional problems that are mostly characterized by overlapping of functions, corruption, nepotism, mediocracy, irrelevant administrative tolerance among others, thus making it difficult to apportion blames on any institution that fails to carry out its task. Broadly based on the reading of records, interviews as well as observation as main research methods, the results obtained are to the effect that there is an antagonistic relationship between economic development and environmental protection in Cameroon. This is against the backdrop of the fact that proceeds that are gotten from the exploitation of natural resources in Cameroon are hardly redeployed for the purposes of environmental protection to be able to stabilize the rate at which the environment is degraded during such exploitation. The study reveals that sometimes the results of EIA are not respected. Among the plethora of recommendations made, it is recommended that special attention should be given to the ESIA such that any results that come from such an assessment should be respected.

Retroperitoneal cystic masses can be benign or malignant, purely cystic or with solid components. Several diagnoses can be evoked in front of a retroperitoneal cystic mass among which: the hydatid cyst of the psoas. The hydatid cyst of the psoas constitutes an exceptional localization of hydatidosis, even in hydatid endemic countries such as Morocco where hydatidosis remains frequent. We report 2 cases of hydatid cyst of the psoas, collected in the department of visceral surgery B at the CHU Ibn Sina in Rabat during a period of 5 years. Our objective was to focus on the diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties of this condition. The clinical symptomatology consists of lateralized pain or at the level of the iliac fossa, it can be associated with an infectious syndrome which directs towards an abscess of the psoas but most often the evolution is done in a context of apyrexia and conservation general condition. The thoraco-abdominal CT confirmed the diagnosis and made it possible to specify the seat of the cyst and its neighborhood relationships. Therapeutic management was surgical in all cases; the diagnosis was made intraoperatively. The technique used was resection of the protruding dome via the midline, sub umbilical abdominal route for the first patient and pericystectomy via the Jalaguier approach for the second patient. The postoperative course was favorable in both cases and no case of recurrence was reported in our series.

Background: Pain is a subjective and an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or injury. It can also occur without actual tissue damage, even though the patient refers to it. Pain is a conscious experience, an interpretation of the nociceptive input influenced by memories, emotional, pathological, genetic, and cognitive factors. Pain promotes defensive action and future avoidance behaviour, which requires associating defensive behaviour with resultant changes in pain. Pain has been a predominant health concern for mankind since the dawn of recorded history, and pain control is one of the cardinal objectives of the practice of medicine. It is the most common symptom of disease reported to physicians; more than 80 % of all patients who present to hospitals and clinics do so because of pain. Pain affects the general health, psychological health, social and economic well-being of an individual. The annual cost of uncontrolled chronic pain in the general population is in amount of hundreds of billions of dollars. Objective: The work discussed the evaluation tools and protocols, strategies for pain control, and future therapeutic drug targets for pain and analgesia. Method: The literature search used for the narrative review employed electronic databases in the search for relevant research articles, and they included scopus, pubmed, medline, google scholar, and the directory of open access journals. Others were the use of standard textbooks and the review of references of identified journal articles. Articles on pain and analgesia were identified and reviewed for selection. The keywords used in the search were: ‘’Pain evaluation, Pain assessment, Pain control, Pharmacotherapy of pain, Pain management, Types and characteristics of pain, Aetiology/ Cause of pain, Classification of pain, Severity of pain, Measurement of pain intensity, Pain evaluation tools, and Novel therapeutic drug targets for pain’’. The exclusion criteria used, included articles not written in English and those articles that hinged the clinical management of pain on herbal and alternative medicines (e.g., acupuncture, homeopathy etc.). Result: One hundred and ninety-seven works, ranging from published journal articles to non-journal articles were identified. A total of 82 research works, monographs and textbooks were selected. The works were extracted and reviewed after screening of the titles and abstracts, and in compliance with the inclusion/ selection criteria. Conclusions: Clinical pain is a serious public health concern. Pain evaluation is a multi-strategic observational assessment of a patients’ pain experience. The tools (self-report, behavioural and physiological) for pain evaluation have been demonstrated to be clinically effective in assessing acute pain. Pain evaluation is crucial and clinically useful for an effective and successful pain management. Pharmacotherapy is a critical component in the clinical management of pain, including acute, chronic and acute-on-chronic pain.

3D printing has emerged as a transformative technology that has revolutionized various industries and unlocked endless possibilities in the world of Research and Development. 3D printing allows the fabrication of three- dimensional parts from computerized designs by utilizing additive manufacturing technologies. Its importance stems from its capacity to expedite prototyping, speed up production, and stimulate innovation in industries including as healthcare, manufacturing and aerospace. The main objective of this study is to analyze the mechanical behavior of 3 dimensional (3D) printed Poly-Lactic Acid (PLA) parts when their infill density and infill geometry are varied. We have taken 3 infill geometries (Grid, Triangle, Gyroid) at 4 different infill densities (40%, 60%, 80%, 100%), these parts are measured for tensile strength and optimal conditions are identified.

The study investigated the causes and consequences of domestic violence among married women in Port Harcourt Metropolis of Rivers State. The descriptive survey research design was used for the study. Two research questions and their corresponding null hypotheses were used to guide the study. The population for the study comprises of all married women in Port Harcourt Metropolis of Rivers State which comprised both Obio/Akpor and Port Harcourt City Local Government Area. The population of the study was made of 37,801 married women. A sample size of 554 married women was used for the study. A researcher developed instrument titled Domestic Violence Causes and Consequences Inventory (DVCCI) was used for data collection. The face and content validities of the instruments was determined by the dissertation supervisor and one expert each in counselling psychology and measurement and evaluation. The reliability of the instrument was established using Cronbach Alpha Technique with coefficients of 0.82 and 0.92 obtained for the sections on causes and consequences respectively. Mean was used to answer the research questions, while independent samples t-tests and Analysis of Variance was used where applicable. Testing of the hypotheses was done at 0.05 level of significance. The major results from the study were that there is a high incidence of domestic violence against women in Port Harcourt Metropolis of Rivers State. The major factor driving this problem is the family history of abuse by the partner. This results in physical bruises and injuries. Based on the results obtained, it was recommended that there should be greater awareness on the options available to women who are exposed to domestic violence because when women have a clear understanding of these options and the resources available to them, they are better able to make informed choices and leave their abusive spouses.

Compression schemes can be divided into two categories, lossy and lossless, but this paper presents lossless data compression models and the original data can be correctly recovered from the data compressed material. Some mathematical results are assumed; the results of probability tests are assumed and used to evaluate the compression techniques we will discuss. To learn more about math concepts for some of the topics in this article, see [2, 3]. First, we look at several ideas in information theory that provide a standard for the development of lossless data compression schemes are briefly reviewed. We next look at several ways to model data that lead to efficient data compression encryption schemes.

Introduction: The development of APL is associated with a more severe prognosis of the disease, and with a significant alteration of the quality of life. For this reason, the advent of biological agents has allowed in a significant number of patients a healing of these APL. Through this work, we illustrate the evolution of these lesions by comparing patients before and after the beginning of biotherapy. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analytical study carried out in our department between January 2015 and January 2021 including all patients receiving biological treatment for CD with APL. Results: Among 355 patients with CD, 45 patients were on biological treatment which 32 (71%) had APL. Among these 32 patients, sex ratio (W/M) was 1.9, mean age was 37 +/- 9.3. The type of anal involvement was as follow: 20 patients (75%) had anal suppurations, 7 patients (20%) had ulcerations and 5 patients (5%) had anal stenosis. In 5% it was an isolated anal Crohn's disease, in 15% it was intestinal disease with APL, in 31% it was colonic disease with APL. 25 patients (78%) were under Infliximab and 7 (21.8%) under Adalumimab. The number of patients with APL before treatment has significantly decreased after treatment with a p=0.002, with an improvement of APL in 20 patients (60%) of under anti-TNF agent. Conclusion: Anti-TNF agents allowed a better management and a favorable evolution of APL in most of our CD patients. However, to overcome the failure of anti-TNF in some of our patients, the availability of other biological molecules on the Moroccan market remains more than desirable.

Primary hyperparathyroidism is a relatively common endocrine disorder that can lead to hypercalcemia and, consequently, cause long-term renal and skeletal complications. Usually, the diagnosis of this disorder is made at an asymptomatic stage. We report three cases of primary hyperparathyroidism revealed by acute pancreatitis, which is an unusual initial manifestation. The three patients, aged 55, 61, and 78 years, experienced acute epigastric pain accompanied by vomiting. Laboratory tests showed hyperlipasemia, and the abdominal CT scan revealed acute necrotizing pancreatitis. After an investigation into the underlying causes, the diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism was confirmed, and imaging identified the presence of parathyroid adenoma in all three patients. Parathyroidectomy was performed and the anatomopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of parathyroid adenoma.

The majority of the world population prepares medicines from plants to cure diseases. Schinus molle linens is a multipurpose plant that has been used for various remedies as constituents of traditional medicine. The aim of this study was to investigate the chemical constituents and antimicrobial activity of methanol extract and solvent fraction extracts of the stem bark of Schinus molle. Powder of Schinus molle was extracted with methanol by using the maceration method and the fractions were obtained by successive fractionation of the methanol extract with n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of the crude methanol extract revealed the presence of flavonoids, terpenes, anthraquinones, alkaloids, tannins, phenols, and saponins. In addition to this, the antimicrobial activity of crude and solvent fraction extract was tested against S. aureus, E. faecalis, E. coli, and C. albicans at a concentration of 90.0, 180.0, and 900.0 μg/ mL. The crude methanol extract and chloroform fraction exhibited greater activity against gram-positive, gram-negative bacteria and fungi. The n-hexane and n-butanol fractions showed the least activity against most test bacteria and fungi. The study showed that it is possible to inhibit the growth of bacteria and fungi at different concentrations.

Measuring prevalence of usage of performance enhancing drugs in Boxing, wrestling, and bodybuilding is difficult. However, to fit their initiatives, National Anti-Doping Organizations are interested in knowing the numbers so that their scarce resources are not wasted. The purpose of this study was to establish knowledge levels, attitudes towards the use of performance enhancing substances (PES), among athletes from boxing, wrestling, and bodybuilding federations in Kenya. The study utilized cross-sectional analytical research design. The study population comprised of 1900 athletes from the three sports disciplines with a sample size of 384 athletes. Close ended questionnaires were used as the data collection instrument. Data obtained from the respondents was coded and organized for analysis by use of SPSS version 25. Hypotheses were tested using one-way ANOVA and t-test at confidence level of 0.05. Post hoc analysis was carried out using Duncan Multiple Range Test where differences were found to be significant. Results on usage showed that majority of the respondents (74.2%) never used food supplements (FS) to improve sports performance. Many of the respondents (93.8%) had never used traditional herbs (TH) to improve sports performance. 91.9% never used PES to improve sports performance. Majority of the respondents (96.6%) indicated as never having been given food supplements by a coach, doctor, or physiotherapist to enhance performance. On supply of PES, 91.7% of the respondents had no information of if medical practitioner, local chemist, or sports agents supplied PES and methods. The results of one-way ANOVA showed that there was a significant difference in the use of FS, TH, PES, and Methods by athletes from the three sports disciplines, [F (2, 381) = 24.050, p < 0.000]. In conclusion and in light of the limitations of this study generally majority of the respondents did not use PES and methods. There were also significant differences in use of PES and methods across the different sports. The study recommended that sports federation officials from boxing, wrestling and bodybuilding should have a put proper structures for imparting knowledge and proper attitude on use of performance enhancing substances among athletes.

In this study, the optimum stabilizer content for a poor lateritic soil intended as subgrade material for a pavement was sought. The natural soil was first characterized and classified and the soil fall into the class of A-6 based on Nigeria General Specifications for Roads and Bridges (NGSRB) AASHTO soil class for pavement construction. The soil was stabilized at three binder points of 4%, 8% and 12% which coincided with specification limits for cement based on NGSRB with the range of 7-11% recommended for soils in the class A-6. The results from the compaction tests and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests show that the suitable stabilizer falls within the specified range of 7 – 11%. Binder contents/proportions of 4% RHA, 8% RHA, 8% (50R + 50O), 4% (60C/L + 40R/O), 8% (70C/L + 30R/O), 8% (0C/L + 100R/O), 8% (50C/L + 50R/O) gave the most promising results of MDUW and UCS. In other to carry out a comprehensive investigation of the properties of the soil to determine which of the promising binder contents/proportions would be most suitable as stabilizer for the soil, it was recommended that other qualifying tests of specific gravity, Atterberg limits, CBR, UCS, durability and permeability tests be carried out for these recommended binder contents/proportions.

This study was carried out to assess conflict and its management in Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti, Ekiti state, Nigeria. It examined the causes of conflict in the institution in Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti. These were with the view to assessing causes of conflicts and its management in tertiary institutions. Primary and secondary data were used to evaluate the causes and consequences of conflict on the institution. The primary data were collected through administration of copies of questionnaire while Secondary data were obtained through textbooks, journals, internet document and official publications. Two hundred and three (203) copies of questionnaire were randomly distributed to the respondents which represented 10% of the total population, while one hundred and eighty-six (186) were retrieved and analysed (representing 91.6%). The data collected from the questionnaire were analysed descriptively using frequency distribution and standard deviation. This study revealed that communication gap (85.4%), late payment of remunerations (93.5%) and poor availability of facilities and equipment in the institution (84.9%) are the major factors responsible for conflicts between staff and management in the institution. The study concluded that conflict management had been ineffective in Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria.

Thyroid lipomatosis is a rare disease, characterized by diffuse infiltration of the stroma by mature adipose tissue, leading to increased size of thyroid gland. The pathophysiology of diffuse proliferation of adipose tissue in the thyroid gland is unclear. Our study involves 2 cases with thyroid lipomatosis treated in surgical department B, Ibn Sina University Hospital. In the 2 cases studied, the average age was 50 years and the 2 patients were female. The 2 patients had consulted for a cervical swelling and the physical examination had found a goiter in both patients. They were treated with total thyroidectomy, and the postoperative follow-up was simple, with no deplorable complications. Pathological examination of the surgical specimen showed infiltration of the entire thyroid parenchyma by mature adipocytes, without any sign of hyperplasia, malignancy or amyloid deposition. Diffuse thyroid lipomatosis is considered a rare condition with about 20 cases described in the literature. This entity has no malignant evolutionary potential and the complications are of a mechanical nature.