Introduction: There are millions of people in the world but no two humans are exactly alike not even identical twins. Genetic variations in man are caused by several environmental factors acting alongside with selection, gene flow, genetic drift and migration. Studies have been done on morphogenetic traits such as the pattern of hand clasping in some parts of Africa and among some tribes in southern region of Nigeria but there is no available data on the pattern of hand clasping among the Idoma tribe of Benue State. Hence, this study aimed to determine the pattern of hand clasping among the Idoma people of Benue State, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: The study was community-based, descriptive, and cross-sectional with a sample size of 401. Data was collected using a closed-ended questionnaire that was administered by an interviewer following an examination of hand clasping pattern. Results and Discussion: The proportion of participants that expressed hand clasping with the left thumb on top was 16.7%, while right thumb on top was 83.3%. There were no significant socio-demographic characteristics among participants (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The study implies that hand clasping with the right thumb on top is a marked characteristic of the people of Idoma and, as such, can be used to identify them amongst other tribes where the identity of the tribes is not known ab initio.

Despite decades of research, the causes and biology of schizophrenia remain unknown. The condition is associated with metabolic symptoms such as hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidaemia, type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and obesity. These sensations are a prevalent side effect of the new antipsychotic medications. Nevertheless, metabolic dysfunction in schizophrenia has been studied before the antipsychotic phase, and it has also been documented in patients with first- onset schizophrenia prior to antipsychotic treatment. We investigate the evidence for metabolic abnormalities in schizophrenia patients, both in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Post-mortem brain tissue molecular analysis indicated alterations in glucose metabolism and insulin signalling pathways, whereas blood-based molecular profiling revealed hyperinsulinemia and abnormalities in insulin and co-released factor synthesis after the development of symptoms. Yet, such features are not seen in all patients with the disorder, and not all people with such defects have schizophrenia symptoms. One explanation of these facts is the presence of an underlying metabolic sensitivity in a subset of persons that interacts with environmental or hereditary factors to create the disorder's overt symptoms.

Therapeutic phlebotomy is the removal of red blood cells or serum iron from the blood. It is one of the preferred treatments for blood disorders. In ancient times this process was known as bloodletting. Generalized method included were venesection and arteriotomy and systemic methods included were cupping and by leeches. It stimulates bone marrow stem cells to generate new red blood cells (RBCs). Iron for hemoglobin synthesis is taken from the body thus reducing serum iron. Different indications of therapeutic phlebotomy include Polycythemia Vera, Hemochromatosis, Porphyria cutanea tarda, Sickle cell disease, Non-Alcoholic Fatty liver disease (NAFLD) with hyperferritinemia. Other methods available for reducing RBC and iron level include apheresis and administration of desferroxamine. Phlebotomy can cause rare adverse effects, such as thrombosis, mostly seen in patients with polycythemia Vera. Other adverse effects include Hematoma at phlebotomy site. Usually hematoma is mild but in severe cases can cause damage in nerves and surrounding tissue. Haemoconcentration, extravasation, Syncope and Fainting, petechiae, Excessive Bleeding, edema, arterial puncture, pain and anemia are some of the adverse effects caused by therapeutic phlebotomy. Unsafe phlebotomy can expose patients and health workers to various infections like Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV); syphilis and malaria. Different countries have approved allogenic use of blood units obtained from therapeutic phlebotomy. Mostly blood collected from patients with hemochromatosis is permitted. The article also discusses criteria for initiating therapeutic phlebotomy and various regimen followed in different diseases.

We discuss an interesting case of a 67 years old female patient with an abdominal lump leading to a reporting dilemma among female genital tract lesions in which even though clinical acumen, radiological findings and gross examination of the resected specimen pointed towards a certain malignant provisional diagnosis, actually turned out to be a rare benign entity of Aggressive Angiomyxoma when seen under the microscope and proved on immunohistochemistry, pressing upon the importance of correlation of all the findings (clinical, radiological, gross and microscopy) while making a diagnosis. We also press upon the gravity of proper communication between the reporting pathologist and treating physician for the best possible patient management.

This study aimed at examining the effects of insecurity on farming activities, community member mobility, community development projects and extent to which insecurity promote disunity amongst members in Ibarapa North Local Government Areas of Oyo State, Nigeria. The study adopted field survey methods through social survey approach involving a descriptive survey design through structured questionnaire to sample the opinion of residents of Igangan, Tapa and Ayete on the effects of insecurity on their community and as well granted interviews to some affected victims. A population of 3000 residents’ consisting Igangan, Tapa and Ayete communities was targeted. However, random and proportionate-stratified sampling techniques were applied to select 1000 community residence. Two hypotheses consisting of three questions were formulated for this study. Hypotheses were tested to show if there is or no significant relationship between the effects of insecurity and the promotion of disunity among community members in the study areas. Responses to the questionnaire was analysed using Likert scale of Agreed (A), Strongly Agreed (SA), Disagreed (D), and Strongly Disagreed (SD) and the hypotheses was tested using Chi square statistical tools. The results from the study shows effects of insecurity are on faming activities, community people mobility; community development projects and greatly promotes disunity amongst the members of the community. Therefore, this study recommends that the Government, security agencies, local government chairpersons, political office holders, companies operating in these crimes prone areas and also engages stakeholders (i.e. the chiefs, youth leaders, and other community leaders) in town hall meetings and collectively come up with lasting solutions to the insecurity that is affecting their communities.

The extraction of Ni2+ and Pb2+ ions from aqueous medium using unmodified (ROSE) and the 4-aminophenol modified red onion skin extract (ROSEDS) has been successfully achieved. Cold solvent extraction technique using a 50:50 acetone/water ratio was used for extraction of the red onion skin at 125 µm mesh size. The metal concentrations were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry technique. Optimum percentage removal of the metal ions was achieved at pH 6.26 for Ni2+ (89.40 % for ROSE and 97.60 % for ROSEDS) and pH 7.57 for Pb2+ (80.10 % for ROSE and 82.56 % for ROSEDS). Optimum adsorption capacities of ROSE and ROSEDS for Ni2+ were 6.30 mg/g and 7.10 mg/g respectively; while for Pb2+ ions, values obtained for ROSE and ROSEDS were 5.87 mg/g and 6.34 mg/g respectively. Varying adsorbents dosage at fixed metals ion concentration yielded optimum percentage removal of 89.90 % and 97.90 % for Ni2+, while 86.85 % and 90.80 % for Pb2+, using ROSE and ROSEDS, respectively. Adsorption capacities of the adsorbents varied inversely with adsorbent dosages. In general, 4-aminophenol modified red onion skin extract (ROSEDS) gave comparatively, better results for the extraction of Ni2+ and Pb2+ ions from aqueous medium; relative to the unmodified red onion skin extract (ROSE). Additionally, extraction of Ni2+ ions gave higher percentage removal values in both adsorbents when compared to extraction of Pb2+ ion under similar conditions. This result has been attributed to differences in their ionic radii.

Functional polymers has great importance in the field of electrochemical sensing and biosensors due to adaptable chemical, electrical, and structural features, functional polymers are a significant class of materials that have been extensively used to create electrochemical biosensors. Additionally, conducting polymers can be made nanostructured, functional group-grafted chemically, or combined with other functional materials, like nanoparticles, to significantly enhance the sensitivity, selectivity, stability, and reproducibility of the biosensor's response to a variety of bioanalytes. Since these biosensors offer benefits such being affordable and having a low detection limit, they are anticipated to play an increasingly important role in providing diagnostic information and monitoring therapy. Because of this, this article begins with a description of the electroanalytical techniques (amperometry, potentiometry, conductometry, impedometry, voltammetry) used in electrochemical biosensors, and then moves on to a review of recent developments in the use of conducting polymers in the identification of bioanalytes that led to the development of enzyme-based biosensors, immunosensors, DNA biosensors, and whole-cell biosensors.

Introduction: Over half a million women die each year from pregnancy-related causes, 99% in low and middle-income countries. In many low-income countries, complications of pregnancy and childbirth are the leading cause of death amongst women of reproductive years. Overall, 10% to 15% of direct maternal deaths are associated with pre-eclampsia and eclampsia, where maternal mortality is high; most deaths are attributable to eclampsia, rather than pre- eclampsia. This study aimed to analyze the obstetric outcomes of pregnant women with eclampsia. Methods: This prospective study was conducted at the Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology in Uttara Adhunik Medical College & Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh for 6 months; from June 2019- November 2019. A total of 50 subjects were included in this study. Informed written consent was taken from the study subjects. Data was collected using a pre-formed data sheet. Data processing and analysis were done by using SPSS version 17. All patients underwent necessary investigations. All information was kept confidential and used only for this study purpose. The ethical Clearance Certificate was obtained from Bangladesh Medical College. Result: In this study, most of the patients (30, 60.0%) belong to the age group of 18- 25 years, followed by 12 patients (24.0%) were from the>35 years age group and the rest 08 (16.0%) patients belonged to 26-35 years, age group. Most of the patients (35, 70.0%) were nulliparous followed by multiparous (15, 30.0%). Maximum respondents (26, 52.0%) developed seizures at the antepartum stage, followed by 18 patients (36.0%) at the intrapartum stage and the rest 03 (6.0%) patients developed seizures at the postpartum stage. Concerning complications, maximum patients (08, 16.0%) suffered from hemorrhage, followed by anemia (7, 14.0%), abruptio placenta (6, 12.0%), sepsis (5, 10.0%), obstructed labor (4, 8.0%). Regarding maternal and fetal outcomes in eclampsia, this study revealed satisfactory outcomes in 37 (74.0%) patients with prompt actions taken during the condition. However, perinatal death occurred in 2 (4.0%) cases, and maternal death occurred in 1 (2.0%) case. Preterm delivery was done on 10 (20.0%) patients. Conclusion: Obstetric outcome was somewhat satisfactory in this study due to immediate diagnosis and actions taken during eclampsia, however, perinatal death occurred in 2 (4.0%) cases and maternal death occurred in 1 (2.0%) case and 10 (20.0%) cases underwent preterm delivery.

Background: Making appropriate decisions and drawing valid conclusions from the data requires the use of statistics in both scientific and non-scientific contexts. But errors are usually made during the formation of the result of the collected data which are obtained from a diverse and big population. Allowing errors is harmful and unavoidable, therefore, we need to control or limit the maximum level of error using statistics. Aim: Therefore, in the present review we aimed to provide brief information about the statistical test, the type of errors, and how to minimize the type of errors. Method: A unstructured literature survey was done from different online data resources such as Pubmed (NCBI), Elsevier, Springer, and Web of science. Result: In statistical interference, we expect two types of errors (Type I Error and Type II Error) which forces the results of quantitative analysis into the mold of a decision, which is whether to reject or not to reject the null hypothesis. In statistics, the statistical test will give the “p-value”. Discussion & Conclusion: In conclusion, type I error and Type II errors can be minimized by describing the level of significance and power of the study respectively.

Comparative economic analysis using present net worth method was carried for 1 km of rigid and flexible pavement of Isieke Road, Ebonyi State. Information on the initial construction cost of the given length of the road, the maintenance cost, the rehabilitation cost, the salvage cost and the user cost which were obtained from the Ministry of Works, Ebonyi State, were used to assess the life cycle cost of the each alternative using the present net worth method. Comparisons between the various costs used to determine the life cycle cost for both rigid and flexible pavement showed that except the initial cost of construction where the rigid pavement is considerably higher than the flexible pavement, the other costs show the flexible pavement being on the high side. The summary cost showed that the for the period of 40 years which was the period of study in this work, the life cycle cost (LCC) of rigid pavement is 8.52% lower than that of the flexible pavement. Considering economy, this savings in LCC makes it a more viable alternative to flexible pavement.

Epigenetics is a very active field of research today. This is a mechanism by which environmental factors can influence gene expression. Indeed, epigenetics has been defined as a new science aimed at studying the mechanisms by which the genotype generates the phenotype, without there being any modifications in the DNA sequence. In this context, we conducted a prospective study on the records of 523 patients hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit of the CHU Mohamed VI in Marrakech, over a period of 6 months, from July 01, 2019 to December 31, 2019. Main results obtained were as follows: A high MRB carriage rate affecting 45.5% of hospitalized patients during the study period. Late MRB infections are an important part of this. The analysis of the risk factors of these infections had demonstrated the major role of invasive procedures, in particular mechanical ventilation and KTVO, as well as the high duration of hospitalization which was on average 17.47 days in our study. The bacteriological profile was dominated by enterobacteriaceae, particularly K. pneumoniae and E. cloacae. Of all the MRBs sent to the Kremlin Bicêtre hospital, 55 strains were analyzed by MLST; including 36 strains of K. pneumonia and 19 strains of E. cloacae. The Enterobacteriaceae strains analyzed in our study were mainly carbapenemase producers, of the NDM and OXA-48 type, and ESBL type CTX-15M. Of all the bacterial clones identified, a high rate of resistance to antibiotics, in particular carbapenems, was noted in the following clones: ST 1805, ST 1158 and ST 307. The ST 1805 clone was exclusively found in our series.

This paper examines the time-varying conditional correlations among Crude oil. EUR/USD and major ETS markets. We apply a trivariate dynamic conditional correlation (cDCC) GARCH models in order to capture potential contagion effects between the markets for the period 2013-2017. Empirical results reveal contagion during the under investigation period regarding the trivariate models, showing potential volatility transmission channels among the markets. Findings have crucial implications for policymakers who provide regulations for the above derivative markets.

Monosodium glutamate (MSG), one of the most widely used food-additives in commercial foods gives a special aroma (umami) to processed foods. It’s vital to brain metabolism and function. Adverse effects of MSG have been widely reported. However, there is scarcity of literature on the action of MSG on spatial memory and cognition. Hence, there is need to assess the effect of MSG ingestion on spatial memory and cognitive behavior in Wistar rats. 25 Wistar rats were randomly selected into five groups and treated for three weeks thus: Group 1 (control), Group 2 (0.7 mL MSG), Group 3 (1 mL MSG), Group 4 (1.5 mL MSG) Group 5 (0.1 mL Epinephrine). Neurobehavioral (Barnes, navigation, and handgrip) activities exhibited by the various groups were recorded and analyzed using ANOVA. In the Barnes maze test, there was a significant decrease (p<0.05) in escape time in group 4 when compared to the control for weeks 1 and 3. In week 1 of the Navigation maze test, group 4 animals spent less time (p<0.05) to navigate the maze when compared to the control. In week 1 and 3 of the handgrip test, animals in groups 2, 3 and 5 had a significant decline (p<0.05) in grip strength when compared to the control group; However, in week 2, only the animals in group 5 had a decline in grip strength (p<0.05) when compared to control. MSG did not cause any form of neurotoxicity, cognitive or motor decline in rats.

Background: This study investigated the correlates of risky sexual behaviours of adolescents in Rivers State. Six objectives with corresponding research questions and hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. Materials and Methods: The study adopted a correlational research design. The population of the study comprised of all 93,076 in- School Senior Secondary School adolescents in Rivers State. A multistage sampling procedure was used to select a sample of 880 from six LGAs in the three senatorial zones of the State. The instrument for data collection was a validated self-structured questionnaire with reliability coefficients of 0.852 for peer pressure and 0.733 for media using Cronbach alpha. Data collected was analyzed using IBM SPSS (version 25), percentages were used to answer research questions, and binary logistic regression was used to test hypotheses at 0.05 alpha levels. Results and Discussions: The result of the study showed 14.6% prevalence of sexual behaviours. Also, the findings revealed that 73.2% did not used condoms at sexual debut, 7.3% had sexual intercourse with more than one person, 2.6% had paid sexual intercourse, 2.2% have had sexual intercourse with sex worker and 11.3% have had oral sex. Conclusions: The result of the study established a significant relationship between peer pressure and sexual behaviours (p < 0.05) and result revealed a significant association between social media influence and sexual behaviours (p <0.05). The study recommended that sexual health education be taught early right from the home by parents/ guardians and in school by teachers and school health officers with emphasis on the identified correlates peer pressure and media influence. Parents should not purchase high tech android phones for their children and should monitor what they do with phones provided.

The Schiff base ligand has been synthesized by the reaction of ethanolic solution of benzaldehyde and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine. The corresponding metal complexes were obtained by refluxing the chlorides of Co(II) and Ni(II) with the prepared Schiff base in an ethanolic medium. The Schiff base and its metal complexes were established and analyzed by FT-IR, solubility test, melting point/decomposition temperature and conductivity measurement. The melting point of the Schiff base was found to be 157C and decomposition temperature of Co(II) and Ni(II) complexes were found to be 167°C and 174°C respectively. Molar conductance values of Co(II) and Ni(II) complexes are 1.31 and 2.04 µS/cm respectively. The solubility test carried out showed that the complexes are soluble in most organic solvents and insoluble in water. The antibacterial activity test of the ligand and metal complexes showed that the metal complexes were found to be active against the organism tested while the ligand was inactive.