Introduction: Miliary tuberculosis represents one of the most severe and life-threatening forms of tuberculosis. It is characterized by widespread hematogenous dissemination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The present study aimed to describe the clinical, epidemiological, therapeutic, and outcome characteristics of miliary tuberculosis. Methods: We conducted a retrospective descriptive and analytical study over a two-year period, from January 1, 2022 to December 31, 2023. Medical records of patients hospitalized for miliary tuberculosis in the Department of Pneumology and Phthisiology at Moulay Youssef University Hospital, Rabat, Morocco, were reviewed and analyzed. Results: The mean age of patients was 43 years, with a male predominance (64%). A history of tuberculosis was found in 2 patients, and recent close contact with a tuberculosis case was identified in 5 patients. Four cases of miliary tuberculosis occurred following immunosuppressive therapy, including 3 patients who had previously received preventive anti-tuberculosis treatment. The clinical presentation was dominated by fever, night sweats, general condition deterioration, dyspnea, and cough. Extra-respiratory manifestations were observed in 17% of cases. Typical radiological findings were present in 91% of patients, while sputum smear microscopy was positive in 15%. Anti-tuberculosis treatment based on a four-drug regimen (ERIPK4) was initiated urgently in most cases. Complications occurred in 11 patients, including disease-related and treatment-related complications. The in-hospital case fatality rate was 17.7%. Conclusion: Miliary tuberculosis remains a severe and potentially life-threatening condition. Early diagnosis and prompt initiation of appropriate anti-tuberculosis therapy are essential to improve patient outcomes.

Large scale urban infrastructure projects such as metro systems, tunnels, highways, and bridges require strict quality management during construction. These projects often involve complex subsurface conditions, dense urban surroundings, and multiple construction activities occurring simultaneously. Quality assurance (QA), quality control (QC), and geotechnical monitoring therefore remain central components of construction supervision. Conventional monitoring practices rely on inspection reports, laboratory testing records, and field instrumentation systems that often operate within separate information platforms. This separation restricts coordinated evaluation of construction quality and ground behavior during project execution. This study presents a Digital Twin enabled Geo-BIM framework for integrated QA, QC, and geotechnical compliance monitoring in urban infrastructure construction. The proposed framework links geotechnical investigation data, monitoring sensors, QA inspection documentation, and QC testing results within a unified digital environment. A Geotechnical Compliance Index (GCI) model is introduced to evaluate construction conditions and identify zones requiring inspection attention. The framework was examined through a simulation scenario representing common urban infrastructure construction activities. Results indicate that the integrated system supports continuous monitoring, automated compliance evaluation, and inspection prioritization based on geotechnical performance. The proposed framework provides a structured digital approach for managing construction quality and subsurface monitoring in complex infrastructure projects.

Environmental monitoring requires rapid and stable methods for detecting chemical contaminants in water and air systems. Optical biosensor platforms offer a practical sensing approach because they convert molecular interactions into measurable optical signal changes, including absorbance, fluorescence, luminescence, and refractive index variation. This paper evaluates the performance of optical biosensor platforms for environmental contaminant detection under controlled laboratory conditions. The study focuses on two performance measures: detection sensitivity and measurement stability. Laboratory experiments used blank, low concentration, and higher-concentration exposure conditions, and the resulting optical signals were examined through baseline comparison, normalized response analysis, and repeatability assessment. The results showed stable baseline signals and clear response shifts after contaminant exposure. Low-concentration samples remained distinguishable from blank conditions, while higher concentrations produced stronger optical variation. Repeated measurements also showed acceptable consistency across exposure levels. These findings indicate that optical biosensor platforms can support low-level environmental contaminant detection when signal response and stability are evaluated together. The study presents a structured framework for assessing optical biosensor suitability in environmental monitoring applications.

The rapid growth of packaging consumption has increased waste generation and placed pressure on existing waste management systems. Current research often treats packaging design, material selection, and recycling processes as separate domains, which limits effectiveness in practical settings. This study aims to develop a system level framework that connects sustainable packaging design with waste management processes across the full lifecycle. The proposed framework integrates material selection, production, logistics, consumption, and recovery stages within a unified structure. It incorporates a feedback mechanism in which waste system performance informs design decisions, supporting continuous adjustment based on observed conditions. Lifecycle mapping and performance evaluation are used to examine interactions among system components and to assess the impact of design choices on recovery efficiency and environmental outcomes. The results show that packaging systems achieve higher recovery rates, lower contamination levels, and improved material compatibility when design parameters reflect waste processing capabilities and user behavior patterns. The study also identifies the role of stakeholder coordination in improving system performance. The framework provides a structured method for evaluating and improving packaging systems within practical constraints and offers a basis for decision-making in sustainable packaging design and waste management integration.

This paper examines how gender assessment can function as a reparative justice instrument for addressing historical injustices in land governance, using South Sudan and Nigeria as comparative case studies. It argues that women’s exclusion from land ownership, control, and inheritance is not merely a technical policy failure but a historically produced form of structural inequality rooted in colonial legacies, patriarchal customary systems, and weak enforcement of gender-responsive laws. Drawing on feminist theory, intersectionality, and legal pluralism, the study analyses how formal legal equality often coexists with persistent discriminatory practices that undermine women’s land rights in both contexts. In South Sudan, post-conflict instability, displacement, and fragile institutions deepen women’s tenure insecurity, especially for widows, returnees, and female-headed households. In Nigeria, legal pluralism, customary patriarchy, and unequal access to land administration continue to constrain women’s property rights despite statutory reforms. The paper contends that gender assessment should move beyond diagnostic compliance toward a reparative framework centered on recognition, redistribution, restitution, representation, and transformation. It concludes that meaningful land justice in Africa requires not only legal reform, but also institutional accountability, community-level norm change, and gender-responsive governance.

Background: Suicide is the leading cause of unnatural death worldwide. Over the past five decades, there has been noticeable increase in suicide rates around the globe. The pattern of suicide fatalities in a particular community is reflected in the relationship between an individual's mental health and social status. Suicide is influenced by a wide range of cultural and socio-economic factors, as well as quality of life of an individual. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the demographics and trends of suicidal deaths at a Tertiary Health Center in Bangladesh. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted at The Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Sir Salimullah Medical College and Mitford Hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The study covered all suicidal deaths that occurred between 2022 to 2024. In all cases, a complete post-mortem examination was performed and findings were recorded. Details of all suicidal deaths regarding age, gender, religion, marital status and mode of death were duly documented. Results: A total of 446 cases were evaluated, of them 208 were male and 238 were female. Maximum (44.11%) cases were in 21-30 years age group followed by 42.01% were in 11-20 years age group then 8.82% were in 31-40 years age group. Regarding the marital status majority (65.02%) of the cases were married in both genders. Among the study cases hanging (64.13%) was the most adapted method to commit suicide followed by poisoning (35.87%). Conclusion: The current study demonstrated that suicidal deaths are prevalent among females and married individuals. Adolescent and young adults are vulnerable to suicidal deaths. Hanging is the most adapted method to commit suicide followed by poisoning. To lower suicide rates particularly in adolescent and young adults, a well-designed comprehensive program is required that will identify the causative factors and may aid in suicide prevention.

Reverse engineering is a foundational technique in cybersecurity that enables analysts to study executable software without access to its source code in order to understand program logic, functionality, and potential security weaknesses. As malicious software and complex applications continue to evolve rapidly, the ability to accurately analyze binary executables has become essential for malware detection, vulnerability assessment, and incident response. This research presents a comprehensive experimental study of both static and dynamic reverse engineering techniques applied to Linux executables within a controlled Kali Linux environment. A sample executable was deliberately developed to mimic real-world application behavior and security-related scenarios. Static analysis was performed without executing the program, employing file identification tools, string extraction methods, and binary disassembly to investigate the executable’s structure, embedded data, and instruction flow. Dynamic analysis involved running the program in a monitored environment and observing runtime behavior through system call tracing, library function monitoring, and interactive debugging. These approaches facilitated a thorough examination of how the executable interacts with the operating system, processes user input, and manages program execution flow. The experimental results show that static analysis offers quick insights into binary composition and potential indicators of sensitive data, whereas dynamic analysis uncovers real-time behavior, functional logic, and hidden execution paths that may be missed by static review alone. Employing both methods in tandem enhances analytical accuracy, reduces the likelihood of incorrect assumptions, and improves the interpretation of software behavior. This study underscores the practical value of reverse engineering techniques for strengthening cybersecurity operations, advancing malware investigation capabilities, and supporting secure software development practices.

Introduction: Patients with renal failure undergoing hemodialysis face an increased risk of urinary tract infections due to impaired immunity and altered physiology. Distinguishing asymptomatic bacteriuria from clinically significant infection is vital to combat rising antimicrobial resistance. Objectives: This study aimed to characterize the prevalence and microbial profiles of bacteriuria in hemodialysis dependent patients. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted at a tertiary care center in Gujarat, India. Data was collected from electronic medical record of patients along with urine culture finding and other clinical details to study further for the duration of April 2021 and March 2025. Clinically significant isolates were reviewed while excluding duplicate isolates from same patients. Study was approved by institutional ethics committee. Results: Out of total 17755 various culture samples received from dialysis-patients, 3022 urine cultures were received and from those total 772 urine cultures reported with bacterial growth during the studied duration. The cohort had a mean age of 55.1 years with a female predominance (58.7%). Gram-negative bacteria (≈80%) dominated, primarily Escherichia coli (57.1%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (13.9%). High resistance was observed against cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones. Enterococcus faecium exhibited significant resistance to vancomycin (20.8%). Prior antibiotic exposure was high at 76.9%. Resistance was more frequently associated with patients having no fixed dialysis schedule and those receiving antibiotics within 24 hours of enrolment. Conclusion: Hemodialysis patients frequently harbor multidrug-resistant pathogens. The high prevalence of ESBL producing and MDR strains necessitates robust antibiotic stewardship and reliance on local antibiograms to guide therapy and minimize unnecessary treatment of asymptomatic cases.

Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states have embarked on ambitious “Vision”-driven reforms to diversify economies and reframe national security. This paper analyzes how Saudi Arabia, the UAE, and Qatar link economic transformation to security policy, under a theoretical “development-as-security” framework. We review rentier-state dynamics and human-security concepts to contextualize Gulf strategies. Through comparative case studies, we examine each country’s Vision (Saudi Vision 2030, UAE Centennial 2071, Qatar National Vision 2030), focusing on objectives, instruments, and progress in diversification, and how these affect economic, political, and social security. Data indicate rising non oil growth (Saudi non oil GDP ~53–57 % by 2025; UAE non oil GDP >70 %) and targeted reforms (e.g. Saudi defense localization, UAE tech hubs, Qatar education investment). We look at the implications in terms of economic security through the lens of multiple sources of income, political stability in the form of a new foundation for legitimacy, and improvements in human security in the realms of health and education. We also look at the constraints in the form of institutional and demographic pressures, and the geopolitical shifts in the US’s strategic retrenchment and the emergence of new partnerships. What our findings have shown is that, indeed, the Gulf states have benefited from the policy of diversification, but in doing so, a new set of security dynamics has emerged in the realms of cyber and artificial intelligence, and climate. In conclusion are some policy recommendations, but in the context of the Gulf, it is quite evident that the concept of development and security is inextricably linked in the Gulf, and the policies of diversification have both responded to and created a new set of security conditions.

This paper examines the persistent gap between formal recognition and substantive realization of women’s land rights in Nigeria and South Sudan, where legal guarantees remain undermined by patriarchal norms, weak enforcement, and customary authority. In South Sudan, despite progressive frameworks such as the Transitional Constitution (2011), the Land Act (2009), the Local Government Act (2009), and the National Gender Policy (2013), women’s land tenure security remains precarious. Bazugba (2024a) demonstrates that statutory protections are often disconnected from lived realities, with approximately 80% of women lacking effective access to land ownership (IGAD, 2020). Building on this evidence, the paper advances a comparative argument that women’s land exclusion is not merely a legal or economic issue but a performative system of gendered injustice, reproduced through entrenched social scripts within families, customary institutions, and state practices. Employing a comparative feminist dramatic framework, the study analyzes how land governance in Nigeria and South Sudan emerges from the dynamic interplay between statutory law, customary norms, and political power. It integrates feminist theory, gender performativity, and political theory with interpretive insights drawn from Aristotle’s dramatic structure, Brechtian epic theatre, and Boal’s Theatre of the Oppressed. The paper argues that women’s dispossession persists because exclusion is continuously enacted and normalized as part of the social order. Through comparative analysis, it demonstrates that differing political and legal contexts can reproduce similar patterns of inequality when legal reform is not accompanied by effective enforcement and cultural transformation. It concludes by positioning theatre not only as metaphor but as a rigorous critical methodology for exposing systems of domination and reimagining participatory pathways toward feminist social justice.

Malocclusion is a highly prevalent developmental condition in children and adolescents and represents one of the most frequent reasons for referral from primary dental care to orthodontic services [1, 2]. General Dental Practitioners (GDPs), particularly newly qualified dentists, often face uncertainty when assessing malocclusion severity, determining the optimal timing of referral, and establishing eligibility for National Health Service (NHS) orthodontic treatment [11, 12]. This uncertainty may result in delayed referral of high-risk cases or inappropriate referral of children with minimal treatment need, placing unnecessary pressure on specialist services [13]. This narrative review proposes a stepwise orthodontic referral ladder, translating the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) into a clinically intuitive and structured decision-making framework. The model classifies malocclusion from mild to severe, incorporates red-flag conditions requiring early or urgent referral, integrates optimal age for referral, and aligns with UK NHS commissioning and British Orthodontic Society guidance [18–20]. The framework aims to provide GDPs and new graduates with a clear, defensible, and patient-centred reference scale to support consistent orthodontic referral decisions and improve outcomes for children.

Background: Anemia remains a major global health challenge, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Medicinal plants rich in phytochemicals are widely used in traditional medicine for managing hematological disorders. However, systematic evidence on their hematopoietic effects remains limited. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar for studies published up to December 2025. Experimental studies evaluating plant-derived phytochemicals on hematological parameters—hemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cells (RBC), and white blood cells (WBC) were included. Data extraction and risk of bias assessment were performed using the SYRCLE tool. A narrative synthesis was conducted, supported by quantitative summaries. Results: A total of 10 studies met the inclusion criteria, spanning Nigeria, India, China, Ghana, South Africa, and Brazil. Most studies utilized rodent models and evaluated aqueous, methanolic, and ethanolic plant extracts rich in flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and tannins. Phytochemical interventions consistently improved hematological indices. Hemoglobin levels increased by 0.6–4.3 g/dL, with corresponding increases in PCV and RBC counts, indicating enhanced erythropoiesis. WBC counts were also elevated, suggesting immunomodulatory effects. Substantial heterogeneity was observed (I² ≈ 89.8%). Conclusion: Phytochemical-rich medicinal plants exhibit significant hematopoietic and immunomodulatory effects. However, high heterogeneity and reliance on animal models highlight the need for well-designed clinical trials.

The population of the East Region of Cameroon lives around the forest and shares precious knowledge about the medicinal plants they possess against diseases such as COVID-19 as the role of ethno-medicine may have favored resilience against the Covid-19 pandemic in Africa. The objective of this study was to identify medicinal plants used against Covid-19 by the local population through their knowledge of COVID-19 in the East Region of Cameroon. The sociodemographic profile, information on COVID-19, the medicinal plants used against COVID-19 and the symptoms were determined. An ethnobotanical survey was conducted from November 2025 to February 2026 across twenty-five (25) villages on 500 respondents. Demographically, a large proportion of the population were men (61.6%), most of whom were non-workers (70.2%), with a dominant age group of 41 to 50 years (35%). Seventy-one percent of the population claimed to know the means of transmission, with "shaking hands with an infected person" being the most cited (41%). Meanwhile, 67% claimed to know the symptoms, with "cough" being the most mentioned (47.4%). Regarding prevention, 68.4% knew of modern prevention methods, with 24.4% favoring social distancing. 52% of the surveyed population stated they had not contracted Covid-19 (with or without testing confirmation). Majority of the population preferred traditional medicine for their health care but only 20.6% of the respondents mentioned traditional treatments against COVID-19 which may be due to the fact that only 28.6% of the respondents had a good knowledge about COVID-19. Alstonia boonei De Wild. emerged as the most used medicinal plant in traditional Covid-19 treatments by the local population, with a citation frequency of 9%. This study sheds light on how local populations perceive, adopt, and adhere to public health crisis measures.

Rotator cuff stain causes discomfort, stiffness, decreased range of motion, diminished athletic performance, and a lower quality of life for throwers. This study aimed to determine the efficacy of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) stretching with Yogic Asanas in reducing pain and disability, increasing range of motion, and improving quality of life in young female throwers with rotator cuff stain. Sample from 30 female throwers was divided into three groups: PNF Technique, Yogic Asanas and Control group. Experimental groups underwent a 4-week intervention comprising PNF stretching, Yogic Asanas protocols. Pain levels were measured using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and range of motion (ROM) was assessed with a goniometer. Pre-intervention readings of the Shoulder Pain and Shoulder Active Range of Motion (AROM) were taken at day 1 and post-intervention readings were taken at the end of week 4. The paired t-test was used to compare the values of the outcome measures for the preintervention and postintervention within the groups. Analysis of variance was used to compare the mean values of change in the outcome measures from preintervention to postintervention between the groups. Post hoc test was conducted to compare the postintervention values of the outcome measures between the groups. Total scores of Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) (p < 0.0001) and Shoulder ROM (p < 0.0001) demonstrated statistically significant improvements in the PNF stretching and Yogic Asanas group. The PNF stretching and Yogic Asanas group significantly enhances Shoulder AROM and reduces pain in young female throwers, offering a promising rehabilitation strategy. Furthermore, the study's results revealed that groups who PNF stretching outperformed other groups in terms of improvements in Shoulder AROM and reduces Shoulder pain.

Applied Regression Analysis is a core course in Master of Applied Statistics programs. It consolidates students' statistical modeling foundations and develops their ability to analyze real-world data. Yet conventional course evaluation relies on final exams, lab reports, and project scores--emphasizing results over process and technique over problem-solving. Instructors struggle to identify where students struggle: data governance, model construction, diagnostics, communication. This design article proposes a dynamic evaluation system that uses a regression modeling competency map and process-oriented assessment to capture evidence from quizzes, code submissions, model outputs, case reports, presentations, and online behavior. The system converts this evidence into actionable feedback: problem localization, diagnostic attribution, and modeling prescription. Supported by automated code analysis, model diagnostics extraction, text analysis, and AI-assisted feedback, it is designed to evaluate students' modeling competencies throughout the full regression workflow. The system is intended to improve evaluation timeliness, specificity, and interpretability; support instructors in evidence-based teaching adjustments; and help students refine their modeling strategies.