The adrenal gland is, despite her small size, among the most important and vital organs in the human body. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the normal adrenal gland's location, shape, texture and size and correlate that with gender and age in Sudanese population by using computed tomography. The study was performed during the period from June 2025 to September 2025 in CT departments of Military hospital Omdurman. The data were collected from randomly selected sample of 50 patients (21 males and 29 females) who underwent CT abdomen for other indications without evidence of adrenal diseases. The main findings of correlations included that most common shape of the adrenal gland was linear, and when correlating the normal texture and size of the adrenal gland with the age and gender, it was found that texture and size of the adrenal gland decreased with age, and the size of the adrenal gland in females was smaller as compared to males.

Labor relations between enterprises and individuals are expressed in the legal form of labor contracts signed and implemented by the parties. In which, wage is a basic term, representing the value of labor, enterprises must clearly state in contracts and pay employees based on the effort they have put in. This not only ensures labor rights but also contributes to the development of the labor market, bringing business efficiency to enterprises. Any violation must be sanctioned in the form of late payment interest on late wages, except in cases where the enterprises encounter certain difficulties, as permitted by law. The research in this article clarifies wages and the obligation to pay wages of enterprises under Vietnamese law and proposes solutions to overcome the limitations arising from practice.

Herein, embodies the result of a study under a topic titled, Review on the Historical Development and Challenges Faced by Almajiri Educational System in Northern Nigeria. This study relied upon primary data collected from the literature, and aimed at investigating and feeding the general public with factual information concerning the original and eventual nature of Almajiri educational system in addition to the causes of transformation of the system into current state. The result of this study highlighted in the context of the literature, certain factors that might have influenced the Almajiri Education in Nigeria as suggested by different researchers. Such factors were classified according to this research, into eight categories which include: the economic-, educational-, environmental-, geographical-, legal-, political-, religious-, as well as socio-cultural- factor. However, the fact that such factors may vary depending upon the living conditions for the individual citizens of the country, this study recommended the need for carrying out another fresh research in the form of field survey for either validation and/or identification of the various contemporary factors resulting in the high resistance of such educational system under discussion.

Background: Pre-eclampsia and eclampsia remain significant causes of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality, particularly in developing countries. Emerging evidence suggests that micronutrient deficiencies, such as Vitamin D deficiency, may play an important role in their pathogenesis. Understanding the demographic, obstetric, and biochemical differences among healthy, pre-eclamptic, and eclamptic women can help identify risk factors and improve preventive strategies. Objective: To evaluate demographic and obstetric variables, blood pressure profiles, and serum Vitamin D levels among healthy, pre-eclamptic, and eclamptic pregnant women. Methods: This cross-sectional comparative study was conducted among 90 pregnant women attending the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of a tertiary care hospital in Bangladesh. The study population was divided into three groups: healthy pregnant women (n = 30), pre-eclamptic women (n = 30), and eclamptic women (n = 30). Data were collected on demographic and obstetric characteristics, systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Statistical analysis was performed using appropriate tests, and p < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Pre-eclamptic and eclamptic patients were younger, more likely to be primigravida, and had a lower socioeconomic and educational status compared to healthy controls (p < 0.05). Mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly higher in pre-eclamptic and eclamptic groups (p < 0.001). Serum Vitamin D levels were markedly lower among pre-eclamptic and eclamptic patients compared to healthy pregnant women, and the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Pre-eclampsia and eclampsia are associated with younger maternal age, primigravidity, and low socioeconomic background. Significantly lower Vitamin D levels among affected women suggest that Vitamin D deficiency may contribute to the development or severity of these hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. Screening and supplementation strategies could therefore play a role in prevention and improved maternal outcomes.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly transforming healthcare delivery worldwide, offering promising solutions to improve diagnostics, treatment, and administrative efficiency. This study assessed the level of awareness and extent of utilisation of AI-based tools among healthcare professionals in South-East Nigeria. A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted using a structured questionnaire distributed via Google Forms to 450 healthcare workers, including doctors, nurses, laboratory scientists, physiotherapists, radiographers, and health information officers. Descriptive statistics and chi-square analysis were employed to analyse the data. Results showed that while 64.4% of respondents were aware of AI technologies, only 30% reported actively utilising these tools in clinical or administrative practice. A significant association was found between professional role and AI awareness (χ² = 12.35, p = 0.02), with doctors exhibiting higher awareness than other groups. Key barriers to adoption included inadequate infrastructure (66.7%), insufficient funding (60%), limited technical expertise (55.6%), data privacy concerns (44.4%), and lack of regulatory frameworks (33.3%). These findings highlight the need for targeted investments in infrastructure, capacity building, and policy development to accelerate AI integration into healthcare in resource-constrained settings. The study provides valuable insights for policymakers, healthcare administrators, and technology developers aiming to harness AI’s potential to improve health outcomes in Nigeria and similar contexts.

The Abhaluyia, Kenya's second-largest ethnic group, present an intriguing case for philosophical inquiry, particularly with regards to their conception of personhood – a notion that arguably lies at the heart of African philosophical thought. This emic study seeks to address a significant lacuna in scholarship by reconstructing the traditional Luyia understanding of personhood, prevalent from 1850 to 1910, prior to the profound influences of colonialism and missionary activity. This inquiry aims to illuminate the Abhaluyia's distinctive perspective on what it means to be human by examining their cultural beliefs and practices including proverbs, idioms, oral narratives, and rituals, The paper reveals that, at its core, the Luyia concept of personhood revolves around the essence of being human (imero yo omundu) seen as inextricably linked to the interdependent entities of the physical body (omubhiri), the inner self (omwoyo), and the posthumous liminal entity (eshimakombe). Within this framework, personhood is not simply a biological given, but rather a lifelong journey of cultivating one's innate capacities for knowledge and wisdom (obhuchesi or obhunina) and moral consciousness (ebhima or emima). Individuals strive to attain the revered status of dignified personhood (oluyali), which embodies the full actualization of human potential through socialization, experiential learning, and personal agency. This understanding of personhood acknowledges the interplay between genetic influences, human fallibility, and the communal, culturally particularistic context in which individuals develop.

Blood flow restriction (BFR) training is increasingly applied in rehabilitation and performance settings as a low-load alternative to traditional resistance exercise. BFR neuromuscular activation during dynamic, functional activities is less understood, particularly in an acute scenario. Purpose: To investigate how inter-peak muscle activation time (IPMAT) of lower limb muscles (proximal and distal to the cuff) adapted to blood flow restriction while pushing a sled (constant resistance acquired with continuous speed) at two consistent walking speeds. Methods: Sixty-two healthy adults (8 men, 54 women; mean age = 23.0 ± 3.0 years) participated. Anthropometrics, vital signs, and limb dominance were documented. Surface electromyography (EMG; Delsys Trigno system) recorded activity of the gluteus maximus, medial gastrocnemius, and tibialis anterior of the dominant leg. Participants pushed an XPO Trainer sled (85 lb total load) over 40 ft at a slow walk (80 bpm) and a fast walk (140 bpm). Three randomized trials were performed under unrestricted and BFR conditions. BFR was applied with Delfi’s Personalized Tourniquet System at 80% limb occlusion pressure. The primary outcome was BFR versus non-BFR IPMAT for all muscles, analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). Results: BFR significantly increased IPMAT in the gluteus maximus (slow walk: 1.0672 ± 0.1086 s vs. non-BFR 0.9524 ± 0.1228 s, p < .001; fast walk: 1.1061 ± 0.0955 s vs. non-BFR 0.9428 ± 0.1150 s, p < .001) and medial gastrocnemius (slow walk: 1.1076 ± 0.0798 s vs. 0.8040 ± 0.0969 s, p < .001; fast walk: 1.1435 ± 0.1064 s vs. 1.0719 ± 0.1292 s, p = .008). No significant differences were observed in the tibialis anterior (p > .05). Conclusions: During the blood-constriction settings, IPMAT adapts the primary pushing muscles (gastrocnemius and gluteus muscles), regardless of occlusion cuff location (proximal versus distal), suggesting delayed recovery between activation bursts due to increased neuromuscular demand under restricted blood flow. This adaptation may represent compensatory strategies to sustain task performance under fatigue or metabolic stress. Clinical Relevance: BFR sled pushing provides a low-load alternative that increases neuromuscular variation, increases fatigue and compensatory demands, and supports endurance. Clinicians should consider these timing adaptations when prescribing BFR to individuals with lower extremity weakness, balance deficits, or gait impairments.

Background: Vesicovaginal fistula remains a debilitating condition in developing countries, largely due to obstructed labor, delayed access to emergency obstetric care, and poor socioeconomic conditions. Understanding the clinical profile of affected women is crucial for improving preventive and treatment strategies. Methods: A total of 55 women with VVF were selected using convenience sampling. Clinical status was assessed through sociodemographic characteristics, parity, socioeconomic background, antenatal care status, causes of delay in reaching hospital, previous fistula repair attempts, and preoperative fistula characteristics including size, location, scarring, urethral involvement, and bony attachment. Results: Most women were multiparous (69.1%) and from low-income households (75.6%). Prior unsuccessful fistula repair was reported in several cases. Of the 55 fistulas, small fistulas were the most common (19 cases), and extensive fistulas were least frequent but had the poorest prognosis. Vaginal scarring varied from none (31 cases) to mild (14), moderate (4), and gross (6). Urethral involvement, circumferential fistulas, and bony attachment were significant adverse clinical findings. Two patients had bladder calculi, both of whom improved postoperatively. Conclusion: Women with VVF commonly present with multiple adverse clinical factors, including low socioeconomic status, delayed access to care, and complex fistula characteristics. Severe scarring, large fistula size, and urethral involvement indicate more complicated clinical status and challenge surgical management. Early obstetric intervention and improved maternal care services are essential for preventing such severe presentations.

This cross-sectional comparative study was done at radiotherapy department of Rajshahi Medical College Hospital, Rajshahi from July, 2009-June, 2010. A total number of 60 diagnosed cases of carcinoma larynx (Histologically squamous cell carcinoma) were enlisted and were divided into study group e.g. Chemo-Radiotherapy group (Group A) consisting 30 patients were treated by sequential chemo-radiotherapy with two cycles of cisplatin (20mg/m2) & 5-FU (500mg) per day for 4 days 3 weeks apart followed by radiotherapy after 1½ weeks at 60-66 Gray in 30-33 fractions in 6-6½ weeks and control group e.g. radiotherapy group (Group B) consisting 30 patients were treated with conventional radiotherapy of 60-66 Gray in 30-33 fractions in 6-6½ weeks. The objective of the study was to observe and compare the results of treatment & side effects of treatment on both arms during & after treatment. In chemo-radiotherapy group (Group-A) complete response (CR) was found in 20 cases (66.67%) and partial response (PR) was found in 10 cases (33.33%). In radiotherapy group (Group-B) complete response (CR) was found in 12 cases (40%) and partial response was found in 18 cases (60%). It was found that complete & partial response was 100%. There was no death or no major complications throughout the study period. Calculated 2 value was 4.28 was greater than the table value 2 i.e. 3.84. It corresponds to probability of 0.05 in 2 table (P < 0.05). Hence treatment of laryngeal cancer with sequential chemo-radiotherapy was statistically significant.

Background: The reverse dorsal metacarpal artery flap is a versatile solution for resurfacing soft-tissue defects of fingers. This is a widely used flap to cover finger defects. Materials and Methods: This prospective observational study was carried out at Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka from 1st July, 2018 to 30th June 2019. 30 patients were included in the study. Patient age, gender, defect type, defect location, donor site coverage, flap dimensions, range of motion of the meta-carpophalangeal joint and proximal interphalangeal joint, postoperative complications were evaluated. Follow up period was 3 months. Results: 30 patients underwent coverage of skin defects of the finger proximal to DIP joint with reverse dorsal metacarpal artery flap. All flaps survived completely. Flap size ranged from 2.5 cm 1.5 cm to 5.5cm 3.5 cm. 17 flaps were based on the second dorsal metacarpal artery. Skin paddle was taken from the dorsal aspect of the second, third, and fourth intermetacarpal area. All patients had full range of movement of the reconstructed and donor digits when followed at 3 months after surgery. Conclusions: The reverse dorsal metacarpal artery flap is a flap which is safe, easy to apply in the context of soft tissue coverage procedures and does not result in the loss of finger functions. It also confers excellent aesthetic skin suitability and does not require debulking procedures.

Hernias remain one of the most frequently encountered surgical conditions worldwide, with more than 20 million hernia repairs performed annually. Inguinal hernias constitute nearly 75% of all abdominal wall hernias, with a significantly higher lifetime risk in men (27%) than in women (3%). Innovations in mesh technology, minimally invasive techniques, and enhanced recovery pathways have transformed outcomes, reducing recurrence rates from 20–30% in the pre-mesh era to approximately 1–5% with contemporary mesh-based repairs. Despite these advances, complications such as chronic postoperative pain still affect 10–12% of patients. This review synthesizes current evidence on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, diagnostic strategies, and evolving surgical approaches in hernia management, highlighting global trends and future directions.

Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf. (lemongrass) is a widely used medicinal grass valued for its essential oils and diverse therapeutic properties; however, comprehensive pharmacogenetic documentation of the whole plant remains limited. The present study provides an integrated evaluation of the pharmacobotanical, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and chemical fingerprinting characteristics of C. citratus collected from the northeast coast of Tamil Nadu, India. Macroscopic and microscopic analyses established diagnostic features including sclerenchyma Tous vascular bundle sheaths, bulliform cells, dumb-bell-shaped silica bodies, prickle hairs, and annular vessels, providing robust anatomical markers for authentication. Physicochemical parameters (LOD, ash values, extractive values, pH) confirmed good-quality raw material with minimal foreign matter. The hydro-alcoholic whole-plant extract exhibited broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, with pronounced inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis. Potent antioxidant activity was recorded in the DPPH assay, with an IC₅₀ of 39.37 µg/mL, attributed to phenolic and flavonoid constituents. HPTLC profiling generated a reproducible chromatographic fingerprint with recurring marker bands at Rf 0.08, 0.04, and 0.01 under 254 nm and 366 nm, reflecting the chemical diversity of the extract. This study provides the first complete pharmacogenetic framework for C. citratus whole plant, offering essential baseline data for authentication, standardization, and future phytopharmaceutical development. Further studies on quantitative marker estimation, MIC/MBC analysis, and bioactivity-guided fractionation are recommended to strengthen its therapeutic applicability.

Climate change has emerged as a critical global threat, exerting profound stress on food systems and accelerating nutritional insecurities across regions. Rising temperatures, shifting precipitation patterns, soil degradation, and extreme weather events are increasingly disrupting agricultural productivity, diminishing nutrient quality, and destabilizing food supply chains. These changes have intensified the triple burden of malnutrition undernutrition, micronutrient deficiencies, and obesity particularly in vulnerable populations with limited access to affordable, diverse, and nutritious foods. Despite ongoing global efforts, existing food and dietary systems remain ecologically unsustainable, heavily dependent on high-emission production practices, and constrained by socioeconomic and cultural barriers. This study critically examines the intersection of climate stress, food system vulnerabilities, and nutritional challenges, presenting an integrated framework that links environmental pressures with dietary outcomes. Using a comparative and analytical approach, the research identifies the limitations of current strategies and highlights the need for climate-resilient food production, including climate-smart agriculture, crop diversification, technological innovation, and localized circular food systems. The study further outlines pathways toward sustainable human diets that balance nutritional adequacy with environmental stewardship, emphasizing plant-based dietary patterns, biofortified crops, and culturally adaptive nutrition models. The findings underscore that achieving nutritional security under climate stress requires coordinated action across policy, governance, production systems, and consumer behavior. This work contributes to the evolving discourse by proposing strategic, science-driven solutions for building adaptive, nutritious, and sustainable global food futures.

The article is devoted to an interdisciplinary analysis of the transformation of Roman law in the transitional period from the Republic to the Empire through the category of the megalopolis as a special legal-architectural and cultural phenomenon. It is shown that Roman law during this period acted not only as a conservative regulator ensuring the stability of the political-legal order, but also as a technology of institutional engineering creating conditions for the release of the creative potential of society. Based on the philosophical and legal heritage of the Roman Stoics (Seneca, Marcus Aurelius, Cicero), modern studies in the field of legal history, neurobiology and the theory of creativity, as well as on the example of Francis Ford Coppola’s feature film Megalopolis (2024), the image of the megalopolis is reconstructed as a model of a legal environment in which the law does not suppress, but structures and protects the creative activity of passionary individuals. The thesis is substantiated that the fluctuations of law in the era of the crisis of the Roman Republic became a condition for the creative bifurcation of the state system, opening the way to a new imperial configuration capable of integrating diverse cultural codes and architectural practices. Comparison of the Roman experience with examples of legal modernization in Singapore and the UAE makes it possible to conclude that an effective legal environment is a necessary condition for the formation of a megalopolis as a space of innovative development, where the protection of private property, contractual freedom and personal autonomy becomes a key resource of humanistic progress.

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