Background: Bolton’s ratio is a useful tool in orthodontic studies which helps determine the ratio of dental proportions. It is considered the 7th key to normal occlusion. Variations in different malocclusions can aid in diagnosis and planning the treatment. This study determines Bolton’s overall and anterior ratios for male individuals with different classes of malocclusion in the western region of Saudi Arabia. Methods: Ninety-six study model records were obtained from male patients attending the Orthodontic division of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry at Taif University, Saudi Arabia. The participants’ average age was 19.6 years. The study models were divided into three categories: Angle’s Class 1 (n=40), Angle’s Class 2 (n=36), and Angle’s Class 3 (n=20). To prevent bias, one of the authors measured the study casts using the ORTHOASSISTANT software program at two different time intervals. Intergroup differences were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Results were considered statistically significant if the p-value of ≤ 0.05. Results: No statistically significant difference was observed in the overall ratio between the three types of malocclusions. However, class 2 and 3 malocclusions demonstrated significant differences in the anterior ratio. Both overall and anterior ratios in this population were higher than normal Bolton’s ratios. Conclusions: Bolton’s overall ratio did not differ significantly between various malocclusions, but Bolton’s anterior ratio did show significant differences between Class 2 and Class 3 malocclusion groups. This highlights the importance of orthodontists’ appropriate diagnosis and treatment planning in such cases.

This article examines the use of oral antidiabetic agents in the treatment of heart failure. Heart failure is a serious condition that is often associated with diabetes mellitus, which worsens the prognosis for patients. Oral antidiabetic agents, such as SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists, have recently gained increasing interest due to their potential beneficial effects on cardiac function. Clinical studies have shown that these medications reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, decrease hospitalizations for heart failure, and improve cardiac function in patients with heart failure, whether they are diabetic or not. The mechanisms of action of these medications include blood pressure reduction, improvement in endothelial function, modulation of cardiac energy metabolism, and reduction of oxidative stress and inflammation. While these findings are promising, further research is needed to better understand the long-term effectiveness and optimization of the use of these medications in the context of heart failure.

The recent changes in our dietary habits & lifestyle have welcomed a huge number of metabolic diseases. Most common being the fatty liver and the liver cirrhosis. People who are obese or consume alcohol on the daily basis are more prone to hepatic diseases. But there is a change in the trend, Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease has come into limelight due to our changes in dietary habits and the unseen toxicity that our liver is exposed on daily basis. Prataha-Kalik Yoga mentioned in the Pandu Roga by Acharya’s can be effective as a therapeutic option for liver. After analysis of its Rasapanchak, with the dominance of Tikta and Kashya Rasa it seems to be a promising Yoga. A review study has been done to know the hepatoprotective activity of Prataha-Kalik Yoga.

This study aims to test and determine the effect of taxation knowledge, taxpayer morals, and taxpayer awareness on taxpayer compliance in MSMEs in DKI Jakarta which is moderated by tax sanctions. This research is quantitative research. The research population is MSME players in DKI Jakarta. The sample used in this study were taxpayers in DKI Jakarta with a total of 106 respondents. This study uses SmartPLS4 software version 4.0.9.4 with the aim of testing hypotheses. The results obtained in this study are: First, the influence of taxation has no significant effect on taxpayer compliance. Second, taxpayer morale has no significant effect on taxpayer compliance. Third, taxpayer awareness has a significant effect on taxpayer compliance. Fourth, tax sanctions have a significant effect on taxpayer compliance. Fifth, the effect of tax knowledge on taxpayer compliance has no significant effect on moderation of tax sanctions. The sixth effect of taxpayer morale on taxpayer compliance has no significant effect on moderating tax sanctions. Seventh, the effect of taxpayer awareness on taxpayer compliance has no significant effect on moderating tax sanctions.

This study aims to determine the effect of OSH work programs, factors that cause work accidents and their learning, culture or work climate, and OSH competencies on safety performance. The populations of this study were employees of PT XYZ which is one of the state-owned construction companies in Indonesia, with a total sample of 110 respondents. The data collection method uses a survey method, with the research instrument being a questionnaire. The data analysis method uses the Structural Equation Model-Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS). The results of the study found that the OSH work program, factors causing work accidents and learning, culture or work climate, and OSH competencies have a positive and significant impact on safety performance. This can be concluded, the better the HSE work program, the factors that cause work accidents and their learning, the culture or work climate, and the HSE competencies implemented, the better the company's safety performance will be.

Objective: The objective of this work is to list the surgeries using the fascia lata. Background: The fascia lata finds a place in decayed tissues. The indications are getting wider and wider. Method: We used the PubMed database with the following words: fascia lata, ilio-tibial band, fascia lata and surgery, ilio-tibial band and surgery, fascia lata and reconstruction, ilio-tibial band and reconstruction. Results: Fascia lata is used in the reconstruction of anatomical defects. Specifically, it is used in: Hip to supplement abduction- Shoulder in glenohumeral instability, repair of the cap- Hand and fingers to reconstruct tendons- Eyes: for palpebral ptosis and scleritis - Base of the skull to reconstruct defects- Central nervous system: cerebral dura mater and Cerebrospinal Fluid leak- Otorhinolaryngology: thyroplasty, parotid surgery, rhinoplasty, tympanoplasty- Digestive tract- Tendons: Achilles, patellar, fibular, patellar, patellar, bicipital brachial and crural tendons - Ligaments: anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, inguinal and retinaculum patellar - Perineum and penis reconstruction - Urology: Genital prolapse, fistulas and penile reconstruction - Abdominal incisional hernias - Breast reconstruction - Eschar - Thorax - Encology. Finally, in experimentation, the fascia lata is tested on cadavers, animals and in vitro. Conclusion: Because of the particular properties of fascia lata in reconstruction, it renders an enormous service to surgery. The development of techniques in surgery would allow its use in other indications.

The aim of the study was to formulate herbal soap for the treatment acne and dry skin and statistical optimization of herbal ingredients by 22 factorial design approach. Totally six soap were developed with varying concentration of herbals for preliminary trial. The prepared products are evaluated for pH, foam stability, antimicrobial activities, foam height, moisture content, foam retention time, percentage free alkali, alcohol insoluble content, washing capability etc were also measured. The best preliminary trial soap formulation (F 6) was subjected for optimization by 22 factorial design approach. The study result suggest increasing the concentration of neem extract exhibit improved antibacterial activity. When the concentration of SLS increased, increases foam retention time. The In conclusion the optimized formulation (R4) suitable for effective treatment of acne and dry skin.

Background: The etiology of cleft lip and palate is complex and thought to involve genetic influences with variable interactions from environmental factors. Although genetic and environmental triggers are important for syndromic cleft lip and palate, the etiology of the more common non-syndromic (isolated) forms remains poorly understood. Recognition of etiology, risk factors and natural history is essential to define how prevention and treatment should be planned and implemented. Objective: This study is aimed at assessing the possible risk factors in the etiology of patients presenting with cleft lip and palate. Materials and methods: A total of 254 children (children 12years and below) for cleft surgery at three surgical centers (Mercyland orthopedic Hospital, Galaxy Medical Center and shifa Royal Hospital) in the North Eastern under the Smile Train, project for a 2-year period (January 2021 to December 2022) were included in this study. A Self- administered questionnaire was prepared to fill in data about the patients' gender, family history of cleft, consanguineous marriages, maternal risk factors. Ages of the children were ascertained in months and years as told by the parents. Paternal and maternal ages were also recorded. Statistical analysis was done using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (IBM) 23.0 version. The significant level was set at a p value of \0.05 at 95% confidence interval. Results: Median age at presentation was 4 month, varying from <1 months to 12 years. The gender distribution was 133 (52.4%) males and 121 (47.6%) females (M:F = 1:0.9). Majority (214, 84.3%) of the affected children belonged to low socioeconomic group while only a few (12, 4.7%). High proportion of mothers between the age of 26 to 35 years (42.5%) was observed, but no association was found between maternal age and clefts (p=0.331). There was evidence of association between paternal age >35years old and cleft (p=0.005). Conclusion: This study revealed a strong association between consanguineous marriage, low socioeconomic status and persistent maternal fever during the first trimester and cleft. Increasing paternal age was also found to increase the risk of cleft. The relevance of this study is for public health workers and clinicians to be equipped with adequate information to provide useful counseling to parents particularly those with history of cleft.it may also provide adequate information for policy makers when making policies of public health concerns.

The word "glomerulonephritis" refers to a group of kidney illnesses marked by immune-mediated destruction to the basement membrane, mesangium, or capillary endothelium, resulting in hematuria, proteinuria, and azotemia. Acute Kidney Injury episodes in glomerular disease are typically caused by rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN). acute glomerulonephritis is caused by immunologically mediated damage caused by numerous infectious agents such as viruses, bacteria, or protozoa, as well as non-infectious causes such as Henoch–Schonlein purpura (HSP). The most prevalent infectious cause is post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN). The emergency physician must conduct a thorough physical examination and obtain a complete medical history, including herbal agents, sports supplements, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), and calcineurin inhibitors, among other medications. In addition, the patient's blood pressure, weight, hydration status, edoema, skin manifestations, pulmonary and cardiac examinations must all be correctly monitored. Because there is no particular medication for renal illness, the treatment for acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN) is mostly supportive. The underlying infections must be addressed when acute glomerulonephritis (GN) is accompanied with chronic infections. The critical care unit's expertise may be required for the treatment of individuals with hypertensive encephalopathy or pulmonary edoema. A nephrologist's consultation may be necessary. Renal function, blood pressure, edoema, serum albumin, and urine protein excretion rate should all be evaluated on an outpatient basis. In this article, we will be reviewing Acute glomerulonephritis, its evaluation as well as management.

Primary rectal lymphoma (PRL) is a rare form of gastrointestinal lymphoma, representing less than 0.5% of all colorectal neoplasms; Clinical symptoms are similar to those of rectal cancer. This article presents a rare case of primary rectal lymphoma discussed by a thorough review of the literature.

The present paper describes a technique for semi-permanent replacement of missing anterior edentulous span with an Essix retainer-supported pontics. The objective was to incorporate an esthetic alternative for the maxillary anterior edentulous span, which would be the least invasive and comfortable for the patient.

This study is aimed at determining selected liver enzymes functions effect of Raphia Hookeri fruits pulp extract in male wistar rats. A total of 32 apparently healthy rats of weights between 130g and 200g were involved. The rats were segregated into 4 groups, 3 groups administered orally with doses of extract at 500mg/kg, 1000mg/kg and 2000mg/kg body weight while control group fed with feed and water for 28 days. The animals were sacrificed, samples taken, laboratory test done for liver enzymes functions. SPSS version 21.0 (ANOVA) followed by Post-Hoc multiple comparison test used and p< 0.05, values were expressed as SEM for statistical analysis. Results showed AST level of groups 3 and 4 had significant decreases when compared to control and 500mg/kg group respectively. AST level of group 4 was significantly lower compared to that of group 3. ALT level indicated non-significant changes in treated groups when compared to both control and test groups. The ALP levels in groups 2 and 3 showed significantly raised levels of ALP when compared to that of control had significantly reduced level of ALP compared to that of group 2. Increased AST an indication to measure serum ALT to determine whether the increased AST is from liver Willard & twedt, 2012. So the decreased level AST has demonstrated ameliorative effect of the raphia hookeri fruit pulp on hepatic disease and any other disease that causes an increase AST in the body. Regular consumption of this fruit is recommended for those with liver issues.

The protracted claim of marginalization, subjugation, neglect, and disregard by individuals and political groups in the part of the Republic of Cameroon that was colonized by Britain known as Anglophone Cameroon metamorphosed into an armed rebellion in 2017. This came as a result of confused talks /dialogue sessions between the Cameroon government and the Anglophones Teachers/Lawyers trade Unions in Bamenda. While the Cameroon government played for time to implement the resolutions of the talks, the self-appointed leaders of the Anglophone communities who had been beating the drums of War on all social media platforms from their safe hoods in the Diaspora lost their patience and ordered an all recruitment of boys and girls into an army which went by different appellations. Without adequate preparations for War either in the dimension of training, money, or weaponry, so many people in Anglophone Cameroon were both persuaded and brainwashed to abandon their daily chores to join the ranks of the make-shift fighting scouts; amba militia that went by a myriad of appellations. The recruits profited from the chaos and disorder to seize guns that formed the nucleus of nobility, honour, and wealth of the people of the grass fields and took these arms of honour to their camps mostly in the bushes to carry out the War assignments. The prime target of the make shift militia as heralded by this deeply aggrieved faction of the English-speaking Cameroon was to secure a quick victory over the Cameroon army and agencies thereby, liberating Anglophone Cameroon from what they called colonization, domination, marginalization or, or imperialism. Guns at home in the Grass fields before 2017 were kept by dignified individuals mainly titled and wealthy men. The gun culture that reigned then was regulated both by a sort of intrinsic morale that formed a pattern of prestige and social effervescence beyond common compare but their mass seizure by these hurriedly formed boys under the guise of rage and furry became a source of worry and danger to the social, political and material wellbeing of the people within this niche. This paper has exploited primary and secondary sources to underscore the trouble encountered by this unfortunate guns shift from the houses to the bushes in the Bamenda grass fields. It argues that the guns at home and with dignified men served purposes that were for the most part peaceful and defensive but those in the bushes simply inaugurated an age of violence and wanton destruction uncommon to the grass fielders in all its historical time scale.

Anal disease encompasses a diverse array of disorders, including conditions such as sphincter defects, anorectal fistulas and abscesses, unexplained chronic anal pain. The objective of this study is to assess the diagnostic value of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) in the context of anal diseases. A total of 58 patients who benefited from an EUS, over a period between January 2018 and april 2023. Mean age was 43,4 years with a sex ratio (M: F) of 0.4. The main indication for EUS is dominated by fecal incontinence (FI) in 53% of patients, followed by the anoperineal manifestations of Crohn's disease in 22%. Among patients with perineal Crohn's disease (CD), fistulas were observed in 47% of CD cases. anovaginal or rectovaginal fistulas (ARVFs) were visualized in 9% of all cases. In patients presenting with fecal incontinence (FI), EUS identified defects in the internal and external anal sphincters. EUS is a highly sensitive technique for assessing anal anatomy and diagnosing of anal diseases.

Taxpayer compliance is a condition where a taxpayer fulfills all of his tax obligations by making periodic and annual tax payments and reporting. The purpose of this research is to analyze the influence of public trust and mastery of taxpayer compliance technology with compliance costs as a moderator. The population of this research is taxpayers in Indonesia. This study uses SmartPLS4 software version 4.0.9.4 to process data. The sample in this research is 102 taxpayers. The results of this study are: first, the influence of public trust in the tax authorities has no significant effect on taxpayer compliance. Second, public trust in the government has no significant effect on taxpayer compliance. Third, mastery of technology has a significant effect on taxpayer compliance. The four effects of public trust in the tax authorities on taxpayer compliance have no significant effect on moderating compliance costs. The five influences of public trust in the government on taxpayer compliance have no significant effect on moderating compliance costs. The six effects of technology mastery on taxpayer compliance have no significant effect on moderating compliance costs.