Unemployment has become an intractable underdevelopment phenomenon in all economies. Though most empirical studies asserts that unemployment is higher in less developed economies as compared to developed ones, it is an established fact that no country has the capacity to provide jobs for all its citizen simultaneously. Hence, the attainment or maintenance of an acceptable rate of unemployment is a major theme of public policy formulators. It is on this backdrop that this research is carried out. The paper aims at showing how government intervention in the agricultural sector was able to develop the sector within a very short interval in Rivers State, Nigeria and using content analysis, draws lessons therefrom for the developing countries for dealing with unemployment.

The illicit trafficking and abuse of narcotics targeting the younger generation has reached various corners of the region and the abuse is evenly distributed across all social strata of society. Basically, narcotics are very necessary and have benefits in the fields of health and science, however the use of narcotics becomes dangerous if misuse occurs. This research aims to analyze the weaknesses in the current Regulation on Cessation of Prosecution of Narcotics Abusers, to reconstruct the Regulation on Cessation of Prosecution of Narcotics Abusers Based on Restorative Justice Values. The approach method used in this legal research is a sociological juridical approach. The data obtained in this research was then selected and arranged systematically to be further analyzed and presented using qualitative analysis methods. The results of this research are that the weaknesses in the current regulations for stopping prosecution of narcotics abusers are weaknesses in terms of legal substance, weaknesses in terms of legal structure and weaknesses in terms of legal culture.

Mental health has become a critical global concern, with increasing awareness of mental illnesses and their profound impact on individuals, families, and communities. Saudi Arabia is experiencing rapid social and economic changes, with the Vision 2030 initiative aiming to enhance healthcare, including mental health services. Family physicians play a pivotal role in the healthcare landscape, acting as the first point of contact for patients seeking medical assistance. In Saudi Arabia, the integration of mental health services into primary care settings could revolutionize the approach to mental health, addressing the stigma associated with mental illnesses, minimizing the service gap, and delivering timely interventions. This review article aims to explore the current state of mental health services in Saudi Arabia and assess the role of family physicians in identifying and managing mental health conditions.

This economic factor is a factor that influences the occurrence of crime, one of which is theft. It is caused in order to fulfill their needs, people will tend to do whatever it is, even if they commit theft. The purpose of this research is to analyze and find the regulation of the criminal justice system against the perpetrators of the crime of theft based on the value of justice. This type of research is social legal research, namely by studying or analyzing primary data and secondary data. This research uses the Constructivism paradigm. The function of theory in a study is to provide clues and predict and explain the object under study. The results of his research are the regulation of the penal system, in fact, it has not yet created justice for the perpetrators of the crime of theft based on the value of justice, because most of these regulations are still based on a classical legal approach which only focuses on punishment and treats all perpetrators of crimes equally without consider the social, economic, and psychological factors that influence the action. These regulations are often considered unfair and discriminatory towards certain social groups, such as the poor or minorities. This results in a widening social gap and a higher possibility of criminal acts. Therefore, a progressive legal approach is needed that takes into account the broader values of justice and the social, economic and psychological contexts that affect perpetrators and victims. With this approach, it is hoped that article 362 of the Criminal Code needs to be reconstructed.

Gabriel Okara's poem "The Call of the River Nun" is a profound exploration of the intricate relationship between the speaker and the natural world, particularly the river. This study employs a Functional Stylistic approach to dissect the linguistic and thematic nuances embedded within the poem. Through an examination of contextual variations, registers, and communicative functions, this analysis unveils the dynamic evolution of the speaker's connection with the river, culminating in a contemplation of life's transient nature and a quest for spiritual insight. The poem initiates with a direct acknowledgment of the river's call, establishing a context of auditory perception and suggesting a spiritual connection between the speaker and nature. As the poem progresses, the language evolves, reflecting a deepening emotional attachment to the river and a yearning for intimate communion. The poem transitions to a dynamic context, emphasizing the river's role as a driving force in the speaker's journey through life. In the final stanzas, the poem contemplates the passage of time and the approaching culmination of the speaker's journey. The sea-bird call emerges as a metaphor for transition, signifying the impending conclusion of a cycle. The language becomes symbolic and metaphysical, reflecting the speaker's contemplation of life's transient nature and the pursuit of spiritual insight. This Functional Stylistic analysis illuminates the intricate interplay between language, emotion, and the natural world in Okara's evocative poem. It underscores the transformative power of the river's call and the profound existential questions it raises. Ultimately, this study offers a deeper understanding of the poem's thematic concerns and the role of language in conveying those concerns, providing insights into Okara's skillful use of stylistic elements to evoke a spiritual connection with nature.

The development of abrupt respiratory failure linked to fluid buildup in the lung's alveolar spaces due to an elevated heart-filling pressure is known as pulmonary oedema. Pulmonary oedema can result from any cardiac condition marked by a rise in left ventricular pressure. Long-term high capillary pressure can potentially break down the barrier, resulting in increased fluid transfer and permeability into the alveoli and atelectasis and oedema. Numerous variables, such as dysregulated inflammation, strong leukocyte infiltration, activation of procoagulant processes, cell death, and mechanical stress, contribute to the disruption of the alveolar-epithelial barrier. In order to properly treat patients with pulmonary oedema, a thorough medical history and a physical examination are necessary to assess the condition's symptoms and possible causes. In the interim, second-level diagnostic procedures such as echocardiography, chest radiograph, natriuretic peptide level, and pulmonary ultrasonography should be performed. To determine the best course of treatment for these patients, it is imperative to identify the unique pulmonary oedema phenotype. Early in the course of treating this illness, non-invasive ventilation should be taken into consideration. For pulmonary congestion, diuretics and vasodilators are employed. Vasopressors and inotropes are sometimes needed to address hypoperfusion. Additional strategies (i.e., beta-agonists and pentoxifylline) may be beneficial for patients with diuretic resistance and chronic symptoms. The pathogenesis, clinical manifestation, and therapy of pulmonary oedema are reviewed in this publication.

Introduction: Adequate prenatal treatment is crucial to supporting optimal fetal development, appropriate organogenesis, and a robust immune system in the infant. The nutritional status of the mother has a direct effect on both her own health and the health of her child. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional study conducted at the Obstetric Ward in Dhaka Medical College and Hospital from January 2019 to April 2019, and a total of 150 admitted mothers from the Obstetric Ward enrolled in this study. The data was collected using a pretested, modified questionnaire. The data was inputted and analyzed using the Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS) software, specifically version 23.0. The study gained ethical clearance from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Dhaka Medical College and Hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Objective: The study aimed to assess the knowledge of antenatal care among mothers admitted to the obstetric ward at Dhaka Medical College and Hospital. Results: According to age distribution, 50%, 41.3%, and 8.7% of the respondents belonged to the age groups of 15–25 years, 26–35 years, and 36–45 years, respectively, with a mean age of 26.47 ± 5.652 years. According to the distribution by family type, the majority of the respondents (66%) belonged to the nuclear family and only 34% were in the joint family. The study revealed that the majority of the respondents (25.3%) education was primary, followed by 20% being SSC, 34.7% being HSC, 7.3% being graduates and only 12.7% being illiterate. According to the distribution by profession, 71.3 percent of respondents were housewives and the rest of them, 28.7%, were in service. According to the distribution by residence, most of the respondents (48.7%) were from finished buildings, 10.7% were from semi-pucca buildings and only 40.7% were from other types of residence. Most respondents (73.3%) used sanitary toilets and only 26.7% used non-sanitary toilets. Most of the respondents (82%) were Muslims, 9.3% were Hindus, 4.7% were Christians, 2.7% were Buddhists, and only 1.3% had other religions. Among the respondents, (32.7%) had antenatal clinics available in their community and 67.3% had no antenatal clinics in their community. The majority of the respondents (66%) received antenatal care during pregnancy and 34% did not receive any antenatal care during pregnancy. Most of the respondents (86%) knew that vaccination was important during pregnancy and 14% had no knowledge of the importance of vaccination during pregnancy. Among the respondents, (48.7%) had knowledge of four ANC visits and 51.3% had two visits. The majority of the respondents (82.7%) had a normal mode of delivery and 17.3% had a cesarean section. The majority of the respondents (86.7%) received ANC in the clinic and 13.3% at home. Most of the respondents (88.7%) were more than 18 years old while getting married and 11.3% were less than 18 years old. Most of the respondents (90%) were 20 years old at the birth of their first baby, while 10% were less than 20 years old. The majority of the respondents (61.3%) babies’ birth weight was more than 2.5 kg at birth and 38.7% of respondents’ babies' birth weight was less than 2.5 kg at birth. The majority of the respondents (85.3%) got information from an NGO or hospital, 66% from TV, 0.7% from radio, 1.3% from print media, 6% from billboards, and 21.3% from family physicians. Finally, this study revealed a statistically significant association between the respondent’s knowledge about the toxemia of pregnancy and the age of the respondents (P = 0.001), as well as a highly significant association between the respondent’s sex and the written protocol for universal precaution. (P=0.000). Conclusion: This study revealed that the level of knowledge of the participants regarding antenatal care was moderate. To improve this situation, there is an urgent need for multi-channel awareness.

Introduction: Metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is one of the most common liver diseases worldwide. NAFLD is associated with metabolic syndrome, which consists of obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia. This study aimed to identify the role of Genetic polymorphism in the development of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease among the family members of metabolic-associated steatohepatitis cirrhosis patients. Methods: This was a cross-sectional observational study conducted in the Department of Hepatology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh, from January 2015 to December 2016. In this study, 50 patients with NASH cirrhosis attended Hepatology OPD or were admitted to the inpatient department within the study period, and 81 first-degree family members were included after considering inclusion and exclusion criteria. Result: The mean age was 35.34 ± 10.29 years, and the mean BMI was 25.59 ± 4.28. Serum lipid profiles showed mean HDL at 36.91 ± 7.49 mg/dL and triglycerides at 161.23 ± 59.76 mg/dL. Male predominance (54.32%) was observed among family members. A total of 78% of families had 1st-degree relatives affected by fatty liver. Fatty liver was present in 47 family members (58%), with 36 (76.6%) showing PNPLA3 polymorphism (C/G), compared to 19 (55.9%) in the non-fatty liver group (P=0.033). Comparing metabolic syndrome components, fatty liver family members showed significantly higher serum triglycerides (>150 mg/dL, P=0.001), fasting glucose (>5.6 mmol/L, P=0.003), and HDL <40 mg/dL for males or <50 mg/dL for females. Conclusion: This study showed that family members of MASH cirrhosis patients show a high prevalence of fatty liver, metabolic abnormalities, and PNPLA3 polymorphism, especially in 1st-degree relatives.

Background: Numerous malignancies, both benign and malignant is hosted by the sinonasal cavity that poses a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge to otolaryngologist and pathologists. One of the extremely rare neoplasm of the sinonasal cavity is secretory carcinoma (SC), previously called, mammary analogue secretory carcinoma (MASC). Majority of MASCs are localized to the parotid and salivary glands however, it is rarely documented in the sinonasal tract. Herein, we review the reported cases and report a twenty-one-year-old female patient presented to our ear, nose & throat outpatient department of tertiary care center as a polyp in the nasal cavity initially, which was excised on first diagnoses with normal histopathology (H/P). However, a year later she has a recurrence with an invasive course, followed by surgical exploration and confirmed as “Secretory Carcinoma” (SC) on histopathology, immunohistochemistry & genetic confirmation. At two-years follow-up, the patient has no clinical and radiological signs of recurrence. Aim: this review aims to outline the demographic, clinicopathologic, and confirmatory (radiologic, histopathologic, and immunohistochemistry) findings of the published cases. Methods: PubMed, Google Scholar, and MEDLINE search done with search words such as, secretary carcinoma, sinonasal tract, mammary analogue secretary carcinoma. Results: Total eight case including our case included in this review. The male/female ratio of occurrence of the SC of the sinonasal cavity was 3:5 (34.5:62.5%). Majority of the cases (7/8) reported in middle and old age group except one as reported in a 12 years old child. Equal case distribution among smoker ad non-smoker patients. The common symptoms were nasal obstruction, nasopharyngeal secretions, presence of mass, epistaxis and hyposmia. All cases were characterized by the presence of the ETV6-NTRK3 fusion transcript and / or rearrangement of ETV6 gene. Surgical excision with chemo/radiotherapy was the management considered in majority of the cases with good outcome. Almost all eight cases (100%) has no signs of recurrence both clinical and radiologically at a mean follow-up period of one year. Conclusion: Secretary carcinoma of the sinonasal tract is a new entity. More cases / studies are required to know the demographic, clinicopathologic nature, & prognosis of this newly emerging carcinoma.

Background: Hysterectomy, widely performed for benign gynecologic conditions, is increasingly done laparoscopically due to reduced pain, quicker recovery, and lower blood loss. Recommended by AAGL and ACOG, laparoscopic hysterectomy requires advanced skills, especially for large uteri, with innovations like uterine morcellation enhancing feasibility while improving surgical precision and patient outcomes. Aim of the study: This study aims to evaluate the perioperative outcomes of laparoscopic hysterectomy for large uteri in a tertiary care hospital. Methods: This retrospective cohort study at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) and two private Hospitals in Dhaka, Bangladesh, from February 2019 to January 2023 analyzed 120 patients undergoing laparoscopic hysterectomy for large uteri (>300g). Patients aged 18+ with benign gynecological conditions were included, excluding those with malignancies, laparoscopic contraindications, or prior extensive abdominal surgeries. Comprehensive preoperative assessments were conducted. Surgeries followed standardized laparoscopic-assisted vaginal hysterectomy protocols, addressing ovarian preservation/removal as needed. Intraoperative metrics included operating time and blood loss, while postoperative care emphasized early recovery and complication monitoring. Data were analyzed retrospectively, with outcomes reported as mean ± SD. Result: This study analyzed 100 women undergoing laparoscopic hysterectomy, with a mean age of 46.5 years and a BMI of 23.3 kg/m². Most participants (58.3%) were parous, with a mean uterine weight of 585 grams. Uterine myoma (80%) was the leading preoperative diagnosis. The average operative time was 88.9 minutes, with 575.4 mL blood loss and a 1.5-day hospital stay. Hemoglobin drop averaged 1.7 g/dL, and 17.5% required transfusions. Major complications, including bowel, bladder, or ureter injuries, were absent. Mild postoperative complications affected a few patients, with no reoperations or wound infections, showcasing the procedure’s safety and efficacy. Conclusion: Laparoscopic hysterectomy for large uteri proves safe and effective in tertiary care, offering minimal complications, reduced morbidity, and shorter hospital stays. While challenges, like increased operative time and blood loss, exist, the absence of major injuries or reoperations confirms its feasibility, showcasing the advantages of minimally invasive techniques in skilled hands.

Minor crimes can still be handled using the concept of a restorative justice approach. Restorative justice has an implementation method by means of penal mediation or by diversion of criminal acts. Penal mediation is used in handling ordinary crimes, in the sense that it is carried out by adults, while the use of diversion is carried out in cases involving children and is in the Children's Court. The problem in this research is how the punishment system for minor crimes is based on Pancasila justice. The research method uses a constructivist paradigm, with a social legal research approach method, and a descriptive research type. Types and sources of data use secondary materials in the form of primary legal materials, secondary legal materials and tertiary legal materials. Data collection methods use literature and qualitative analysis methods. The results of the research are that the punishment system for minor crimes is not yet fair, legal action is still carried out procedurally. One effort that can be made is a policy approach to resolving minor crimes (Tipiring) through restorative justice; so it is necessary to reconstruct the Regulations on Light Crimes Based on Pancasila Justice, namely in the Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP), in Article 205 Paragraph 1 and the Republic of Indonesia Prosecutor's Regulation Number 15 of 2020 concerning Termination of Prosecution.

Background: Axial spondyloarthritis (AS) causes reduced spinal mobility, functional limitations, and a decreased quality of life. The pupose of this study was to assess patient satisfaction and identify evidence-based improvements in supervised group exercise for axial spondyloarthritis. Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to evaluate patient satisfaction and identify evidence-based improvements in supervised group exercise for axial spondyloarthritis. Methods: This prospective, comparative study was conducted outdoors at the Rheumatology Department of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) from January 2022 to June 2022, involving 40 patients with axial spondyloarthritis randomized into supervised or home-based exercise groups. The supervised group attended physiotherapist-led sessions at the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, BSMMU, while the home-based group followed a guided regimen with weekly check-ins. Outcomes (BASDAI, ASQoL, BASFI, and adherence) were assessed at baseline and 12 weeks. Statistical analysis used t-tests, chi-square tests, and ANCOVA (p < 0.05, SPSS v25). Results: In this study of 40 patients with axial spondyloarthritis, the supervised exercise group showed significantly greater improvements in disease activity (-27.27%, p < 0.0001), quality of life (-48.80%, p < 0.0001), and functional outcomes (-52.38%, p < 0.0001) compared to the home-based group. Exercise adherence was higher in the supervised group (85% vs. 55%, p = 0.03). Satisfaction was also greater in the supervised group, with 95% reporting satisfaction versus 65% in the home-based group (p = 0.011). Conclusion: Supervised exercise significantly improves patient satisfaction, functional outcomes, and well-being in axial spondyloarthritis, highlighting the value of structured supervision.

This paper proposes a data-driven investment framework for private equity (PE) firms investing in renewable energy projects, drawing on analytical practices and financing innovations from the small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) sector. While SMEs have started to adopt clean energy through performance modeling, predictive analytics and flexible financial instruments, PE investment strategies have remained based on subjective evaluation and traditional financial metrics. This research bridges the gap by combining SME insights with private equity investment principles to identify scalable tools and models that can improve deal screening, ROI estimation and risk management in renewable energy. The methodology used a multi-faceted approach combining literature review, qualitative stakeholder insights and conceptual modeling. The literature review looked at academic and industry publications on SME energy financing and PE investment practices to identify the gaps and opportunities. Qualitative data was collected through interviews and focus groups with PE managers, renewable energy developers and SME owners who had implemented clean energy solutions. These insights informed the development of conceptual models adapting proven SME approaches pay-as-you-go financing and advanced ROI forecasting to the institutional investment context. The methodology prioritized practical applicability while maintaining analytical rigor through triangulation of multiple data sources. Empirical data analysis revealed the key barriers, financing preferences and analytical tools that have shaped SME investment behaviour, providing valuable lessons for institutional investors. The resulting framework is a replicable and interpretable model for evaluating renewable energy opportunities in private markets. This model addresses the main challenges in current PE practices and incorporates data-driven elements that have proven to work in SMEs. The paper concludes with practical recommendations for PE firms’ data-rich decision support systems, performance-linked financial structures and operational analytics in portfolio monitoring. And it outlines future research avenues real-time data integration, geospatial risk modeling and sector-specific investment frameworks for emerging renewable technologies.

The integration of advanced analytics in retail supply chains has transformed operational efficiency, demand forecasting, and risk mitigation. This study examines the impact of predictive analytics, machine learning, and AI-driven risk intelligence on supply chain performance. Using a mixed-methods approach, including case study analysis and statistical modeling, the research highlights key improvements in inventory accuracy, logistics optimization, and fraud detection success rates. Findings indicate that retailers leveraging real-time analytics have experienced a 25-40% increase in supply chain efficiency, with major gains in demand forecasting precision and supplier risk assessments. Despite these advantages, challenges remain, including high implementation costs, data security vulnerabilities, and algorithmic biases. Smaller retailers face significant barriers in adopting AI-powered analytics due to infrastructure limitations and workforce constraints. The study emphasizes the importance of ethical AI governance, cybersecurity protocols, and regulatory compliance in ensuring responsible analytics adoption. Future research should focus on scalable AI frameworks, blockchain-enhanced supply chain security, and quantum computing applications in predictive analytics. The findings underscore the need for a multi-stakeholder approach that integrates technological innovation with ethical considerations to achieve sustainable, transparent, and resilient supply chain ecosystems. This research contributes to the ongoing discourse on data-driven retail transformation, offering strategic insights for industry leaders, policymakers, and researchers in supply chain management.

Background: Rural infrastructure, agro-processing, and decentralized energy systems in the Osmanabad district of Maharashtra utilize a significant quantum of rotating machinery (e.g., centrifugal pumps, turbines, and compressors). Regular mechanical failures and erratic equipment breakdowns in these facilities result in substantial loss of productivity and maintenance problems, which can be particularly challenging in resource-poor settings with limited technical support. Objectives: The purpose of this work is to evaluate the effectiveness of AI-based PdM models in detecting faults and preventing machine malfunctions for rotating machinery. This paper aims to design context-sensitive, affordable, and understandable AI solutions that meet rural deployment requirements, to satisfy fault detection accuracy, maintenance cost savings, and stakeholders' trust. Methods: Employing a concurrent mixed-methods approach, the study integrated 6 weeks of multi-sensor data (vibration, temperature, acoustic signals) collected from five rural machinery sites in Osmanabad, with qualitative interviews with technicians and plant managers. Machine learning algorithms (CNNs, LSTMs, Isolation Forests, hybrid TCN-Autoencoders) were trained and validated under the supervised and unsupervised paradigms. The performance measures were the classification accuracy, mean squared error, and stakeholders' usability rating. Results: The fault detection accuracies were all higher than 95% for all the models. CNNs had the best performance with 99.89% for impeller blade faults, and LSTMs had 98.5% for turbine vibration anomalies. The total maintenance costs were decreased by 31% and the downtime was reduced by up to 70%. Technicians had high trust in AI systems, particularly if they were provided with explainable outputs such as fault heatmaps and predictive dashboards. Conclusions: AI-supported PdM systems are capable of generating impactful improvements in equipment reliability and operational efficiency when co-designed with community stakeholders and adjusted for a rural setting. This study adds to mechanical engineering and equitable AI adoption in underserved areas.