The transformation of trade sector into an important economic sector over a long period is one of the features of economic reforms initiated in India since 1991. The economic reform measures have resulted in very high and continuous performance of sector in the country over a long period. The degree and magnitude trade openness measured as export + import/GDP remains very significant particularly since 1991. This fantastic performance of trade sector has many implications on macro economy in India. The economies of large-scale production and economic linkages owing to trade reforms have resulted in development of industrial economy, service sector, technology development, and high skilled employment and income levels. Higher trade openness over a long period obviously affected employment scenario in the country. The development of export and import have provided large employment opportunities. This is an important achievement considering the large employment market in the country. Consequently, the income levels of the people are also increased. This study has measured the co-integration between trade openness, employment and income levels using the econometric methodology. The estimations of the co-integration show that variables such as trade openness, employment and income are co-integrated and statistically significant. We have estimated Dickey Fuller test to know whether variables are stationary. Then, Johansen tests for cointegration between trade openness and employment estimated. Similarly, Johansen test for cointegration between trade openness and income estimated. The Engle-Granger test estimated. Then Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) is measured. The results of these tests show that trade openness and employment are cointegrated and statistically significant. Similarly, trade openness and income are cointegrated and statistically significant. The Vector error correction model also supports the long run and short run integration.

Supply chain management (SCM) is crucial for companies looking to enhance their business processes, with information technologies playing a significant role in revolutionizing SCM. This paper analyzes modern technologies used in SCM, focusing on logistics, information technology, and supply chain management. It explores how technology is utilized in various sectors where SCM is prevalent. Previous research demonstrates a wide array of technologies used in logistics and SCM, with this analysis highlighting a few key ones. The study reveals that new technologies greatly improve SCM by enhancing quality, efficiency, effectiveness, productivity, and reducing costs. It also investigates the diverse effects of technologies on SCM and logistics, showcasing real-world case studies of successful technology implementation. Overall, the analysis emphasizes the importance of contemporary technologies in advancing organizational progress, particularly in SCM optimization. It provides valuable insights into the benefits and practical applications of technological advancements in SCM, while also acknowledging their disruptive potential.

The progression in science and technology has increased human survival on earth. Man has witnessed a great and extraordinary progress in technology, which our lives depend on it for its survival. These developments come in many dimensions as we have in medicine, bio-technology, security, education, information and communication, economy, artificial intelligence, etc. Charles Hartshone argued that “Science and technology fantastically increase the number of those whom that best is available. Secondly, since science and technology allows a great number of people at least a marginal existence [1].” In addition, as Charles quoted Ortega y Gasset, Science and technology makes kingly luxuries commonplaces for large numbers of people [2].” In all these developmental success, Ethics has critical intervention to act like Plato’s rational parts of the soul which Plato compared to as element of a Charioteer to the two horses controlled by the Charioteer. One part of science and technology is good which I have stated above while the other horse is bad (the appetitive element). While all can enjoy and see the development and success of science and technology – the good horse which is easily driven according to the directions of the Charioteer, the bad horse tends to obey the voice of sensual passion. So this paper among all, argues that science and technology usage must not be totally right. Its usage must be controlled by Ethics by not destroying those that make use of (science and technology) it, even as it has positive usage. I shall discuss the nature of science and technology using the arguments of Walter Rodney on science and technology and nature of ethics. The theoretical framework used shall be that of Platos’ on the need to control the bad part (horse) of science and technology.

In this era of computer technology, computer-related crime as well as cybercrime has become a substantial worldwide threat. The computer has empowered cybercriminals to attack their victims in any part of the world. Transnational crimes are very challenging to track, and more often than not, the offenders are hardly apprehended. Thus, the entire community requires a vigorous and an inclusive effort to identify invaders, preserve evidence, and prosecute those guilty, irrespective of where they are located. This Article contends that irrespective of Cameroon’s relevant laws and regulations against cybercrimes in place, coupled with the various bilateral and multilateral conventions duly ratified the challenges of cybercrimes remains pigheaded and mystifying. This Article intends to analyze the reasons for the rise in cybercrime, the laws in place and the challenges in its prosecution. Through a content analysis of primary and secondary data, we therefore, opine that, proper sensitization needs to be done to avert the spirit of cybercrimes in the cyber space.

Learning motivation is one of the important factors that affect students' mathematics learning. It is one of the challenges that junior high school mathematics unit teaching faces to effectively improve students' learning enthusiasm in mathematics unit classroom. ARCS motivation model is an important theoretical model that focuses on the relationship between instructional design and students' motivation, and can effectively stimulate and maintain students' learning motivation in subject teaching. Based on this, this study applies ARCS motivation model to junior high school mathematics big unit teaching classroom, and discusses the strategies of motivating junior high school mathematics big unit teaching motivation under ARCS motivation model, that is, effective introduction of teaching, selection of related content, phased task driving and multiple feedback evaluation; The teaching mode of junior high school mathematics big unit under ARCS motivation model is constructed, that is, analyzing the demand and setting the goal; Generate strategies and integrate teaching; Implement strategy and encourage design; Unit evaluation and evaluation results. This research is an in-depth exploration of cultivating students' autonomous learning ability in large-scale unit teaching, and is committed to improving the teaching effect of large-scale units and implementing the new requirements of compulsory education curriculum standards.

In the multilingual setting of Cameroon, this article looks at the influence of civil society organizations (CSOs) on mother tongue education. The preservation and advancement of mother tongue education are essential for maintaining cultural identity and advancing education in a nation where multiple languages are spoken. However, there are a number of barriers that prevent mother-tongue education programs from being implemented effectively. This study evaluates the barriers that community-based organizations (CSOs) have while trying to advance mother tongue education and considers possible solutions. This study clarifies the many challenges faced by CSOs through a thorough literature review and qualitative research techniques like document analysis and interviews. Language variety, a lack of government backing, scarce resources, and insufficient teacher preparation are some of these challenges. The results also show where there may be opportunities to strengthen the influence of CSOs on mother-tongue instruction. According to the study, CSOs are essential in promoting mother tongue education, increasing public awareness, creating instructional resources, and giving instructors training. However, it is essential to improve cooperation between CSOs, governmental organizations, and communities in order to get past the challenges. To further increase the influence of CSOs, it is imperative to improve teacher preparation programs, boost financing and resources, and create laws that encourage mother tongue education. This study adds to the body of knowledge by shedding light on the particular difficulties CSOs encounter while trying to advance mother tongue instruction in the multilingual setting of Cameroon. The results emphasize the significance of maintaining linguistic variety and advancing inclusive education methods, and they provide insightful recommendations for legislators, CSOs, and others involved in education. Through tackling these challenges and welcoming alternative perspectives, Cameroon may cultivate an education system that is both culturally rich and inclusive, valuing and supporting diversity.

The study examined the impact of concept map and concept test on critical thinking ability of undergraduate students of University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. A sample of 307 fourth year students from three departments in the university was chosen using simple random, purposive and accidental sampling techniques. These students were assigned to three different groups, two experimental treatment groups and one control group. One group was treated using concept mapping, the second group was treated with concept test while the control group received the conventional method of assessment. To guide the study, two research questions and two null hypotheses were developed. The study adopted a quasi-experimental research design by pretest, post-test non-equivalent control group design. The pre- and post-tests data were collected using an adopted 52 item instrument named Cornell Critical Thinking Test (CCTT) Level Z. It is a 3- option (A-C) multiple-choice test with 7 subscales measuring induction, deduction, value judgment, observation, credibility, assumption and meaning. Using Kuder-Richardson 20 formula (K-R20) their internal consistency estimates were 0.81, 0.76, 0.66, 0.71, 0.70, 072 and 0.68 respectively for the subscales, while internal consistency of 0.74 was obtained for the total scale. Data were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, paired t-test, and analysis of covariance. The results obtained indicated that concept map, concepts test and the conventional assessment method independently had positive impacts on critical thinking ability of the students. However, concept test was the most effective, followed by concept map and lastly the conventional method. On the basis of the findings, it was recommended amongst others that school administrators, curriculum developers and faculties should update their curricula by integrating concept test and concept map assessment methods in their instruction as this can improve critical thinking ability of their students.

Background: Late pregnancies are a hot topic for both women and health professionals, due to their increasing increase and their prone to more complications, both during pregnancy and for the unborn child. The objective was to assess the rate of obstetric pathologies according to age group, in order to determine whether pregnancies at an advanced age require special monitoring. Material and Methods: this was a retrospective case-control analytical study over a period of eighteen months, taking place from January 1, 2023 to June 30, 2024 in the obstetrics and gynecology department of the Mali Hospital in Bamako. The study population was divided into two groups: cases, represented by patients 35 years of age or older in early pregnancy, and controls, patients under 35 years of age in early pregnancy. The inclusion criteria were all patients followed in antenatal consultations and presenting with a singleton pregnancy at our department during the study period. The criteria for non-inclusion were multiple pregnancies and those resulting from medically assisted reproduction (ART). Data entry and statistical analysis were performed by SPSS software. The Pearson chi-2 test as well as the Fisher exact test with a significance threshold of 5% (p ˂ 0.05) were used for the interpretation of the data. Results: The out-of-school population was the most represented (54%, (n = 281/515) with 43% (n = 223/515) and 11% n = 58/515) respectively among those under 35 years of age and among those 35 years of age or older. Pre-existing conditions such as diabetes and chronic hypertension were significantly associated with age groups with a higher percentage in those aged 35 or over than in those under 30 years of age with respectively (4% versus 3% diabetic) and (5% versus 2% chronic hypertensive). Obstetric complications were most common among women aged 35 years and older. hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (gestational hypertension, preeclampsia) were significantly more frequent in women from the age of 35. The pregnancy hypertension rate was 5.6% to 3.4%) respectively in those aged 35 or over versus under 35 years. As for gestational diabetes, the rate was 10% versus 2% respectively in those over 35 and over versus those under 35. Conclusion: Our study shows that maternal age of thirty-five years or more plays a role in maternal complications.

Member states of the CEMAC Customs union have adopted international trade law from the World Trade Organization (WTO) through international Treaties and Conventions. The international trade law is considered as the Community Law of the Union, and is governed by well-established principles to ensure compliance. However, the implementation of the trade regime by member states is plagued by poor implementation such as the maintenance of tariff and non-tariff barriers, non-respect of the rule of law, distortion in the application of the common external tariff and the lack of an effective sanctioning mechanism to enforce compliance with its international obligations. This work recommends the effective use of the WTO Compliance Mechanisms such as the Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM) and Participation at the WTO Committees to ensure compliance with their international obligations. It examines the challenges associated with implementation, and concludes with robust recommendations intended to salvage the present drawbacks. This work employs a purely doctrinal research methodology.

In today's rapidly evolving technological landscape, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) stand out as pivotal elements. Their integration into the financial domain is particularly noteworthy, revolutionizing the sector through continuous advancements. With each passing day, these technologies introduce more sophisticated techniques to bolster financial intelligence. This necessitates a comprehensive evaluation of their influence on finance, examining both the current enhancements and the future possibilities they present. It’s crucial to assess the transformative power of AI and ML in finance and to anticipate the emerging opportunities they may unveil.

The primary objective of this qualitative research study was to examine and describe the experiences of the BCM Committee in navigating and maintaining business operations within an organizational setting affected by COVID-19 restrictions. The study aimed to explore the phenomenon of transitioning to a restricted environment due to the pandemic, characterized by significant turbulence, substantial changes, and cost-saving measures. Rapid and unforeseen shifts occurred in corporate cultures, business functions, and human resource practices. Specifically, the study focused on investigating how BCM Committees effectively responded to these changes while adhering to state policies and measures in MDB during the COVID-19 outbreak. To the best of our knowledge, no prior research has specifically delved into the lived experiences of BCM Committees as they carry out Business Continuity Planning (BCP) within an organizational culture deeply impacted by COVID-19 restrictions. The outcomes of this study are expected to make significant contributions to the field of business continuity, informing future policies and adding to the available literature on the subject. The study aimed to bridge the existing research gap and expand the general knowledge and existing body of literature. The findings of this study confirmed that the response of Business Continuity Management during the pandemic focused on addressing both process-related issues and people-related issues. Furthermore, the study identified the critical areas of productivity, communications, IT-Cyber Security, and Operations as key factors requiring specific measures to ensure business continuity. In summary, this study sought to provide a comprehensive understanding of the experiences of BCM Committees operating within the challenging context of COVID-19 restrictions. By doing so, it aimed to contribute to the advancement of business continuity practices and enhance the available knowledge in this field.

Security monitoring is a crucial aspect of cybersecurity and a prong of organizational cybersecurity policies. It is achieved primarily using SIEM tools supported by logs ingested from intrusion detection tools and other security solutions. SIEM tools generate alerts of varying severities when detection rules identify anomalies or possible security incidents after analysis of ingested logs. These alerts need to be investigated, but due to the volume of alerts generated and the limited monitoring manhours, it is important to prioritize which security alerts are investigated first. This paper presents a sliding window technique for prioritizing security events by computing a priority value using the severity of previous alerts, alert entities, and criticality ratings. Findings from the experiment show that this approach improves the prioritization of security alerts with severe and medium alerts affecting critical systems prioritized over low, high, and critical alerts affecting non-critical systems. This work can potentially streamline and enhance the efficiency of security monitoring operations.

Sirenomelia, also known as mermaid syndrome, is a rare congenital malformation in which the lower limbs fuse together, giving the appearance of a mermaid's tail. It is frequently combined with severe urogenital and gastrointestinal anomalies. We report the case of a 30-year-old pregnant woman. During this pregnancy, sirenomelia was first diagnosed during a routine 2nd-trimester ultrasound examination, which showed fusion of the lower limbs. Neither she or any member of her family had a history of diabetes. As for other risk factors, she had no history of exposure to teratogenic agents during her pregnancy. Moreover, her marriage was not consanguineous. Sirenomelia is a rare malformative sequence that should be diagnosed as early as possible. Bilateral renal agenesis, confirmed by color Doppler, makes it a lethal condition.

There is no gainsaying that MTN-Mobile Money plays a vital role in the economy of most nations especially the advent of digitalization in the world today. In Cameroon, a plethora of legislations have been enacted and well established institutions at various levels with diverse competences in ensuring compliance with the protection of MTN Mobile Money services. Despite these laws and institutions in place, MTN Mobile Money services have been plaque with numerous challenges which impedes effective implementation. In tandem with this state of affair, the aim of this paper is to explore the challenges faced in enforcing mobile money regulations in Cameroon, examining the key obstacles and their implications for the effective regulation of this sector. Through a content analysis of primary and secondary data, we therefore, uphold that there would be security and certainty in MTN-Mobile Money Services if these challenges are effectively curtailed in Cameroon and the world at large.

Background: With the rising popularity of clear aligners therapy, understanding the incidence and severity of apical root resorption in patients following treatment with both clear aligners and fixed appliances becomes increasingly crucial. The purpose of this systematic review of the literature is to compare the incidence/severity of root resorption in patients treated with clear aligners and fixed appliances and to determine the main factors responsible of the variation in root resorption between these two systems. Materials and Methods: Pubmed, Cochrane, ScienceDirect and Google Scholar were used to search for systematic reviews, randomized or non-randomized controlled trials, cohort studies and case-control studies conducted in humans and published within ten years (since 2014 until 2023). AMSTAR 2, RoB 2 and NHLBI, NIH were used to assess the risk of bias of the included studies. Results: In total, 21 articles (human studies): 10 systematic reviews, 7 cohort studies (6 retrospective and 1 prospective), 3 randomized controlled trials and 1 case-control study were included. Conclusion: The majority of the studies showed that the incidence/severity of apical root resorption is less in clear aligners compared to fixed appliances treated patients. However, these studies are characterized by different baseline malocclusions, treatment durations/modalities, study designs flaws, inconsistency in outcomes measurement/calculation. Future high-quality clinical trials are needed to further support these results.