Introduction: Adequate prenatal treatment is crucial to supporting optimal fetal development, appropriate organogenesis, and a robust immune system in the infant. The nutritional status of the mother has a direct effect on both her own health and the health of her child. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional study conducted at the Obstetric Ward in Dhaka Medical College and Hospital from January 2019 to April 2019, and a total of 150 admitted mothers from the Obstetric Ward enrolled in this study. The data was collected using a pretested, modified questionnaire. The data was inputted and analyzed using the Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS) software, specifically version 23.0. The study gained ethical clearance from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Dhaka Medical College and Hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Objective: The study aimed to assess the knowledge of antenatal care among mothers admitted to the obstetric ward at Dhaka Medical College and Hospital. Results: According to age distribution, 50%, 41.3%, and 8.7% of the respondents belonged to the age groups of 15–25 years, 26–35 years, and 36–45 years, respectively, with a mean age of 26.47 ± 5.652 years. According to the distribution by family type, the majority of the respondents (66%) belonged to the nuclear family and only 34% were in the joint family. The study revealed that the majority of the respondents (25.3%) education was primary, followed by 20% being SSC, 34.7% being HSC, 7.3% being graduates and only 12.7% being illiterate. According to the distribution by profession, 71.3 percent of respondents were housewives and the rest of them, 28.7%, were in service. According to the distribution by residence, most of the respondents (48.7%) were from finished buildings, 10.7% were from semi-pucca buildings and only 40.7% were from other types of residence. Most respondents (73.3%) used sanitary toilets and only 26.7% used non-sanitary toilets. Most of the respondents (82%) were Muslims, 9.3% were Hindus, 4.7% were Christians, 2.7% were Buddhists, and only 1.3% had other religions. Among the respondents, (32.7%) had antenatal clinics available in their community and 67.3% had no antenatal clinics in their community. The majority of the respondents (66%) received antenatal care during pregnancy and 34% did not receive any antenatal care during pregnancy. Most of the respondents (86%) knew that vaccination was important during pregnancy and 14% had no knowledge of the importance of vaccination during pregnancy. Among the respondents, (48.7%) had knowledge of four ANC visits and 51.3% had two visits. The majority of the respondents (82.7%) had a normal mode of delivery and 17.3% had a cesarean section. The majority of the respondents (86.7%) received ANC in the clinic and 13.3% at home. Most of the respondents (88.7%) were more than 18 years old while getting married and 11.3% were less than 18 years old. Most of the respondents (90%) were 20 years old at the birth of their first baby, while 10% were less than 20 years old. The majority of the respondents (61.3%) babies’ birth weight was more than 2.5 kg at birth and 38.7% of respondents’ babies' birth weight was less than 2.5 kg at birth. The majority of the respondents (85.3%) got information from an NGO or hospital, 66% from TV, 0.7% from radio, 1.3% from print media, 6% from billboards, and 21.3% from family physicians. Finally, this study revealed a statistically significant association between the respondent’s knowledge about the toxemia of pregnancy and the age of the respondents (P = 0.001), as well as a highly significant association between the respondent’s sex and the written protocol for universal precaution. (P=0.000). Conclusion: This study revealed that the level of knowledge of the participants regarding antenatal care was moderate. To improve this situation, there is an urgent need for multi-channel awareness.

Background: Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) poses a significant global health threat, with treatment challenges linked to patient non-compliance. Education has been proposed as a potential strategy to improve adherence and reduce the risk of MDR-TB. This study aims to assess the impact of education on non-compliance and MDR-TB risk among patients receiving treatment at a specialized hospital. Objective: The primary objective of this retrospective cross-sectional study was to determine whether education provided to MDR-TB patients could reduce non-compliance rates and subsequently mitigate the risk of MDR-TB. Methods: The study included 50 MDR-TB patients who had received at least three months of treatment. Data were collected from the MDR-TB wards at the National Institute of Disease of the Chest and Hospital in Dhaka, spanning from October 2011 to March 2012. Patient education interventions focused on treatment adherence and MDR-TB prevention. Results: The study's findings demonstrate a substantial decrease in non-compliance rates Among MDR-TB patients, 64% had a history of non-compliance, with 72% being male and primarily having lower educational backgrounds. Conversely, 70% of drug-compliant patients had attained at least a secondary education level. Educational interventions led to a significant 20% reduction in non-compliance, from an initial 28% to a final 8%, emphasizing their potential to reduce MDR-TB risk. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the positive impact of education on reducing non-compliance among MDR-TB patients. A 20% reduction in non-compliance rates indicates that educational interventions can effectively contribute to decreasing the risk of MDR-TB. Future efforts should prioritize integrating education into MDR-TB treatment programs to enhance patient adherence and reduce the burden of MDR-TB.

Introduction: Metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is one of the most common liver diseases worldwide. NAFLD is associated with metabolic syndrome, which consists of obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia. This study aimed to identify the role of Genetic polymorphism in the development of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease among the family members of metabolic-associated steatohepatitis cirrhosis patients. Methods: This was a cross-sectional observational study conducted in the Department of Hepatology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh, from January 2015 to December 2016. In this study, 50 patients with NASH cirrhosis attended Hepatology OPD or were admitted to the inpatient department within the study period, and 81 first-degree family members were included after considering inclusion and exclusion criteria. Result: The mean age was 35.34 ± 10.29 years, and the mean BMI was 25.59 ± 4.28. Serum lipid profiles showed mean HDL at 36.91 ± 7.49 mg/dL and triglycerides at 161.23 ± 59.76 mg/dL. Male predominance (54.32%) was observed among family members. A total of 78% of families had 1st-degree relatives affected by fatty liver. Fatty liver was present in 47 family members (58%), with 36 (76.6%) showing PNPLA3 polymorphism (C/G), compared to 19 (55.9%) in the non-fatty liver group (P=0.033). Comparing metabolic syndrome components, fatty liver family members showed significantly higher serum triglycerides (>150 mg/dL, P=0.001), fasting glucose (>5.6 mmol/L, P=0.003), and HDL <40 mg/dL for males or <50 mg/dL for females. Conclusion: This study showed that family members of MASH cirrhosis patients show a high prevalence of fatty liver, metabolic abnormalities, and PNPLA3 polymorphism, especially in 1st-degree relatives.

Background: Hysterectomy, widely performed for benign gynecologic conditions, is increasingly done laparoscopically due to reduced pain, quicker recovery, and lower blood loss. Recommended by AAGL and ACOG, laparoscopic hysterectomy requires advanced skills, especially for large uteri, with innovations like uterine morcellation enhancing feasibility while improving surgical precision and patient outcomes. Aim of the study: This study aims to evaluate the perioperative outcomes of laparoscopic hysterectomy for large uteri in a tertiary care hospital. Methods: This retrospective cohort study at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) and two private Hospitals in Dhaka, Bangladesh, from February 2019 to January 2023 analyzed 120 patients undergoing laparoscopic hysterectomy for large uteri (>300g). Patients aged 18+ with benign gynecological conditions were included, excluding those with malignancies, laparoscopic contraindications, or prior extensive abdominal surgeries. Comprehensive preoperative assessments were conducted. Surgeries followed standardized laparoscopic-assisted vaginal hysterectomy protocols, addressing ovarian preservation/removal as needed. Intraoperative metrics included operating time and blood loss, while postoperative care emphasized early recovery and complication monitoring. Data were analyzed retrospectively, with outcomes reported as mean ± SD. Result: This study analyzed 100 women undergoing laparoscopic hysterectomy, with a mean age of 46.5 years and a BMI of 23.3 kg/m². Most participants (58.3%) were parous, with a mean uterine weight of 585 grams. Uterine myoma (80%) was the leading preoperative diagnosis. The average operative time was 88.9 minutes, with 575.4 mL blood loss and a 1.5-day hospital stay. Hemoglobin drop averaged 1.7 g/dL, and 17.5% required transfusions. Major complications, including bowel, bladder, or ureter injuries, were absent. Mild postoperative complications affected a few patients, with no reoperations or wound infections, showcasing the procedure’s safety and efficacy. Conclusion: Laparoscopic hysterectomy for large uteri proves safe and effective in tertiary care, offering minimal complications, reduced morbidity, and shorter hospital stays. While challenges, like increased operative time and blood loss, exist, the absence of major injuries or reoperations confirms its feasibility, showcasing the advantages of minimally invasive techniques in skilled hands.

Minor crimes can still be handled using the concept of a restorative justice approach. Restorative justice has an implementation method by means of penal mediation or by diversion of criminal acts. Penal mediation is used in handling ordinary crimes, in the sense that it is carried out by adults, while the use of diversion is carried out in cases involving children and is in the Children's Court. The problem in this research is how the punishment system for minor crimes is based on Pancasila justice. The research method uses a constructivist paradigm, with a social legal research approach method, and a descriptive research type. Types and sources of data use secondary materials in the form of primary legal materials, secondary legal materials and tertiary legal materials. Data collection methods use literature and qualitative analysis methods. The results of the research are that the punishment system for minor crimes is not yet fair, legal action is still carried out procedurally. One effort that can be made is a policy approach to resolving minor crimes (Tipiring) through restorative justice; so it is necessary to reconstruct the Regulations on Light Crimes Based on Pancasila Justice, namely in the Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP), in Article 205 Paragraph 1 and the Republic of Indonesia Prosecutor's Regulation Number 15 of 2020 concerning Termination of Prosecution.

Gabriel Okara's poem "The Call of the River Nun" is a profound exploration of the intricate relationship between the speaker and the natural world, particularly the river. This study employs a Functional Stylistic approach to dissect the linguistic and thematic nuances embedded within the poem. Through an examination of contextual variations, registers, and communicative functions, this analysis unveils the dynamic evolution of the speaker's connection with the river, culminating in a contemplation of life's transient nature and a quest for spiritual insight. The poem initiates with a direct acknowledgment of the river's call, establishing a context of auditory perception and suggesting a spiritual connection between the speaker and nature. As the poem progresses, the language evolves, reflecting a deepening emotional attachment to the river and a yearning for intimate communion. The poem transitions to a dynamic context, emphasizing the river's role as a driving force in the speaker's journey through life. In the final stanzas, the poem contemplates the passage of time and the approaching culmination of the speaker's journey. The sea-bird call emerges as a metaphor for transition, signifying the impending conclusion of a cycle. The language becomes symbolic and metaphysical, reflecting the speaker's contemplation of life's transient nature and the pursuit of spiritual insight. This Functional Stylistic analysis illuminates the intricate interplay between language, emotion, and the natural world in Okara's evocative poem. It underscores the transformative power of the river's call and the profound existential questions it raises. Ultimately, this study offers a deeper understanding of the poem's thematic concerns and the role of language in conveying those concerns, providing insights into Okara's skillful use of stylistic elements to evoke a spiritual connection with nature.

Criminal law enforcement regulations for perpetrators of violence against children in Indonesia are not based on the value of justice because of the perpetrators of violence against children themselves, where the perpetrators are does not see the law as a law that will bind an action that he has committed but only as an ordinary rule that can be deceived by perpetrators of violence, it is evident that in recent years in Indonesia and in neighboring countries violence against children is still relatively high, this proves that criminal law regulations for perpetrators of violence against children are still considered small, and even more so if there is peace between the parents of the victim and the perpetrator, peace here is in the form of compensation or restitution which does not create a sense of the value of justice for victims of violence, which is essentially considered to have no deterrent effect on perpetrators of violence against children. The focused data is from the Province of North Sumatra, where for some time this area has always received public attention regarding violence against children. In North Sumatra in 2018 there were 1,030 cases recorded with Medan City being the highest, in 2019 there were 705 cases, in 2020 there were 641 cases, in 2021 there were 994 cases with Langkat Regency being the highest, and in 2022 there were 962 cases the highest. It should be noted from the data obtained, from 2018 to 2022 the age of children as victims is between the ages of 13-17 and sexual violence is the highest type of violence, and ranks number two in types of physical violence. weak law enforcement in the process of not being able to make legal wishes come true. These legal regulations will also determine how law enforcement will be carried out. As is the case in Law Number 35 of 2014 concerning Child Protection where prosecution is lighter than the threat of punishment stipulated by law so that the judge's decision is considered relatively light in cases of violence against children.

This economic factor is a factor that influences the occurrence of crime, one of which is theft. It is caused in order to fulfill their needs, people will tend to do whatever it is, even if they commit theft. The purpose of this research is to analyze and find the regulation of the criminal justice system against the perpetrators of the crime of theft based on the value of justice. This type of research is social legal research, namely by studying or analyzing primary data and secondary data. This research uses the Constructivism paradigm. The function of theory in a study is to provide clues and predict and explain the object under study. The results of his research are the regulation of the penal system, in fact, it has not yet created justice for the perpetrators of the crime of theft based on the value of justice, because most of these regulations are still based on a classical legal approach which only focuses on punishment and treats all perpetrators of crimes equally without consider the social, economic, and psychological factors that influence the action. These regulations are often considered unfair and discriminatory towards certain social groups, such as the poor or minorities. This results in a widening social gap and a higher possibility of criminal acts. Therefore, a progressive legal approach is needed that takes into account the broader values of justice and the social, economic and psychological contexts that affect perpetrators and victims. With this approach, it is hoped that article 362 of the Criminal Code needs to be reconstructed.

Background: Axial spondyloarthritis (AS) causes reduced spinal mobility, functional limitations, and a decreased quality of life. The pupose of this study was to assess patient satisfaction and identify evidence-based improvements in supervised group exercise for axial spondyloarthritis. Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to evaluate patient satisfaction and identify evidence-based improvements in supervised group exercise for axial spondyloarthritis. Methods: This prospective, comparative study was conducted outdoors at the Rheumatology Department of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) from January 2022 to June 2022, involving 40 patients with axial spondyloarthritis randomized into supervised or home-based exercise groups. The supervised group attended physiotherapist-led sessions at the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, BSMMU, while the home-based group followed a guided regimen with weekly check-ins. Outcomes (BASDAI, ASQoL, BASFI, and adherence) were assessed at baseline and 12 weeks. Statistical analysis used t-tests, chi-square tests, and ANCOVA (p < 0.05, SPSS v25). Results: In this study of 40 patients with axial spondyloarthritis, the supervised exercise group showed significantly greater improvements in disease activity (-27.27%, p < 0.0001), quality of life (-48.80%, p < 0.0001), and functional outcomes (-52.38%, p < 0.0001) compared to the home-based group. Exercise adherence was higher in the supervised group (85% vs. 55%, p = 0.03). Satisfaction was also greater in the supervised group, with 95% reporting satisfaction versus 65% in the home-based group (p = 0.011). Conclusion: Supervised exercise significantly improves patient satisfaction, functional outcomes, and well-being in axial spondyloarthritis, highlighting the value of structured supervision.

This paper proposes a data-driven investment framework for private equity (PE) firms investing in renewable energy projects, drawing on analytical practices and financing innovations from the small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) sector. While SMEs have started to adopt clean energy through performance modeling, predictive analytics and flexible financial instruments, PE investment strategies have remained based on subjective evaluation and traditional financial metrics. This research bridges the gap by combining SME insights with private equity investment principles to identify scalable tools and models that can improve deal screening, ROI estimation and risk management in renewable energy. The methodology used a multi-faceted approach combining literature review, qualitative stakeholder insights and conceptual modeling. The literature review looked at academic and industry publications on SME energy financing and PE investment practices to identify the gaps and opportunities. Qualitative data was collected through interviews and focus groups with PE managers, renewable energy developers and SME owners who had implemented clean energy solutions. These insights informed the development of conceptual models adapting proven SME approaches pay-as-you-go financing and advanced ROI forecasting to the institutional investment context. The methodology prioritized practical applicability while maintaining analytical rigor through triangulation of multiple data sources. Empirical data analysis revealed the key barriers, financing preferences and analytical tools that have shaped SME investment behaviour, providing valuable lessons for institutional investors. The resulting framework is a replicable and interpretable model for evaluating renewable energy opportunities in private markets. This model addresses the main challenges in current PE practices and incorporates data-driven elements that have proven to work in SMEs. The paper concludes with practical recommendations for PE firms’ data-rich decision support systems, performance-linked financial structures and operational analytics in portfolio monitoring. And it outlines future research avenues real-time data integration, geospatial risk modeling and sector-specific investment frameworks for emerging renewable technologies.

Odontogenic keratocysts (OKCs) are benign yet locally aggressive cystic lesions derived from the dental lamina or its remnants. Predominantly found in the mandible, OKCs often present as asymptomatic radiolucent lesions, occasionally causing symptoms such as swelling and pain. Radiographically, they appear as well-defined, unilocular or multilocular lesions with smooth borders. Microscopically, OKCs feature a thin, parakeratinized epithelium with a high mitotic index, contributing to their aggressive behavior. Treatment typically involves surgical enucleation or resection, with careful attention to ensuring complete removal to minimize recurrence. However, recurrence rates remain relatively high, ranging from 25% to 60%, necessitating close postoperative monitoring, particularly in cases associated with nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome. A multidisciplinary approach involving oral and maxillofacial surgeons, pathologists, and geneticists may be required, especially in cases of syndromic association. Early detection and management of recurrences are essential for optimal patient outcomes.

The integration of advanced analytics in retail supply chains has transformed operational efficiency, demand forecasting, and risk mitigation. This study examines the impact of predictive analytics, machine learning, and AI-driven risk intelligence on supply chain performance. Using a mixed-methods approach, including case study analysis and statistical modeling, the research highlights key improvements in inventory accuracy, logistics optimization, and fraud detection success rates. Findings indicate that retailers leveraging real-time analytics have experienced a 25-40% increase in supply chain efficiency, with major gains in demand forecasting precision and supplier risk assessments. Despite these advantages, challenges remain, including high implementation costs, data security vulnerabilities, and algorithmic biases. Smaller retailers face significant barriers in adopting AI-powered analytics due to infrastructure limitations and workforce constraints. The study emphasizes the importance of ethical AI governance, cybersecurity protocols, and regulatory compliance in ensuring responsible analytics adoption. Future research should focus on scalable AI frameworks, blockchain-enhanced supply chain security, and quantum computing applications in predictive analytics. The findings underscore the need for a multi-stakeholder approach that integrates technological innovation with ethical considerations to achieve sustainable, transparent, and resilient supply chain ecosystems. This research contributes to the ongoing discourse on data-driven retail transformation, offering strategic insights for industry leaders, policymakers, and researchers in supply chain management.

Background: Rural infrastructure, agro-processing, and decentralized energy systems in the Osmanabad district of Maharashtra utilize a significant quantum of rotating machinery (e.g., centrifugal pumps, turbines, and compressors). Regular mechanical failures and erratic equipment breakdowns in these facilities result in substantial loss of productivity and maintenance problems, which can be particularly challenging in resource-poor settings with limited technical support. Objectives: The purpose of this work is to evaluate the effectiveness of AI-based PdM models in detecting faults and preventing machine malfunctions for rotating machinery. This paper aims to design context-sensitive, affordable, and understandable AI solutions that meet rural deployment requirements, to satisfy fault detection accuracy, maintenance cost savings, and stakeholders' trust. Methods: Employing a concurrent mixed-methods approach, the study integrated 6 weeks of multi-sensor data (vibration, temperature, acoustic signals) collected from five rural machinery sites in Osmanabad, with qualitative interviews with technicians and plant managers. Machine learning algorithms (CNNs, LSTMs, Isolation Forests, hybrid TCN-Autoencoders) were trained and validated under the supervised and unsupervised paradigms. The performance measures were the classification accuracy, mean squared error, and stakeholders' usability rating. Results: The fault detection accuracies were all higher than 95% for all the models. CNNs had the best performance with 99.89% for impeller blade faults, and LSTMs had 98.5% for turbine vibration anomalies. The total maintenance costs were decreased by 31% and the downtime was reduced by up to 70%. Technicians had high trust in AI systems, particularly if they were provided with explainable outputs such as fault heatmaps and predictive dashboards. Conclusions: AI-supported PdM systems are capable of generating impactful improvements in equipment reliability and operational efficiency when co-designed with community stakeholders and adjusted for a rural setting. This study adds to mechanical engineering and equitable AI adoption in underserved areas.

Background: CO₂ emissions related to the production of concrete contribute significantly to the global footprint, resulting in approximately 8% of the total anthropogenic CO₂ output. Even as India races to build its rural infrastructure, districts like Osmanabad, with its pervasive climate vulnerability and construction-induced emissions, must grapple with a potent toxic brew of the two. Carbon-neutral concrete especially through CO₂ mineralization or the use of carbon-capturing additives presents a viable way to decarbonize construction while enhancing the material's properties. Objectives: This study aims to assess the feasibility, environmental impact, and stakeholder opinions regarding carbon-neutral concrete technology in Osmanabad. More specifically, the study explores the possibility of using CO₂ mineralization during curing and locally available carbon-capturing additives to reduce embodied carbon in rural infrastructure projects. Methods: A mixed-methods exploratory design was employed, incorporating semi-structured interviews, field observations, focus groups, and technical performance tasks. The research population consisted of 80 informants: engineers, masons, municipal officers, vendors, and teachers. Thematic analysis of qualitative data was conducted through NVivo, and comparable quantitative indicators, including compressive strength and carbonation depth, were benchmarked across pilot sites. Results: There were improvements in the strength of carbon-neutral mixes of up to 25% higher and 30 to 50% in the carbonation depth than the equivalent conventional concrete. Technical professionals had a high level of stakeholder awareness; however, this was lower among field workers. Obstacles were the healing infrastructure, additional expense, and training deficiencies. Considering the local availability versus cost, fly ash and biochar were identified as potential amendments. Conclusion: Carbon-neutral concrete could be an alternative for climate-resilient construction in Osmanabad. Its scale-up relies on policy and support, regionally specific supply chains, and capacity development. Environment: Through the combination of environmental innovation and rural development, Osmanabad is demonstrative of what low-carbon infrastructure could look like in a resource-stripped context.

Background: Electronic Health Record (EHR) systems have been implemented globally to enhance healthcare delivery. In Saudi Arabia, the adoption of EHRs has rapidly increased in recent years, yet little is known about the experiences of healthcare professionals (HCPs) with EHR implementation in this context Aim: This qualitative study aims to explore the experiences of HCPs in Saudi Arabia before and after the implementation of EHR systems, with a focus on understanding the challenges and benefits associated with this transition. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of HCPs from various healthcare settings across Saudi Arabia. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using thematic analysis to identify patterns and themes related to HCPs' experiences with EHR implementation. Results: Analysis of the interviews revealed several key themes related to HCPs' experiences before and after EHR implementation. Before implementation, HCPs expressed concerns about workflow disruptions, technical challenges, and resistance to change. However, after implementation, many HCPs reported improvements in information accessibility, care coordination, and patient outcomes. Despite these benefits, challenges such as increased documentation burden and decreased face-to-face interaction with patients were also identified. Conclusion: The findings of this study highlight the complex and multifaceted nature of EHR implementation in Saudi Arabia. While the transition to EHRs presents both challenges and opportunities for HCPs, it is crucial to address concerns related to workflow optimization, training, and support to ensure successful implementation and maximize the benefits of EHRs in improving healthcare delivery in the Saudi context.