Background: Induction of labor is a common obstetric practice aimed at reducing perinatal risks associated with prolonged pregnancy. This study aims to compare the outcomes of elective induction of labor after 39 completed weeks versus expectant management up to 41 completed weeks of pregnancy. Methods: A comparative study was conducted in the Obstetrics and Gynecology department of BSMMU, Shahbag, and Badda General Hospital, Dhaka, from January 10, 2016, to December 30, 2019. A total of 1200 prenatal patients were included, with 600 in the induction group and 600 in the expectant group. Results: The mean age was similar in both groups (30.6 years in the induction group and 30.2 years in the expectant group). Nulliparous women were more prevalent in the expectant group (56.6%) compared to the induction group (49.8%). Cervical ripening and onset of labor were higher in the induction group (71.7%) than in the expectant group (63%). The Caesarean section rate was significantly lower in the induction group (9%) compared to the expectant group (27%). Meconium-stained liquor was less common in the induction group (16.3%) versus the expectant group (22%). NICU admission rates were similar between groups, but neonatal deaths were lower in the induction group (2 vs. 13). Conclusion: Induction of labor between 39 and 40 weeks reduces perinatal mortality without increasing maternal complications, Caesarean section rates, or NICU admissions. Future research should explore induction at or beyond 37 weeks to optimize timing.

Background: Rheumatoid Arthritis is a major public health concern, affecting 0.46% of general population. Janus kinase inhibitors (JAK) emerged as new biological drug for RA management. However, there is limited literature on effectiveness and safety of JAKi in combination therapy for RA management. We aimed to perform a meta-analysis to compare the efficacy and safety of JAKi in combination therapy with MTX as compared to MTX alone among RA patients. Methods: The recent meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCT) have been conducted in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols to fulfil research aims. Three electronic databases named as PubMed, Cochrane library and clinical trials.gov were used for research articles extraction. Primary outcomes were American College of Rheumatology criteria for 20% improvement (ACR20 response), Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS28), Health Assessment Questionnaire disability index (HAQ-DI), and adverse events (TEAE). The Cochrane Risk of Bias tool was used to evaluate the quality of each included randomized clinical trials. The pooled analysis was conducted by using RevMan (Review Manager) software version 5.4. Results: About 407 research articles were extracted from electronic databases and only 9 RCT’s met the inclusion criteria. About 9 RCT’s and 6853 RA patients met the inclusion criteria with 5040 patients receiving JAKi plus MTX in combination and 1813 patients receiving MTX in monotherapy. The pooled analysis showed that ACR20 have significantly improved among group receiving combination therapy as compared to MTX alone (Placebo) [OR: 2.44 (1.35 to 4.40) Cl: 95%] while TEAE numbers have favored the MTX alone as compared to group receiving combination therapy [RR: 1.29 (0.89 to 1.87) Cl: 95%], because number of adverse events were higher among treatment group. Moreover, the mean difference showed that HAQ DI [Mean difference: -0.53 (0.94 to -0.11) Cl: 95%], DAS28 [Mean difference: -1.85 (-2.83 to -0.86) Cl: 95%] have significantly decreased among group receiving combination therapy as compared to MTX alone (Placebo). Conclusion: Overall, the findings of recent meta-analysis revealed that JAKi in combination therapy with MTX improved the ACR20 responses, Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI), and mean creatinine levels, as compared to MTX alone among RA patients. However, the frequency of adverse events by JAKi plus MTX was higher as compared to MTX alone that compromised the safety profile of combination therapy.

The American culture wars at the end of the 20th century was characterized by deep divisions over the role of religion in public life and a range of social issues. Great divergences occurred in mainline religions, leading to the occurrence of the religious progressives and religious conservatives. Both sides got aligned with their counterparts across traditional religious traditions, and launched the culture wars. These conflicts had a long-lasting impact on American society and politics, setting the stage for the ongoing debates and shaping the cultural landscape in the 21st century.

The debate on abortion rights in America has a long history and has become a moral and political issue. After Roe V. Wade decision in 1973, the debate on abortion lead to the ongoing contradictions between the “pro-choice” and the “pro-life”. The two sides hold totally different moralities and values on abortion, and sparkled the culture war on abortion rights. In the culture war, radical feminists strongly support abortion rights, showing their resistance to the patriarchal society, while the traditional Americans insisted on traditional moralities and values, expressing strong opposition to abortion. The culture war was fiercely going on and a consensus was hard to reach between the two sides.

Aquaculture industry is a largest industry which provides protein rich food. This industry aims to fulfill peoples dietary needs globally. Purpose of this study was to examine the effects of Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MOLM) on growth, hematological and mineral composition of Catla catla fingerlings. An experiment with 180 days feeding trials was conducted to examine the efficacy of MOLM. This experiment was performed according to semi-intensive rearing system to assess the performance of Catla catla fingerlings under MOLM diet. MOLM was used as test ingredient in experimental diets. Five varying levels of MOLM (6%, 12%, 18%, 24% and 30%) were tested to replace fishmeal. For first fifteen days, these fingerlings were placed under laboratory conditions in cemented ponds for acclimatization. When these fingerlings were fully acclimatized, then they were divided into six study groups. Among six earthen ponds, total 90 fingerlings were uniformly distributed. So, fifteen fingerlings were nourished in each pond. Data were recorded for various growth, hematological and mineral composition of fingerlings body. Analysis of recorded data revealed that 12% MOLM diet provided highest results for growth parameters as compared to controlled or other experimental diets. Highest results for hematological and body mineralization were also found in those fingerlings fed with 12% MOLM diet. In this current study, it was determined that 12% replacement of fishmeal by MOLM enhanced growth, hematological parameters and body minerals of Catla catla fingerlings.

Background: Smoking cessation continues to be an issue of public health concern in Bangladesh, with a high prevalence of male smoking and exposure to second-hand smoke. It is for this reason that it is pertinent to know the socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge attitudes, and health risks and impacts of active and passive smoking. Objective: The objectives of this study include assessing the health risks of passive smoking on Bangladeshi adults, understanding the role of socio-demographic characteristics in tobacco use, and determining the awareness of health risks by tobacco users and people exposed to second-hand smoke. Methods: The current cross-sectional study was carried out at the Community Based Medical College Hospital in Bangladesh during July 2021 to June 2022. In total, one hundred participants with an age of 18 years and above were selected using the convenience sampling technique. Data was collected by administering a structured questionnaire and interviewing the participants face-to-face. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, and chi-square tests were also conducted. Results: The sample possessed a mean age of 32 years. 85 years, with male participants being 60%. Understanding about these smoking-related health consequences differed with gender and level of education achieved. 69% of them were aware that smoking causes environmental pollution, and 73% knew that smoking posed danger to pregnant women. As for the negative health consequences of smoking, only 5% of the respondents mentioned that it causes respiratory problems. Self-identified health complaints included cancer, hypertension, and abdominal pain/vomiting in 19%, 18%, and 16% of respondents, respectively. Conclusion: There is a lack of adequate information as regards the dangers of active and passive smoking to the studied population. These findings further stress the importance of intensification of tobacco control because of the high burden of severe diseases. Considering these gaps in knowledge, gender disparities, and protection from SHS exposure, appropriate interventions need to be applied to minimize morbidity and mortality from tobacco use in Bangladesh.

Pakistan has many plentiful water sources, including ice caps, rainwater, and groundwater, but these sources are continuously polluted. Fast growth, development, and continued industrial growth, especially in Faisalabad, have imposed immense pressure on the city's water resources. Its groundwater quality is worsening rapidly because of untreated wastewater from municipal and textile industries. Fifteen samples were collected from different colonies of Faisalabad for physical, chemical, and biological analysis. To regulate the quality of drinking water, physio-chemical parameters such as color, Odor, Taste, electric conductivity, Total dissolved solids, and chemical parameters like Ca, Mg, carbonates, bicarbonates, and chlorides were examined. After examining all collected samples, they were linked with the WHO values, Pakistan standards, and quality control authority standards (PSQCA). Out of these 15 samples, four samples were unfit for human use owing to the occurrence of E. coli. The remaining 11 samples were biologically fit for human consumption. All samples are colorless, but four have a pungent smell, and five have a terrible taste. The pH of all the samples was within the WHO and PSQCA limits (6.50-8.50) except for one. The highest EC was found at 6.206 ds/m from Noorpur, and the lowest was 0.062 ds/m from Millet town. Our research shows that about 46% of the underground water of Faisalabad is unhealthy for human drinking due to the high TDS, TSS, chlorides, bicarbonates, and presence of microorganisms.

Background: Lymphadenopathy is a frequently encountered and clinically relevant condition that can have several causes, including curable infections or cancerous growths. This study was done to analyze the different cytopathological patterns observed in the fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of patients with lymphadenopathy. Methodology: In this retrospective study, we present the findings of a comprehensive analysis on fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of 70 cases with lymphadenopathy in North Kordofan State. Our aim was to investigate the frequency and underlying causes of lymph node enlargement across different age groups, as well as analyze the diverse cytopathological patterns associated with lymphadenopathies. Results: The study population comprised 43 males and 27 females, ranging in age from 6 to 78 years, with a mean age of 50.6 years. Among the 70 cases, 40 were determined to be benign. Out of these, 31 were diagnosed as tuberculosis and 9 were classified as benign lymph node aspirates, which included reactive hyperplasia and vascular lesions. The remaining 30 cases were reported as malignant. Out of these, 12 were identified as metastatic carcinoma, 10 as non-Hodgkin lymphoma, 4 as metastatic breast cancer, and 4 as large-cell anaplastic lymphoma. Conclusion: Benign tumors are the predominant components of lymphadenopathy. FNAC is a valuable method for examining lymphadenopathy.

Since vocational education gives young people the knowledge and skills they need to succeed in the workforce, it is crucial for human development. The purpose of this study was to evaluate how satisfied trainees were with their vocational training and skill development in Tana River County vocational training facilities. Data were gathered using a descriptive research approach that included both quantitative and qualitative methods. There were nine Vocational Training Centres in Tana River County, with a total of two hundred and fifty trainees. The trainees were chosen at random. Trainee data was gathered using questionnaires. The SPSS version 26 was used to analyze, code, and critical quantitative data. Pie charts and graphs were used to display the data that had been analyzed. The results of the study showed that the trainees believed academic education was superior and that vocational skills were for failures.

Bacillus subtilis is an active substance capable of producing a variety of antimicrobials, enzymes and promoting the growth of plants and animals, which is widely used in modern agricultural production due to its clear research background, wide range of application scenarios, rich industrial use time, non-toxicity and harmlessness to human beings, and its ability to produce spores to tolerate adverse environments. If Bacillus subtilis is further mutated, it can enhance the production of antimicrobials and enzymes, and improve the economic benefits and work efficiency, UV mutagenesis as a safer and widely used mutation technique has been chosen by many scientists, this paper summarizes the current status of Bacillus subtilis after UV mutagenesis in various applications in recent years, and elucidates the future application prospects and research hotspots of Bacillus subtilis in the field of agriculture. The paper summarizes the current status of the application of Bacillus subtilis after UV mutagenesis in various aspects in recent years, and elucidates the future prospects of Bacillus subtilis in the field of agriculture and research hotspots.

Background: Obesity is a growing global health issue with significant implications for gynecological health. This study investigates the impact of obesity on various gynecological outcomes, comparing obese and non-obese women. Methods: A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted at BSMMU and Dhaka Medical College from February 2022 to January 2023. A total of 150 female participants were purposively selected and divided into two groups: Group 1 (Obesity, n=75) and Group 2 (No Obesity, n=75). Data on blood pressure, HbA1c levels, body fat percentage, waist circumference, cholesterol levels, physical activity, insulin sensitivity, sleep duration, and the prevalence of complications such as hypertension, diabetes, sleep apnea, and joint pain were collected and analyzed. Result: Obese participants had significantly higher blood pressure (140 ± 10 mmHg vs. 125 ± 8 mmHg, p=0.002), HbA1c levels (7.2 ± 1.1% vs. 5.9 ± 0.8%, p=0.004), body fat percentage (35 ± 5% vs. 22 ± 4%, p=0.001), and waist circumference (110 ± 12 cm vs. 85 ± 10 cm, p=0.003) compared to non-obese participants. Additionally, obese women exhibited a higher prevalence of hypertension (27% vs. 13%, p=0.045), diabetes (20% vs. 7%, p=0.032), sleep apnea (16% vs. 5%, p=0.021), and joint pain (24% vs. 11%, p=0.039). Conclusion: The study highlights the detrimental effects of obesity on gynecological health, emphasizing the need for effective weight management strategies to improve reproductive health outcomes and overall well-being in women.

Background: A variety of factors, including tubal blockage, cause infertility, a global problem. As a result, the purpose of this study was to look at the most common tubal irregularities. Methodology: A descriptive longitudinal study was undertaken in Khair Alelag private hospital in El-Obeid, North Kordofan State, Sudan, from January to December 2023. We included approximately 60 individuals who presented for a hygrosalpingogram (HSG) evaluation. Results: According to our findings, half of the study group 30(50%) has a history of PID, with 17 (57%) having tubal obstruction, either bilaterally (7%) or unilaterally (10%). Those without a history of PID (12%) have tubal obstruction, either bilaterally (3%) or unilaterally (9%). 12 (20%) have a history of uterine or tubal surgery, all with tubal obstruction; 8 (13%) have unilateral tubal obstruction; and 4 (7%) have bilateral tubal obstruction. Conclusion: Tubal blockage is common in Sudan, and it may contribute to the country's high rate of infertility. Unilateral tubal blockage is the most prevalent form.

Every language possesses a unique system for constructing meaning. Assamese, the easternmost Indo-Aryan language and Assam's official tongue, exemplifies this with its rich morphological system. Suffixes, attached to word ends, significantly impact meaning and emotional weight. This study delves into a fascinating subset: pleonastic suffixes. Unlike others, these add emphasis and emotional depth without altering core meaning. Their versatility allows them to express a range of emotions in everyday speech. Their frequent use reflects the nuanced expressiveness inherent in Assamese. To illuminate these multifaceted functions, a corpus-based approach will be employed. A comprehensive corpus of spoken Assamese, compiled from interviews, documentaries, and everyday conversations, will be analysed using established corpus techniques to identify instances of pleonastic suffixes. Following this, a qualitative analysis using thematic and discourse analysis will delve deeper, examining context, conveyed emotions, and the overall impact on the message. This exploration of the pleonastic suffixes will further help in gaining a deeper appreciation for Assamese morphology. These seemingly small additions significantly enhance the language's emotional depth and communicative power. This research paper, will not only contribute to a better understanding of Assamese grammar but also sheds light on the role of morphology in shaping emotional expression across languages.

Background: Oesophageal masses, including cancers, are serious gastrointestinal conditions diagnosed and studied using endoscopic and histologic techniques to confirm. Objectives: To analyze and evaluate the endoscopic and histologic findings in oesophageal masses over a five year period. Methodology: This was a 5-year retrospective study of all patients with endoscopic and histologic diagnosis of oesophageal masses as seen at the Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital (UDUTH) Sokoto between January 2017 and December 2022. Results: The age range was 41-70, mean of 57.26±1510years and Male: Female ratio of 1.62: 1. The commonest indications were dysphagia and weight loss accounting for 64.7%. About half of the masses were located in the mid oesophagus, 50% were Squamous cell carcinoma, 8(23.5%) and Adenocarcinoma, 7(20.6%). Cigarette smoking as a risk factor was seen in only 2 (11.8%). Alcohol was not a recognized risk factor. Majority of the masses were located at the upper and mid oesophagus were squamous cell carcinoma and none was adenocarcinoma. Two-thirds of the masses seen at the lower oesophagus were histologically confirmed adenocarcinoma. The overall results were statistically significant (p = 0.006). Conclusion: Oesophageal masses during the period of the study were seen among patients over the age of 41 years, male gender predominated, dysphagia and weight loss were the most common clinical presentations. Mid oesophagus accounted for the majority of the masses and squamous cell carcinoma the predominating histologic type. Adenocarcinoma was seen dominating the lower esophagus.

Background: While the transfusion of blood products does come with inherent risks, it should only be considered if it has the potential to improve the patient's outcome. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reasons for blood transfusion and the results in a group of pregnant women from Sudan. Methodology: This study was a retrospective descriptive analysis of 138 pregnant women residing in El-Obeid, a city located in the northern Kordofan province of Sudan. Results: Most patients underwent blood transfusions primarily due to anemia, accounting for 59% of cases. Antepartum hemorrhage (APH), miscarriage, and ectopic pregnancy accounted for 21%, 10%, and 7% of the cases, respectively. Out of the 138 women, 33% were primigravida, 53% were multipara, and 14% were grand multipara. Grandmultipara women predominantly showed anemia, with a prevalence rate of 68%. Primigravida women, with a prevalence rate of 61%, and multipara women, with a prevalence rate of 55%, came next. Miscarriage is most common among women who are pregnant for the first time, with a rate of 15%. Out of the 138 patients, a mere 1.4% of them died, while 5.7% encountered various problems. However, the remaining 92.7% of patients have demonstrated improvement and received their release. Conclusion: Anemia is a crucial factor in determining the need for blood transfusion in pregnant women, particularly after childbirth when postpartum hemorrhage may occur. Despite the ongoing conflict in Sudan posing challenges, the health system can still achieve positive results.