The combustion of ammonium perchlorate (AP) has long been a focal point in the development of solid rocket propellants, with particular attention paid to the catalytic effects of iron oxides. Beginning in the 1950s, researchers have diligently studied the kinetics and mechanisms underlying AP combustion, with a focus on both micron-sized and nano-sized iron oxide catalysts due to their widespread application in rocket formulations worldwide. This research effort specifically excludes investigations involving alternative iron oxide-based catalysts, such as doped or mixed oxides, or supported iron oxides, as they are not commonly utilized in major rocket propellant formulations. Despite variations in specific parameters like activation energy and heat of dissociation, the fundamental understanding of AP decomposition with iron oxides remains consistent with earlier findings. Notably, micron-sized catalysts have minimal impact on the low-temperature decomposition (LTD) of AP but can influence high-temperature decomposition (HTD) by altering decomposition temperatures and reducing activation energy. In contrast, nano-sized catalysts tend to accelerate the reaction to such an extent that the LTD phase is often bypassed altogether due to the rapid consumption of NH3, a crucial component in the process. However, the transition to nano-sized particles presents a new challenge: the propensity for particle agglomeration. Current research endeavours are therefore dedicated to devising effective strategies to mitigate this issue and harness the full potential of nano-sized iron oxide catalysts in rocket propellant formulations.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have gained immense consideration recently as a result of their exceptional properties and diverse interference in a variety of fields. The AgNPs synthesis involves various and biological, chemical, and physical methods, each offering distinct compensations in terms of size control, stability, and reproducibility. Physical methods, such as irradiation, result in monodisperse nanoparticles with excellent control over size and shape. Chemical techniques, like reduction with reducing agents or chemical precursors, offer scalability and control over nanoparticle size. Moreover, green synthesis methods employing plant extracts, fungi, and bacteria have emerged as eco-friendly alternatives, reducing the reliance on hazardous chemicals. Characterization of AgNPs is necessary to understand their characteristics and potential applications fully. Techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-Vis spectroscopy, light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic are commonly used to identified anf characterized the nanoparticles. The applications of AgNPs span across several sectors. In the biomedical field, AgNPs exhibit potent antimicrobial properties against a broad spectrum of pathogens, making them promising candidates for wound dressings, antibacterial coatings, and drug delivery systems. Additionally, their use in cancer therapy has shown potential for targeted drug delivery and localized hyperthermia treatment. However, despite their numerous applications, challenges remain in terms of toxicity and environmental impact. Research efforts are ongoing to address these concerns and develop safer nanomaterials. This review article concludes that silver nanoparticles represent a fascinating class of nanomaterials with immense potential in various fields. Continued research and development in the synthesis, characterization, and application of AgNPs will undoubtedly lead to new and exciting advancements in science and technology.

Confessional statements are important ingredience in criminal justice in Nigeria. A confession is an acknowledgment made by a person charged with a crime at any moment, admitting or implying that he committed that crime. Confessions are covered by sections 27 to 32 of the Evidence Act 1990 in Nigeria as well as section 28 to 31 of the Evidence Act of 2011. The specific goals are a critically examination of the circumstances under which confessional statements are admissible, to determine the effect of retracted confessional statements in criminal trials in Nigeria, as well as the circumstances under which confessional statements may be vitiated and to apply the findings in decided cases. To attain these goals, normative or doctrinal research is considered appreciate. This study found that where an inducement, threat, or promise was issued, any subsequent confessional statement obtained would be inadmissible. This study also reveal that a confession does not become inadmissible simply because the accused denies having made it; rather, the court must satisfy itself that the accused made the statement of his own free will and choice and without duress.

Community detection is the identification of different communities or groups that exist within a network. This is useful in social network analysis (SNA) or what is great is performing whole network analysis (WNA), where humans interact with others as part of their various communities, but these approaches are not limited to the study of humans. These methods are to investigate any type of node that interacts closely with other nodes, whether those nodes are animals, hashtags, websites, or any other type of node in the network. In this work, we zoom in on communities that exist in a network. Community detection is a clear, concise, and appropriate name for what we are doing. Communities in the network would be worth exploring and understanding for further purposes. There are several methods and different approaches to detect community, but in this paper, I use two efficient methods to detect whole network which are named Louvain Method (LM) and Girvan-Newman Method (GNM). With LM, we can build a fast algorithm that is effective at community detection in massive networks and optimize the algorithm for better results. Using the GNM, a better approach that can identify the least number of edges that could be cut would result in a split network. We could do this by making an algorithm looking for the edges that the greatest number of shortest paths pass through.

Hippocrates, the "Father of Rhinology," provided detailed descriptions of nasal polypoidal tumors and nasal complex from 460-370 B.C. His writings are the earliest known sinus anatomy, with anatomists studying primates and mammals focusing on paranasal air sinuses. This systematic review explores the link between anatomical variations in the sinonasal region and sinus pathology, providing a comprehensive understanding of the prevalence, types, and clinical implications, thereby aiding clinicians in making informed decisions and improving patient outcomes. A thorough search of PubMed, Google Scholar, Research Gate and PRISMA guidelines were used to perform this review, with subjects related to the study's title as the primary search criteria. We used the following search terms: nasal blockage, paranasal sinus, sinus pathology, and nasal-respiratory complex. Anatomical variations in the ostiomeatal complex, found in 83.5% of cases, significantly impact sinus drainage and ventilation, leading to sinus pathology. Variations like deviated nasal septum, concha bullosa, and agger nasi cells obstruct mucus and air flow, causing sinusitis. Studies show a clear association between anatomical variations and chronic sinusitis, highlighting the importance of considering these variations when evaluating patients with sinus pathology. Nasal polyps are another common pathology associated with anatomical variations in the sinonasal region. Sinusitis is the most common condition affecting the nose and paranasal sinuses, which are affected by trauma, tumors, and sphenoid sinuses. Staphylococcus bacteria, found on skin and nasal cavities, can infect people. Sinonasal disease encompasses a range of illnesses, from inflammatory to malignant, and is the fifth leading cause of antibiotic use and the highest frequency across all age groups. Research indicates a correlation between anatomical variations in the sinonasal area and sinus pathology, particularly in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Careful assessment and CT are crucial for identifying and treating these variations. Further research is needed to fully understand the clinical implications of these variations, as they can significantly impact sinus pathology and the management of sinus conditions.

Background: Compression fractures are common among osteoporotic patients and can be a significant source of pain and disability. Patients who suffer a compression fracture are most often treated conservatively. Case Presentation: This report presents the case of an 80-year-old non-hypertensive, non-diabetic male who presented to the hospital with severe acute lower back pain for one week previous. There was no associated past history of trauma. Initially, the patient was misdiagnosed as a case of simple musculoskeletal lower back pain, for which he received treatment, but the pain intensified over the following two weeks, prompting consultation with a neurologist. A physical examination and lumber x ray indicated signs of lumbar spondylosis with degenerative disc disease, for which the patient was prescribed paracetamol and non-steroidal anti- inflammatory drugs. However, no improvement was noted. Later, after three weeks, an MRI investigation was conducted. The findings revealed multiple disc narrowing levels throughout the lumbar spine. Based on these investigations, treatment was initiated with pregabalin. Tramadol was discontinued and visible improvements in the patient's condition were noted within a week. Later, the patient sought consultation from an orthopedic specialist. The doctor recommended additional imaging scans. Magnetic resonance imaging with contrast and computerized tomography scans were performed. Based on these imaging scans, a diagnosis of lumbar spine scoliosis and osteoporotic compression fracture at D12 was made, prompting the initiation of osteoporosis treatment with zoledronic acid. Conclusions: Initial diagnosis and management of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures are important in preventing continued pain and preserving the quality of life in older patients. This case highlights the need for comprehensive evaluation, including MRIs, to discriminate acute fractures from other pathologies, facilitating appropriate intervention and osteoporosis management.

Introduction: The optimal timing for postpartum discharge remains a subject of debate, with varying recommendations and practices globally. This study aims to compare the outcomes of early versus late discharge in postpartum care following normal delivery. Methods: This randomized controlled trial was conducted at the Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Child and Maternal Health, Matuail, Dhaka, Bangladesh, from March 2011 to August 2011. 200 patients who underwent normal vaginal delivery were randomized into early (<24 hours) and late (>24 hours) discharge groups. Baseline characteristics, regularity of antenatal care visits, clinical examination findings at discharge and 7-day follow-up, and postpartum complaints were recorded and analyzed. Result: In our study of 200 participants, the early discharge group (n=100) and late discharge group (n=100) showed comparable baseline characteristics. Age, residence, socioeconomic status, educational status, and gestational age were similar across groups. Antenatal care regularity showed no significant difference with a p-value of 0.75. Clinical examination findings at discharge and the 7-day follow-up revealed no statistically significant differences in maternal and newborn health indicators: anemia (early: 26, late: 28), edema (early: 15, late: 12), minor breast problems (early: 8, late: 6), jaundice (early: 15, late: 12), dehydration (early: 12, late: 9), excessive crying (early: 26, late: 21), and complications of the umbilical stump (early: 7, late: 11). Postpartum complaints such as excessive vaginal bleeding (early: 5, late: 4), fever (early: 8, late: 6), foul-smelling lochia (early: 6, late: 8), feelings of depression (early: 16, late: 14), breast engorgement (early: 26, late: 22), and feeding difficulty (early: 32, late: 28) also showed no significant differences. A substantial number of mothers in both groups preferred the same or a shorter duration of hospital stay for their next delivery (shorter duration preference: early: 46, late: 39). Conclusion: The study concludes that both early and late discharge protocols can be viable options in postpartum care after normal delivery, without significant differences in maternal and newborn health outcomes. The findings support the implementation of flexible discharge policies, tailored to individual needs and preferences, in postpartum care.

Introduction: Postdated and prolonged pregnancy are accepted terms by WHO and the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics to describe pregnancy beyond dates (expected date of delivery). It complicates up to 10% of all pregnancies and carries an increased risk to the mother and fetus. This study aimed to analyze the outcome of combined induction of labor in post-dated pregnancy. Methods: This prospective interventional study was conducted at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka. Bangladesh, from March 2013 to August 2013. A total of 50 patients with post-dated pregnancies were selected as study subjects by purposive sampling technique. In this study, 34.0% of patients' labor induction was given by oxytocin drip followed by ARM, and 20.0% of patients' labor induction was given by ARM followed by oxytocin drip. In 46.0% of patients with an unfavorable cervix, prostaglandin was used followed by ARM. Collected data were analyzed using different methods of statistics. Statistical analyses were carried out by using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20.0 for Windows. Result: It was observed that intrapartum fetal distress occurred in a total of 12 babies. 10 babies needed resuscitation and 40 babies needed no resuscitation. In this series, among the healthy babies majority (20) were born at 40 completed weeks of gestation, 18 babies at 41 completed weeks, and 2 babies were born at 42 completed weeks of gestation. Among the asphyxiated baby 6 babies were borne at 42 completed weeks of gestation, no one at 41 completed weeks, and 2 asphyxiated babies were borne at 40 completed weeks of gestation. All babies with other complications like LBW, birth trauma, and post-maturity syndrome. Conclusion: This study concludes most frequent indication was fetal distress and unfavorable cervix in postdated pregnancy. Abnormal uterine action and asphyxiated baby were the more frequent maternal and fetal complications respectively. A small number of LBW, birth trauma, and post-maturity syndrome were observed but no maternal and fetal death was found in this study.

Background: Tobacco consumption, encompassing both smoking and smokeless forms, remains a significant public health challenge globally, particularly prevalent in rural areas of Bangladesh. Despite efforts to curb its usage, tobacco continues to impose a substantial burden on public health, socioeconomic development, and community well-being, especially in rural regions. Objective: This study aims to assess the prevalence of tobacco use among rural areas of Bangladesh, exploring factors driving its uptake and persistence. Method: Between January and June 2023, a cross-sectional epidemiological investigation took place across multiple regions in Bangladesh, spanning Sylhet, Shunamgonj, Moulvibazar, Hobigonj, Chattogram, Pabna, Brahman Baria, Kishorgonj, and Chandpur districts. The study targeted a randomized selection of 250 adults aged 18 years and above, who had resided in their respective areas for at least five years. These individuals were recruited during consultations for various health concerns. Subsequently, they were surveyed regarding their history of tobacco consumption, and with their consent, data was systematically collected using structured questionnaires, physical assessments, and anthropometric measurements. The gathered data underwent statistical analysis through SPSS v. 20.0. Results: The study revealed a diverse demographic profile, with a majority falling within the 18-39 age bracket (40%) and a slight predominance of males (55%). Educational attainment varied, with 50% having primary dropout status. Regarding tobacco use, 30% reported smoking bidi, cigarettes, or self-rolled tobacco, 50% were non-smokers, and 20% used both smoking and non-smoking forms. The onset of tobacco use varied, with 30% starting after the age of 30. Association of impact of chronic long term tobacco use on health was also significant with 76% long term users having health related issues. Additionally, 30% of tobacco users engaged in other forms of recreation, while 25% attempted to quit smoking. Limited psychiatric awareness was evident, with only 10% understanding psychiatric disorders. Conclusion: The study highlights the significant prevalence of tobacco use in rural Bangladesh and underscores the urgent need for comprehensive strategies to address this public health issue. Targeted interventions and evidence-based policies are essential to mitigate the adverse effects of tobacco use, safeguard public health, and promote healthier communities in rural areas.

Introduction: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder affecting women's reproductive health and fertility. This study aimed to investigate the demographic, clinical, and biochemical characteristics of primary sub-fertile women with and without PCOS. Methods: This cross-sectional comparative study was conducted at the Fertility Care Centre, Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, from June 2017 to November 2017. The study included 146 primary sub-fertile women, divided into two groups: Group A (n=73) with PCOS and Group B (n=73) without PCOS. Data on age distribution, educational background, occupation, BMI, hirsutism prevalence, and biochemical findings (TSH, FT3, FT4 levels) were collected and analyzed. Result: The study found significant differences in BMI and hirsutism prevalence between the two groups. Group A (with PCOS) had a higher mean BMI (26.8±7.2) and a greater prevalence of hirsutism (26%) compared to Group B (without PCOS), which had a mean BMI of 24.4±4.3 and a hirsutism prevalence of 11%. Additionally, Group A exhibited significantly higher mean TSH levels (5.0±2.4 µU/ml) than Group B (2.9±1.3 µU/ml). However, no significant differences were observed in FT3 and FT4 levels between the groups. Conclusion: The study highlights the association of PCOS with higher BMI, increased prevalence of hirsutism, and altered thyroid function, particularly elevated TSH levels, in primary sub-fertile women. These findings underscore the importance of considering both metabolic and endocrine factors in the management of sub-fertility in women with PCOS. The study contributes to a better understanding of the complex interplay between PCOS, thyroid function, and sub-fertility, suggesting the need for comprehensive evaluation and targeted treatment strategies in this population.

Chronic hepatopathies are cosmopolitan disorders, the most common of which are chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis. Cirrhosis is a pathology of diverse etiologies characterized by diffuse disorganization of the normal hepatic structure due to hepatocyte destruction, with the appearance of regenerative nodules surrounded by fibrosis compressing the hepatic vascularization and causing portal hypertension. We report the case of a patient hospitalized in intensive care for decompensation of chronic hepathopathy during her 4th pregnancy, and we will describe the various consequences of pregnancy on this type of hepathopathy and vice versa via a detailed review of the literature.

Background: Gallbladder diverticula have the appearance of hernia-like protrusions of the gallbladder wall. This disorder may not be diagnosed until surgically resected because it has no clinical significance unless there are associated diseases. Gallbladder pseudodiverticula have an acquired cause, multiple fundal lesions, an association with gallstones, internal saccular lesions without external hernia-like protrusions, and little to no smooth muscle in the gallbladder wall. Case Presentation: A 15-year-old boy in Saudi Arabia presented with right hypochondrial pain and dyspepsia. Imaging revealed innumerable gallstones in a distended gallbladder, indicative of chronic calculous cholecystitis. Elevated liver enzymes and coagulation abnormalities initially postponed surgery, but subsequent improvement allowed for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Histopathological examination confirmed chronic calcular cholecystitis without malignancy. Conclusion: This case underscores the importance of recognizing and managing chronic calculous cholecystitis in adolescents promptly especially if associated with complication as pseudodiverticula. Successful treatment with laparoscopic cholecystectomy resulted in a positive outcome for the patient. Further research and case studies in this age group can enhance our understanding of the disease and optimize management strategies.

Although cadaver dissection and prosection are considered essential techniques for studying anatomy, their effectiveness is hindered by the use of flat, 2-D structures in didactic portions of anatomy courses. The limitations of this particular method can greatly hinder students' comprehension and grasp of anatomy, ultimately limiting the overall effectiveness and quality of the teaching and learning experience (TLE). In order to enhance the TLE and improve students' understanding of gross human anatomy, there are a variety of tools that can be utilized, including 3-D virtual anatomy applications and anatomical models. These resources provide a visual and interactive approach to learning, allowing for a more comprehensive understanding of the complex structures of the human body. The Anatomage, a virtual anatomy dissection table (VDT), is a highly sophisticated advancement that enables the dissection and prosection of the human body and its segments. The primary objective of this research project is to delve into integrating a VDT into a physical therapy anatomy course for a complex topic like head and neck, with the aim of enhancing the TLE and comprehension of anatomical concepts of said area. The methods encompass the inclusion of the VDT as an extra dissection table within the cadaver lab setting. Each group of scholars was given the responsibility to locate and study the assigned anatomical configurations and dissections on the VDT, specifically for their designated topic. Based on the results of our study, it can be inferred that there have been improvements in knowledge retention among students after the introduction of the VDT in the cadaver dissection segment of the course for head and neck. As a result of our research and analysis, we have come to the conclusion that the VDT is an exceptional tool that should be implemented in anatomy courses to help students understand intricate anatomical structures. The integration of the VDT is an essential and crucial step in the process of assimilating and applying human anatomy knowledge for students pursuing careers in the healthcare field.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a non-malignant proliferation of prostatic cells resulting in glandular and stromal enlargement. It afflicts men in their advancing years resulting in lower urinary tract symptoms and alteration of quality of life (Qol). Diabetic patients seem to have larger prostate volumes than non-diabetic counterparts and this has formed an area of intense research interest. The aim of this work was to answer the research question: whether there is any significant difference in prostate volume between diabetic and non-diabetic men diagnosed with BPH. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively studied one hundred and thirty two (132) patients over a period of one year between October 2022 and September 2023 who presented in our Urology clinic for evaluation. Information were retrieved from their case notes and entered into a proforma. Data generated were analysed and used for this study. Results: Out of the 132 patients, diabetic men were 36(27.3%) while non-diabetics were 96 (72.7%). Mean overall age was 62.61±8.83 years, mean prostate volume was 59.53±45.50m/s and there was a significant mean difference in prostate volume between diabetic and non-diabetic populations (P=0.027). Conclusion: The research concluded that prostate volume in diabetic patients was higher than prostate volume in non-diabetic BPH patients.

Hepatocellular carcinoma is considered one of the most threats to human health and is considered a fatal threat globally. Hepatocellular carcinoma is still a health challenge, and its incidence is growing worldwide. The role of non-coding miR-141 RNA in Hepatocellular carcinoma needs more investigations. Micro-RNA consists of 18-22 nucleotides. The role of miR-141 in hepatocellular carcinoma needs many investigations. The expression of miR-141 was elucidated in different cell lines including HepG2, HuH7, and the normal cell lines. The cell survival rate was detected in the case of untreated cells, control cells, and transfection by overexpression vector for miR-141, and anti-miR-141 transfection in the HepG2 cell line. The survival rate was at its highest level in the case of overexpressed miR-141 while it showed the least survival rate at anti-miR-141 transfection. Additionally, the effect of miR-141 was tested on both the IL-6 as an inflammatory cytokine and on TNF-α as well. In conclusion, miR-141 plays a pivotal role in HCC carcinogenesis.