This paper presents the findings of a probabilistic evaluation of a doubly symmetric I-steel beam's bending, shear, and deflection limit states. The design adhered to BS 5950, Part 1, 2000. Failure equations for flexure, shear, and deflection were derived, while random variable probabilistic models were sourced from the literature. Optimization using the First-Order Reliability Method (FORM) yielded design points, reliability indices, and sensitivity analyses. The results revealed that the reliability index decreased as beam span increased, with negative indices observed at a load ratio of 1.0 and beam span of 8.5m. Moreover, increasing the beam span to an overall depth ratio above 42 compromised reliability. The design achieved material savings in the plastic section modulus for a target reliability index of 3.0 but increased the modulus for a target index of 3.80 over a 50-year period. The design proved critical in bending, safe in deflection, and satisfactory in shear.

Objective: To identify the main comfort needs of adolescent puerperae. Methodology: A Scoping Review was conducted, following the guidelines and steps of the Joanna Briggs Institute: (1) identification of the review's question; (2) search for studies; (3) study selection; (4) data extraction; (5) interpretation, summarization, and dissemination of results. The PRISMA-ScR was used to report the results. Results: The initial search yielded 219 studies in the databases, of which 107 were excluded due to duplication. After applying the exclusion and inclusion criteria and further reading of titles and abstracts, an additional 96 studies were excluded, with 16 left for full-text reading. Of these, one study did not meet the eligibility criteria as it was a clinical trial protocol registration. Four studies were excluded as the sample consisted only of women over 18 years old. Thus, 11 articles were selected for full-text reading and further analysis. Among these, seven studies had a sample that included both adolescent and adult women. The other four studies focused on the adolescent population bud did not fully address the research question. Therefore, after exhaustive readings of the manuscripts, the researchers observed that there were no investigative data that addressed the guiding question of the research and decided to exclude all 16 studies, resulting in an empty review. Conclusion: Studies that address the role of nurses in identifying comfort needs during the puerperium of adolescents are required, given the lack of published research on the subject.

Background: Induction of labor is a common obstetric practice aimed at reducing perinatal risks associated with prolonged pregnancy. This study aims to compare the outcomes of elective induction of labor after 39 completed weeks versus expectant management up to 41 completed weeks of pregnancy. Methods: A comparative study was conducted in the Obstetrics and Gynecology department of BSMMU, Shahbag, and Badda General Hospital, Dhaka, from January 10, 2016, to December 30, 2019. A total of 1200 prenatal patients were included, with 600 in the induction group and 600 in the expectant group. Results: The mean age was similar in both groups (30.6 years in the induction group and 30.2 years in the expectant group). Nulliparous women were more prevalent in the expectant group (56.6%) compared to the induction group (49.8%). Cervical ripening and onset of labor were higher in the induction group (71.7%) than in the expectant group (63%). The Caesarean section rate was significantly lower in the induction group (9%) compared to the expectant group (27%). Meconium-stained liquor was less common in the induction group (16.3%) versus the expectant group (22%). NICU admission rates were similar between groups, but neonatal deaths were lower in the induction group (2 vs. 13). Conclusion: Induction of labor between 39 and 40 weeks reduces perinatal mortality without increasing maternal complications, Caesarean section rates, or NICU admissions. Future research should explore induction at or beyond 37 weeks to optimize timing.

Background: Rheumatoid Arthritis is a major public health concern, affecting 0.46% of general population. Janus kinase inhibitors (JAK) emerged as new biological drug for RA management. However, there is limited literature on effectiveness and safety of JAKi in combination therapy for RA management. We aimed to perform a meta-analysis to compare the efficacy and safety of JAKi in combination therapy with MTX as compared to MTX alone among RA patients. Methods: The recent meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCT) have been conducted in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols to fulfil research aims. Three electronic databases named as PubMed, Cochrane library and clinical trials.gov were used for research articles extraction. Primary outcomes were American College of Rheumatology criteria for 20% improvement (ACR20 response), Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS28), Health Assessment Questionnaire disability index (HAQ-DI), and adverse events (TEAE). The Cochrane Risk of Bias tool was used to evaluate the quality of each included randomized clinical trials. The pooled analysis was conducted by using RevMan (Review Manager) software version 5.4. Results: About 407 research articles were extracted from electronic databases and only 9 RCT’s met the inclusion criteria. About 9 RCT’s and 6853 RA patients met the inclusion criteria with 5040 patients receiving JAKi plus MTX in combination and 1813 patients receiving MTX in monotherapy. The pooled analysis showed that ACR20 have significantly improved among group receiving combination therapy as compared to MTX alone (Placebo) [OR: 2.44 (1.35 to 4.40) Cl: 95%] while TEAE numbers have favored the MTX alone as compared to group receiving combination therapy [RR: 1.29 (0.89 to 1.87) Cl: 95%], because number of adverse events were higher among treatment group. Moreover, the mean difference showed that HAQ DI [Mean difference: -0.53 (0.94 to -0.11) Cl: 95%], DAS28 [Mean difference: -1.85 (-2.83 to -0.86) Cl: 95%] have significantly decreased among group receiving combination therapy as compared to MTX alone (Placebo). Conclusion: Overall, the findings of recent meta-analysis revealed that JAKi in combination therapy with MTX improved the ACR20 responses, Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI), and mean creatinine levels, as compared to MTX alone among RA patients. However, the frequency of adverse events by JAKi plus MTX was higher as compared to MTX alone that compromised the safety profile of combination therapy.

Aquaculture industry is a largest industry which provides protein rich food. This industry aims to fulfill peoples dietary needs globally. Purpose of this study was to examine the effects of Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MOLM) on growth, hematological and mineral composition of Catla catla fingerlings. An experiment with 180 days feeding trials was conducted to examine the efficacy of MOLM. This experiment was performed according to semi-intensive rearing system to assess the performance of Catla catla fingerlings under MOLM diet. MOLM was used as test ingredient in experimental diets. Five varying levels of MOLM (6%, 12%, 18%, 24% and 30%) were tested to replace fishmeal. For first fifteen days, these fingerlings were placed under laboratory conditions in cemented ponds for acclimatization. When these fingerlings were fully acclimatized, then they were divided into six study groups. Among six earthen ponds, total 90 fingerlings were uniformly distributed. So, fifteen fingerlings were nourished in each pond. Data were recorded for various growth, hematological and mineral composition of fingerlings body. Analysis of recorded data revealed that 12% MOLM diet provided highest results for growth parameters as compared to controlled or other experimental diets. Highest results for hematological and body mineralization were also found in those fingerlings fed with 12% MOLM diet. In this current study, it was determined that 12% replacement of fishmeal by MOLM enhanced growth, hematological parameters and body minerals of Catla catla fingerlings.

The American culture wars at the end of the 20th century was characterized by deep divisions over the role of religion in public life and a range of social issues. Great divergences occurred in mainline religions, leading to the occurrence of the religious progressives and religious conservatives. Both sides got aligned with their counterparts across traditional religious traditions, and launched the culture wars. These conflicts had a long-lasting impact on American society and politics, setting the stage for the ongoing debates and shaping the cultural landscape in the 21st century.

The debate on abortion rights in America has a long history and has become a moral and political issue. After Roe V. Wade decision in 1973, the debate on abortion lead to the ongoing contradictions between the “pro-choice” and the “pro-life”. The two sides hold totally different moralities and values on abortion, and sparkled the culture war on abortion rights. In the culture war, radical feminists strongly support abortion rights, showing their resistance to the patriarchal society, while the traditional Americans insisted on traditional moralities and values, expressing strong opposition to abortion. The culture war was fiercely going on and a consensus was hard to reach between the two sides.

Background: Smoking cessation continues to be an issue of public health concern in Bangladesh, with a high prevalence of male smoking and exposure to second-hand smoke. It is for this reason that it is pertinent to know the socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge attitudes, and health risks and impacts of active and passive smoking. Objective: The objectives of this study include assessing the health risks of passive smoking on Bangladeshi adults, understanding the role of socio-demographic characteristics in tobacco use, and determining the awareness of health risks by tobacco users and people exposed to second-hand smoke. Methods: The current cross-sectional study was carried out at the Community Based Medical College Hospital in Bangladesh during July 2021 to June 2022. In total, one hundred participants with an age of 18 years and above were selected using the convenience sampling technique. Data was collected by administering a structured questionnaire and interviewing the participants face-to-face. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, and chi-square tests were also conducted. Results: The sample possessed a mean age of 32 years. 85 years, with male participants being 60%. Understanding about these smoking-related health consequences differed with gender and level of education achieved. 69% of them were aware that smoking causes environmental pollution, and 73% knew that smoking posed danger to pregnant women. As for the negative health consequences of smoking, only 5% of the respondents mentioned that it causes respiratory problems. Self-identified health complaints included cancer, hypertension, and abdominal pain/vomiting in 19%, 18%, and 16% of respondents, respectively. Conclusion: There is a lack of adequate information as regards the dangers of active and passive smoking to the studied population. These findings further stress the importance of intensification of tobacco control because of the high burden of severe diseases. Considering these gaps in knowledge, gender disparities, and protection from SHS exposure, appropriate interventions need to be applied to minimize morbidity and mortality from tobacco use in Bangladesh.

Pakistan has many plentiful water sources, including ice caps, rainwater, and groundwater, but these sources are continuously polluted. Fast growth, development, and continued industrial growth, especially in Faisalabad, have imposed immense pressure on the city's water resources. Its groundwater quality is worsening rapidly because of untreated wastewater from municipal and textile industries. Fifteen samples were collected from different colonies of Faisalabad for physical, chemical, and biological analysis. To regulate the quality of drinking water, physio-chemical parameters such as color, Odor, Taste, electric conductivity, Total dissolved solids, and chemical parameters like Ca, Mg, carbonates, bicarbonates, and chlorides were examined. After examining all collected samples, they were linked with the WHO values, Pakistan standards, and quality control authority standards (PSQCA). Out of these 15 samples, four samples were unfit for human use owing to the occurrence of E. coli. The remaining 11 samples were biologically fit for human consumption. All samples are colorless, but four have a pungent smell, and five have a terrible taste. The pH of all the samples was within the WHO and PSQCA limits (6.50-8.50) except for one. The highest EC was found at 6.206 ds/m from Noorpur, and the lowest was 0.062 ds/m from Millet town. Our research shows that about 46% of the underground water of Faisalabad is unhealthy for human drinking due to the high TDS, TSS, chlorides, bicarbonates, and presence of microorganisms.

Since vocational education gives young people the knowledge and skills they need to succeed in the workforce, it is crucial for human development. The purpose of this study was to evaluate how satisfied trainees were with their vocational training and skill development in Tana River County vocational training facilities. Data were gathered using a descriptive research approach that included both quantitative and qualitative methods. There were nine Vocational Training Centres in Tana River County, with a total of two hundred and fifty trainees. The trainees were chosen at random. Trainee data was gathered using questionnaires. The SPSS version 26 was used to analyze, code, and critical quantitative data. Pie charts and graphs were used to display the data that had been analyzed. The results of the study showed that the trainees believed academic education was superior and that vocational skills were for failures.

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients are at increased risk of developing a severe form of COVID-19. And these Patients with a severe form of COVID-19 tend to have a high viral load. Objective: Identify biomarkers that show significant variation between different covid-19 viral load groups in T2DM patients in Pointe-Noire. Methods: We recruited a total of 206 participants for this study. Detailed information on age, gender, and health status of participants was collected from medical records. Biomarkers were quantified from blood samples and sars cov-2 virus was identified using the PCR technique on nasopharyngeal swabs. Viral load results were deduced from threshold cycles (CT) and subjects were grouped into two groups Ct < 25: Strong positive = High viral shedding and If Ct: 30 and 35 inclusive: Weak positive = Low viral shedding. Results: we found that fever (116/100%), Fatigue (115/99.1%), dyspnea (114/98.2%) and Cough (108/88.8%) were the most common signs in our population. study with high viral shedding. Non-survivors numbered 44 out of 46 for the same group. Biomarkers: CRP, ESR, CBC, GLY, HBA1c, DDI, Creat were significantly disrupted depending on viral load between non-survivors and survivors. Conclusion: This study showed that a high viral load was a source of disturbance of CRP, VS, CBC, GLY, HbA1c, DDI, Creat, signalling a poor prognosis.

Every language possesses a unique system for constructing meaning. Assamese, the easternmost Indo-Aryan language and Assam's official tongue, exemplifies this with its rich morphological system. Suffixes, attached to word ends, significantly impact meaning and emotional weight. This study delves into a fascinating subset: pleonastic suffixes. Unlike others, these add emphasis and emotional depth without altering core meaning. Their versatility allows them to express a range of emotions in everyday speech. Their frequent use reflects the nuanced expressiveness inherent in Assamese. To illuminate these multifaceted functions, a corpus-based approach will be employed. A comprehensive corpus of spoken Assamese, compiled from interviews, documentaries, and everyday conversations, will be analysed using established corpus techniques to identify instances of pleonastic suffixes. Following this, a qualitative analysis using thematic and discourse analysis will delve deeper, examining context, conveyed emotions, and the overall impact on the message. This exploration of the pleonastic suffixes will further help in gaining a deeper appreciation for Assamese morphology. These seemingly small additions significantly enhance the language's emotional depth and communicative power. This research paper, will not only contribute to a better understanding of Assamese grammar but also sheds light on the role of morphology in shaping emotional expression across languages.

Bacillus subtilis is an active substance capable of producing a variety of antimicrobials, enzymes and promoting the growth of plants and animals, which is widely used in modern agricultural production due to its clear research background, wide range of application scenarios, rich industrial use time, non-toxicity and harmlessness to human beings, and its ability to produce spores to tolerate adverse environments. If Bacillus subtilis is further mutated, it can enhance the production of antimicrobials and enzymes, and improve the economic benefits and work efficiency, UV mutagenesis as a safer and widely used mutation technique has been chosen by many scientists, this paper summarizes the current status of Bacillus subtilis after UV mutagenesis in various applications in recent years, and elucidates the future application prospects and research hotspots of Bacillus subtilis in the field of agriculture. The paper summarizes the current status of the application of Bacillus subtilis after UV mutagenesis in various aspects in recent years, and elucidates the future prospects of Bacillus subtilis in the field of agriculture and research hotspots.

Background: Obesity is a growing global health issue with significant implications for gynecological health. This study investigates the impact of obesity on various gynecological outcomes, comparing obese and non-obese women. Methods: A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted at BSMMU and Dhaka Medical College from February 2022 to January 2023. A total of 150 female participants were purposively selected and divided into two groups: Group 1 (Obesity, n=75) and Group 2 (No Obesity, n=75). Data on blood pressure, HbA1c levels, body fat percentage, waist circumference, cholesterol levels, physical activity, insulin sensitivity, sleep duration, and the prevalence of complications such as hypertension, diabetes, sleep apnea, and joint pain were collected and analyzed. Result: Obese participants had significantly higher blood pressure (140 ± 10 mmHg vs. 125 ± 8 mmHg, p=0.002), HbA1c levels (7.2 ± 1.1% vs. 5.9 ± 0.8%, p=0.004), body fat percentage (35 ± 5% vs. 22 ± 4%, p=0.001), and waist circumference (110 ± 12 cm vs. 85 ± 10 cm, p=0.003) compared to non-obese participants. Additionally, obese women exhibited a higher prevalence of hypertension (27% vs. 13%, p=0.045), diabetes (20% vs. 7%, p=0.032), sleep apnea (16% vs. 5%, p=0.021), and joint pain (24% vs. 11%, p=0.039). Conclusion: The study highlights the detrimental effects of obesity on gynecological health, emphasizing the need for effective weight management strategies to improve reproductive health outcomes and overall well-being in women.

Background: Diabetes mellitus poses a significant global health challenge, with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) being particularly prevalent and on the rise, especially in low and middle-income countries. Liver enzymes, such as aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT), are vital indicators of liver health and metabolism, often showing elevated levels in individuals with diabetes. Despite the public health importance of this relationship, comprehensive research, especially in Bangladesh, remains limited. This study aimed to address this gap by evaluating liver enzyme levels and their correlation with T2DM. Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the frequency of elevated liver enzymes and their association with T2DM. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a tertiary hospital in Dhaka from May to August 2023. The study included 192 participants with T2DM and an equal number of control participants without diabetes. Liver enzymes (AST, ALT, and GGT) were measured, and statistical analysis was performed using independent t-tests. Results: The study found that persons with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) had significantly higher levels of Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) and Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) compared to the control group (p < 0.001). Nevertheless, there was no substantial disparity in GGT levels seen between the two groups (p = 0.065). Individuals with T2DM had a considerably higher mean fasting blood glucose level compared to controls (p < 0.001). The liver function test results of the participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were substantially higher compared to the control group. The serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level was 46.06 ± 22.38 IU/L and the serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) level was 42.94 ± 19.08 IU/L, with a p-value of less than 0.001. However, there was no significant association between the gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) level in both study groups, with a p-value of 0.065. Conclusion: Elevated levels of AST and ALT are common in individuals with T2DM, indicating potential liver dysfunction. Liver enzyme testing may serve as a valuable tool in the assessment and management of diabetes-related complications.