Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is one of the most common non-communicable illnesses, having the potential to be fatal, it is now the third leading cause of death worldwide. Objectives: The aim of our study was to estimate the prevalence of COPD, its associated risk factors, causes and management in Saudi Arabia. Methods: For article selection, the PubMed database and EBSCO Information Services were used. All relevant articles relevant with our topic and other articles were used in our review. Other articles that were not related to this field were excluded. The data was extracted in a specific format that was reviewed by the group members. Conclusion: In Saudi Arabia, the prevalence estimated of COPD is relatively high, moreover it increases by time. High prevalence of smoking and increased age was reported to be the most common effective risk factors of COPD in Saudi population. COPD is now considered a preventable and potentially treatable disease if detected in the early stages. Avoidance of exposure to harmful particles, mainly smoking, can prevent progression to a clinically significant stage of the disease.

This study examines the impact of oil price volatility on economic growth in Nigeria over the period 1990–2024. Real exchange rate, nominal exchange rate, exchange rate volatility and inflation rate as a stand in for exchange rate volatility while oil export revenue serves as the dependent variable. Data were sourced from the World Banks World Development Indicator (WDI), and Central Bank of Nigeria) statistical Bulletin 2024. The empirical result revealed that exchange rate molality had a long-run relationship with oil export revenue in the long-run according to the bound test. Further findings showed that both the real exchange rate and nominal exchange rate exert a negative but statistically significant effect on oil export revenue, while exchange rate volatility and inflation rate exhibit a positive but statistically insignificant relationship with oil export revenue in the long run. Based on these findings, the study concludes that exchange rate volatility plays a significant role in influencing oil export revenue in Nigeria. It was recommended amongst other that the Central Bank of Nigeria should prioritize policies that promote exchange rate stability. This can be achieved through managed float regimes, adequate foreign reserve management, and timely interventions in the foreign exchange market to reduce excessive depreciation of the naira.

Background: Children's headaches are not well understood, and diagnosis can be difficult. Children who get frequent headaches are frequently badly impacted. The relationship between lifestyle factors including food, exercise, and sleep and the occurrence of headaches, particularly migraines, has been investigated mostly in adults, leading to changes in lifestyle as a conventional treatment in addition to medical therapy. Objective: To find out clinical profile of children with recurrent headache. Materials and Methods: This is a cross sectional study was conducted Centre for Neurodevelopment and Autism in Children (Pediatric Neurology OPD), Dept. of Pediatrics of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka during January 2022 to June 2022. Total of 100 children attending with recurrent headache were taken consecutively over a period of six months for this study. Patient with recurrent headache were classified (diagnosed) based on clinical presentation (according to International Headache Society diagnostic criteria). Results: The majority of patients (54%) suffered migraines without aura, and 48% had severe headaches. 70% of patients exhibited sensitivity to bright light during a headache episode, 80% had sensitivity to noise, 85% had no headaches while playing TV video games, and 66% had a history of headaches caused by sun exposure. Conclusion: Males dominated in the pre-pubertal age range, whereas girls dominated after puberty. The most prevalent RHA diagnosis was migraine without an aura. Headache triggers or precipitating factors were also compared to previous research.

This research examines Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) applications in financial risk assessment and investment strategies for mergers and acquisitions (M&A). A comprehensive analysis of over 20,000 global deals from 2013-2023 shows that integrating Ai to predict M&As could reduce transaction failure rates and increase valuation accuracy. After testing multiple algorithms, the XGBoost classifier performed best for merger success with a recall of 60% and precision of 62% on historical data from the Institute of Mergers, Acquisitions and Alliances. The main contribution of this work is a new integrated framework that combines AI-driven quantitative analysis with human expert judgment, addressing the fundamental limitations of both purely algorithmic and solely human-driven approaches to M&A evaluation. This outperforms existing benchmarks in the literature and is a big step forward in predictability. The results also suggest explainable AI architectures, human-machine collaboration protocols and multidisciplinary training for professionals to ensure accountability, transparency and operational efficiency. The research concludes that AI in M&A is not just about the technology but about how it’s integrated with human judgment, ethical governance and context specific communication frameworks

The primary motivation for individuals with deep-bite malocclusion seeking orthodontic treatment is the improvement of aesthetics, occlusion, and functions. Deep bites can be treated by the intrusion of anterior teeth and the extrusion of the posterior teeth, or both, according to the exposure of the incisors in the smile. In this case report, we present the treatment of a female patient with a deep-bite malocclusion. This paper describes the clinical and radiographic changes with orthodontic treatment using Invisalign clear aligners and their effectiveness to normalize the overjet and overbite and enhance both aesthetics and functions.

Anterior open bite is a complex malocclusion that often requires comprehensive treatment due to its multifactorial etiology and high relapse potential. Conventional treatment options such as orthognathic surgery or extraction therapy may have limitations. Recent advancements in skeletal anchorage have introduced miniscrews as a minimally invasive and reliable alternative. This case report illustrates an 18-year-old female with sagittal skeletal Class II pattern, hyperdivergent facial type and class I molar and end-on Class II canine relationship, with an anterior open bite. The treatment plan consisted of using miniscrews placed bilaterally in the posterior maxilla to facilitate molar intrusion. A transpalatal arch was used to maintain transverse stability during the intrusion phase. The approach resulted in effective molar intrusion, closure of the open bite, and an improved facial profile.

In this study we have studied "Killing Motion of Static Cylindrically Symmetric Spacetimes in f(R) Gravity" by using algebraic and direct integration techniques. This study investigates the Killing motions of static cylindrically symmetric spacetimes with in framework of f(R) gravity, a generalization of Einstein’s General Relativity. We explore the existence of Killing vector fields to understand the symmetries and conserved quantities in such spacetimes. By analysing the modified field equations, we determine the constraints imposed by f(R) gravity on the geometry and dynamics of cylindrically symmetric spacetimes. These contribute to understanding the interplay between symmetry properties and gravitational theories beyond General Relativity. The results have implications for astrophysical and cosmological models influenced by alternative gravity theories. We discussed four cases and found that the dimension of Killing vector fields is either three, four or ten.

Snakebites are serious public health problem in many regions of the world, particularly in rural areas lacking medical facilities. Snake bite is a well-known occupational hazard amongst farmers, plantation workers, and other outdoor workers and results in much morbidity and mortality throughout the world. This occupational hazard is no more an issue restricted to a particular part of the world; it has become a global issue. Accurate statistics of the incidence of snakebite and its morbidity and mortality throughout the world is difficult to publish, however, it is certain to be higher than what is reported. This is because even today most of the victims initially approach traditional healers for treatment and many are not even registered in the hospital. Hence, registering such patients is an important goal if we have accurate statistics and reduce the morbidity and mortality due to snakebite. World Health Organization (WHO) has published guidelines for the clinical management of snakebites. In this article the author tries to throw light on the incidence and clinical features of snakebite and the management and treatment guidelines as per the WHO recommendation.

Enhancing aesthetics, occlusion and functions is a primary motivation for individuals with open-bite malocclusion seeking orthodontic treatment. Open-bite malocclusion, characterized by a lack of vertical overlap of the anterior teeth, can be effectively treated with a combined surgical and orthodontic approach. In this case report, we present the treatment of a male patient with an open-bite malocclusion and a skeletal class II. Initially, the patient underwent a presurgical phase where fixed orthodontic appliance was bonded to achieve well-aligned arches, then came the maxillary impaction to normalize the overjet and overbite and enhance both aesthetics and functions. Keywords: Skeletal Class II, Open-Bite Malocclusion, Orthodontic Treatment, orthognathic surgery, Maxillary Impaction.

Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most prevalent bacterial infections during pregnancy, associated with significant maternal and fetal morbidity if left untreated. The physiological changes of pregnancy, such as urinary stasis and altered urine composition, increase the risk of both symptomatic and asymptomatic UTIs. Early identification and management are therefore crucial. Aim of the study: To evaluate the incidence of urinary tract infections during pregnancy and assess the associated maternal and fetal outcomes in a tertiary care setting. Methods: This prospective study was conducted over two years in the Department of obstetrics and Gynecology, Rangpur Community Medical College Hospital, Rangpur, Bangladesh. A total of 220 pregnant women aged 18–40 years were enrolled, of whom 41 were diagnosed with UTI based on clinical presentation, urine microscopy, and culture sensitivity. Patients were classified as having symptomatic or asymptomatic UTI and were followed throughout pregnancy and postpartum for adverse outcomes. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 26. Result: Among the 41 UTI-positive cases, the highest incidence (60.98%) was observed in women aged 18–25 years and in primigravida patients (56.10%). The majority (58.54%) of infections occurred during the second trimester. Asymptomatic UTI accounted for 65.25% of cases. The most common pathogen was Escherichia coli (36.59%), followed by Klebsiella (24.39%). Adverse maternal outcomes included anemia (26.83%), puerperal pyrexia (24.39%), and abortion (12.20%). Fetal complications included preterm birth (36.59%), fetal growth restriction (14.63%), and perinatal mortality (12.20%). Conclusion: UTI during pregnancy is a frequent and often silent infection, with significant implications for both maternal and fetal health. Routine screening and prompt treatment are essential, especially during the second trimester, to minimize complications such as preterm labor, intrauterine growth restriction, and perinatal mortality.

Retroperitoneal teratoma represents 1-11% of primary retroperitoneal tumors [1]. It is generally benign whether mature or immature. The treatment is surgical and the prognosis is excellent in the absence of complications. We report a case of mature retroperitoneal teratoma in an 8-year-old girl revealed by an isolated right paramedian abdominal mass. CT revealed a right suprarenal mass, fatty density with calcifications, without invasion of neighboring structures, measuring 124 mm in transverse diameter, 104 mm in anteroposterior diameter and 174 mm in height. Management consisted of complete excision of the tumor without incident.

Background: Red cell distribution width (RDW), a measure of erythrocyte size variation, has been implicated as a potential biomarker in various malignancies. However, its role in distinguishing between benign and malignant endometrial diseases remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic utility of RDW and its correlation with disease severity in endometrial carcinoma. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 183 women diagnosed with either benign or malignant endometrial diseases. RDW levels were measured and analyzed for their diagnostic significance. Statistical analysis included independent t-tests to compare RDW values between groups and ROC analysis to determine diagnostic accuracy. Correlation between RDW and FIGO staging was also evaluated. Results: RDW was significantly higher in the malignant group (46.64±6.18) compared to the benign group (43.05±7.03; p < 0.001). A non-significant positive correlation was observed between RDW and FIGO staging (r = 0.031, p = 0.815). The ROC analysis yielded an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.463 (95% CI: 0.374–0.552; p = 0.414). The best cutoff value for RDW was 49.50, with a sensitivity of 17% and specificity of 90%. Conclusion: While elevated RDW is associated with endometrial malignancy, its diagnostic accuracy is limited. However, RDW may serve as a supplementary marker when combined with other diagnostic tools, particularly in low-resource settings. Further studies with larger cohorts are needed to validate these findings and explore RDW’s prognostic value.

The most common known forms of diabetes are type 1, an autoimmune disorder with auto antibodies and type II which is multi-factorial influenced by genetics, environment. Another form of diabetes is MODY (maturity onset diabetes in young), the most common form of monogenic diabetes, seen in non-obese children, adolescents and young adults. MODY a rare condition, accounts for 1–5% of all cases of DM and 1–6% of paediatric diabetes. This is non-ketotic and patients have no antibodies. Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor-1Beta is one of the several genes associated with this disease, causing beta cell dysfunction and extrapancreatic manifestations involving kidney, liver and intestines. In the present case glomerular cystic kidney disease is identified in a young male with diabetes raising clinical strong suspicion of maturity onset diabetes, which later showed Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor-1Beta mutation. A 17-year-old male, presumed type-1 diabetic who was under regular follow up with an endocrinologist, presented with elevated serum creatinine and protein in urine. On referral to our nephrologist, further evaluation was done when cortical kidney cysts were observed on imaging and on biopsy glomerular cystic kidney disease was identified. Genetic analysis revealed heterozygous missense variant of Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor-1Beta on Exon 4, thereby a final diagnosis of maturity onset diabetes in young-hepatocyte nuclear factor-1beta considered. His condition was stable during follow-up, despite the fact that chronic kidney disease is a progressive illness. Interdisciplinary approach helps in accurate typing of diabetes which has a bearing on prognosis and treatment.

Quality nursing care is subjective and influenced by individual expectations and needs. Evaluating it is complex due to varying client standards, although client satisfaction remains a key measure of nursing quality. This study explores patient satisfaction with nursing care during hospital stays, examining factors affecting quality and demographic variables related to satisfaction. Continuous evaluation helps healthcare managers identify areas for improvement. Nurses play a crucial role in overall patient satisfaction by providing emotional and psychological support. This descriptive study, conducted with 100 patients at a private hospital in Bangalore, used the “Patient Satisfaction with Quality of Nursing Care” scale to assess satisfaction levels.

Waste management can be seen as the biggest global issue that affects people's well-being, our communities, and the natural world. This study goes into detail about how we can plan for waste; recycle what we can, and find effective ways to get rid of the rest. It looks at different types of waste, where it comes from, and the importance of finding balanced solutions. The study adopted a qualitative research approach while drawing from books, journals and articles. The study advocated for the importance of a nuanced understanding of waste and highlighting the existing practices while proposing the areas for improvement. It calls for taking into account diverse perspectives from NGOs, policy makers and government agencies for a sustainable and inclusive future. The study also offered some new ideas for how we can manage waste in a clever way that shows we're leading the way in innovation.