Background: A variety of factors, including tubal blockage, cause infertility, a global problem. As a result, the purpose of this study was to look at the most common tubal irregularities. Methodology: A descriptive longitudinal study was undertaken in Khair Alelag private hospital in El-Obeid, North Kordofan State, Sudan, from January to December 2023. We included approximately 60 individuals who presented for a hygrosalpingogram (HSG) evaluation. Results: According to our findings, half of the study group 30(50%) has a history of PID, with 17 (57%) having tubal obstruction, either bilaterally (7%) or unilaterally (10%). Those without a history of PID (12%) have tubal obstruction, either bilaterally (3%) or unilaterally (9%). 12 (20%) have a history of uterine or tubal surgery, all with tubal obstruction; 8 (13%) have unilateral tubal obstruction; and 4 (7%) have bilateral tubal obstruction. Conclusion: Tubal blockage is common in Sudan, and it may contribute to the country's high rate of infertility. Unilateral tubal blockage is the most prevalent form.

Background: Lymphadenopathy is a frequently encountered and clinically relevant condition that can have several causes, including curable infections or cancerous growths. This study was done to analyze the different cytopathological patterns observed in the fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of patients with lymphadenopathy. Methodology: In this retrospective study, we present the findings of a comprehensive analysis on fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of 70 cases with lymphadenopathy in North Kordofan State. Our aim was to investigate the frequency and underlying causes of lymph node enlargement across different age groups, as well as analyze the diverse cytopathological patterns associated with lymphadenopathies. Results: The study population comprised 43 males and 27 females, ranging in age from 6 to 78 years, with a mean age of 50.6 years. Among the 70 cases, 40 were determined to be benign. Out of these, 31 were diagnosed as tuberculosis and 9 were classified as benign lymph node aspirates, which included reactive hyperplasia and vascular lesions. The remaining 30 cases were reported as malignant. Out of these, 12 were identified as metastatic carcinoma, 10 as non-Hodgkin lymphoma, 4 as metastatic breast cancer, and 4 as large-cell anaplastic lymphoma. Conclusion: Benign tumors are the predominant components of lymphadenopathy. FNAC is a valuable method for examining lymphadenopathy.

Background: Oesophageal masses, including cancers, are serious gastrointestinal conditions diagnosed and studied using endoscopic and histologic techniques to confirm. Objectives: To analyze and evaluate the endoscopic and histologic findings in oesophageal masses over a five year period. Methodology: This was a 5-year retrospective study of all patients with endoscopic and histologic diagnosis of oesophageal masses as seen at the Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital (UDUTH) Sokoto between January 2017 and December 2022. Results: The age range was 41-70, mean of 57.26±1510years and Male: Female ratio of 1.62: 1. The commonest indications were dysphagia and weight loss accounting for 64.7%. About half of the masses were located in the mid oesophagus, 50% were Squamous cell carcinoma, 8(23.5%) and Adenocarcinoma, 7(20.6%). Cigarette smoking as a risk factor was seen in only 2 (11.8%). Alcohol was not a recognized risk factor. Majority of the masses were located at the upper and mid oesophagus were squamous cell carcinoma and none was adenocarcinoma. Two-thirds of the masses seen at the lower oesophagus were histologically confirmed adenocarcinoma. The overall results were statistically significant (p = 0.006). Conclusion: Oesophageal masses during the period of the study were seen among patients over the age of 41 years, male gender predominated, dysphagia and weight loss were the most common clinical presentations. Mid oesophagus accounted for the majority of the masses and squamous cell carcinoma the predominating histologic type. Adenocarcinoma was seen dominating the lower esophagus.

Background: While the transfusion of blood products does come with inherent risks, it should only be considered if it has the potential to improve the patient's outcome. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reasons for blood transfusion and the results in a group of pregnant women from Sudan. Methodology: This study was a retrospective descriptive analysis of 138 pregnant women residing in El-Obeid, a city located in the northern Kordofan province of Sudan. Results: Most patients underwent blood transfusions primarily due to anemia, accounting for 59% of cases. Antepartum hemorrhage (APH), miscarriage, and ectopic pregnancy accounted for 21%, 10%, and 7% of the cases, respectively. Out of the 138 women, 33% were primigravida, 53% were multipara, and 14% were grand multipara. Grandmultipara women predominantly showed anemia, with a prevalence rate of 68%. Primigravida women, with a prevalence rate of 61%, and multipara women, with a prevalence rate of 55%, came next. Miscarriage is most common among women who are pregnant for the first time, with a rate of 15%. Out of the 138 patients, a mere 1.4% of them died, while 5.7% encountered various problems. However, the remaining 92.7% of patients have demonstrated improvement and received their release. Conclusion: Anemia is a crucial factor in determining the need for blood transfusion in pregnant women, particularly after childbirth when postpartum hemorrhage may occur. Despite the ongoing conflict in Sudan posing challenges, the health system can still achieve positive results.

As the new era is changing dramatically, the presentation of Chinese image in literary works is one of the ways for the people of China to understand the international perspective. This paper takes the image of China portrayed in writer Amy Tan's work The Joy Luck Club as the main object of discussion, briefly describes the portrayal of Chinese image, and provides some references for people how to set up Chinese images and how to confirm their our identity in the context of the new era.

Heavy metal pollution is a serious environmental issue, particularly in developing countries like Nigeria. This research work focused on investigating the levels of heavy metals concentration in polyalthia longifolia. The metals analyzed include the following, Chromium (Cr), Lead (Pb), Calcium (Ca), Sodium (Na), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), Nickel (Ni), Aluminium (Al), Mercury (Hg) and Zinc (Zn) in the bark of polyalthia longifolia, the fresh bark samples were collected from Akwaka, Rivers-state. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry was used to analyze the fresh bark samples for heavy metals. The results obtained for fresh bark were; Chromium (0.03mg/100g), Lead (0.05mg/100g), Sodium (3.80mg/100g), Arsenic (0.01mg/100g), Copper (0.23mg/100g), Iron (5.21mg/100g) Nickel (0.01mg/100), Aluminium (0.30mg/100g), Mercury (ND), Zinc (2.97mg/100g) and Calcium (3.80mg/100g). from the results obtained it has shown that mercury is not detected, the values of iron, sodium, and zinc are considerably significant and which contributes to the nutritional and medicinal importance of the plant in building of the cells as coenzymes and effective metabolic rate in the body system, the values of arsenic, lead and mercury show that the plants is less toxic and may not be harmful to the human system. The consumption of this plant can contribute good fibre, high energy content and will effectively reduce dangerous health risks, the results are generally within the permissible limit of World Health Organization. . For separation and identification of various components of the Polyathia Longifolia sample extract, thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was performed using 95% ethyl acetate and 5% ethanol as eluents. This gave three separation spots with Rf factors of 0.1, 0.025 and 0.075 respectively. Extraction of the Polyalthia Longifolia plant bark was carried out by steeping washed, air-dried and ground sample in n-hexane for 48 hours, which was then filtered and evaporated to dryness to obtain a thick black viscous liquid The plant is rich in minerals and is properly cultiivated in Nigeria. Continuous research on other areas of polyalthia longifolia, should be carried out regularly in the area.

The Green synthesis method is proved to be one of the simplest and efficient ways for material synthesis. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized using a green synthesis method, with silver nitrate and green tea leaves as precursors. The sample is then characterized using versatile characterization techniques such as Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), UV Spectroscopy, Raman Spectroscopy and Particle size analyser (PSA). The PSA pattern has shown that the particles are pure. The surface morphology is obtained through SEM image and it has suggested that nano particles were aggregates. The nanoparticles have shown interactions between silver and oxygen atoms supported by Raman. Molecular docking is a pivotal computational technique widely used in drug discovery to predict the preferred orientation of a ligand as it binds to a receptor's active site. This approach is fundamental to understand molecular interactions at the atomic level, thereby facilitating the design of new drugs by high affinity and specificity. The process involves simulating the interaction between molecules to determine the optimal binding configuration, using algorithms that assess the binding energy and stability of the resulting complex.

Dysmenorrhoea with its co-morbidities are about the common gynaecological disorders among adolescent girls. The prevalence of dysmenorrhoea and its co-morbidities are largely unreported and as a result, no national or international attention has been paid to it. This type of study has not been done in this part of the country. It therefore became necessary to evaluate the occurrence of dysmenorrhoea and its co-morbidities among adolescent girls in a tertiary institution in South South Nigeria and compare it with similar ones elsewhere. The cross-sectional study was carried out using a structured questionnaire that captured dysmenorrhoea and its co-morbidities. A total of one thousand students were used for the study. Our results show that 78.5% of respondents had dysmenorrhoea. 34.6% had irregular menstrual cycles, 33.3% had dysmenorrhoea from onset of menarche. Dysmenorrhoea interferes with daily routines in 60.3% of dysmenmorhoeics. Academic work and social live was affected in 72.5% and 66.2% of respondents respectively. There was a positive correlation between irregular menstruation and dysmenorrhoea. There was also a negative correlation between dysmenorrhoea and academic, social and other daily routines. We conclude that the prevalence of dysmenorrhoea is high in the tertiary Institution and is negatively correlated with academic, routine and social activities.

Background: There are conflicting reports on the effect of coitus on seminal parameters. Similarly, studies believe hemi-orchidectomy improves the function of the contralateral testis while others observed no differences in the function of the contralateral testis. But there is paucity of information on the effect of coitus on seminal parameters in hemi-orchidectomized animals, and hence this study. Methods: Twenty (20) male Wistar rats were used for this study. The 20 male rats were divided into 4 groups of 5 rats each. Group 1 (both testes, no coitus); group 2 (both testes, with coitus); group 3 (hemi-orchidectomized, no coitus) and group 4 (hemi-orchidectomized, with coitus). Each male rat in groups 2 and 4 was cohabited with 2 females for three months after two weeks of the orchidectomy. Animals were sacrificed and their cauda epididymis and right testes dissected out for assessment of relevant parameters. Results: The results shows that seminal fluid parameters were not significantly different among the groups. There were no significant differences in body and organ weights among the groups. Group 2 rats (both testes/coitus) had a significantly reduced sperm count (p<0.05) compared with group 1 (both testes, no coitus). Sperm count was also significantly lower in group 3 (hemi-orchidectomized, no coitus) than in group 1 (both testes, no coitus) (p<0.05). Sperm count was significantly increased in group 4 (hemi-orchidectomy, with coitus) compared with group 2. Conclusion: We conclude that coitus may reduce sperm count in normal rats but does not have effect on sperm parameters in hemi-orchidectomized animals. However, orchidectomy increases sperm count in the contralateral testis.

Background and Objectives: Our study aims to discover the relationship between forward head posture and to see the impact of increased levels of stress on performing activities of daily living. Material & Methods: 273 participants from Suresh Gyan Vihar University aged 20-45 years were included in this study using a convenient sampling method for data collection Three Outcome measures were used the ON protractor Smartphone Application to determine craniovertebral angle, Perceived stress scale for stress level and Northwick pain rating questionnaire for activities of daily living. Result: In this present study we have found that 86% of young adults both females and males are affected by forward positions working more than 3 hours on electronic gadgets or continuously working in a posture Our analysis shows a significant relationship between forward head posture and perceived stress with a p-value of (P 0.001). Conclusion: Our study confirms the relationship of Forward head posture with perceived stress and activity of daily living by promoting postural awareness we can prevent further postural deformities and improve their quality of life.

This research analyzes the weaknesses of the consumer protection for users of information technology-based funding services in indonesia currently and how to reconstruct the law based on justice value in a constructivism paradigm where the type of research method used is normative juridical and the specifications of this research have a prescriptive analytical nature with the approach used by the author being a statutory approach. The research results found that the the weaknesses of the Regulation of the Financial Services authority of the Republic of Indonesia Number: 10/POJK.05/2022 concerning Information Technology-Based funding Services and Reconstruction of improvements to the policy of POJK Regulation Number 10/POJK.05/2022 with the contents of SE OJK No.19/SEOJK.06/2023 and emphasize the requirements for the analysis of organizers to pay attention to the ability to pay as seen from evidence of the average consumer income to minimize default by being required to pass the SLIK data verification analysis and not exceeding 50% of the remaining income of prospective consumers. Therefore, the Reconstruction of POJK Regulations are in regard to the permission for online credit organizers to access consumer camera, location, and microphone applications that are only given when the consumer needs initial verification.

Introduction: Pregnancy is the period when the women is undergoes through physical and emotional changes. The physical changes can lead to impaired pelvic floor muscle strength and psychological changes in body. So, the present study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of BMRT protocol on pelvic floor muscle and QOL among pregnant females. Method: A quasi experimental study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of BMRT protocol on urinary incontinence and QOL among pregnant females. Convenience sampling method was used to recruit the participant in the study according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. ICIQ-UI SF outcome measure was used to evaluate the status of urinary incontinence and QOL-GRAV-U scale was used to evaluate the QOL of pregnant females. Afte data collection statical analysis was done using SPSS version 20. Result: Total 113 females participated in the study. All the females received the treatment protocol and the pre-post intervention assessment was done and the finding of paired t test is showing the significant improvement in symptoms of urinary incontinence with the p value of 0.00. The combination of music therapy and breathing exercise was also effective to improve the quality of life with the p value of 0.00. Conclusion: The study concludes that BMRT protocol is effective to improve the urinary incontinence symptoms and quality of life among pregnant females.

The aim of this study is to find out the effect of phenylhydrazine on creatinine clearance, hence GFR and the relationship between GFR and aldosterone. Sixteen 16 male Wistar rats weighing 200 – 250 grams were randomly divided into four groups namely: Group 1 – Normal control Group 2 - Hematinic group (Fes): fed normal rat chow + tap water + ferrous sulphate (using an oral gavage at 75mg/kg bw); Group 3 - Anemic -treated group (AFes): administered Phenylhydrazine (PHZ) intraperitoneally for two consecutive days to induce anemia at a dose of 40mg/kg bw + normal rat chow + tap water + ferrous sulphate at 75mg/kg bw. Group 4 (Anu) – Anemic control group: administered Phenlyhydrazine (PHZ) intraperitoneally at a dose of 40mg/kg of bw + normal rat chow + tap water (as in group one). After 15 days, blood and urine samples were collected into sterile sample bottles for analysis. There was a significant (P<0.01, P<0.01, P<0.05) increase in aldosterone levels between Anu, control, Fes and AFes respectively. There was a significant (P<0.001) decrease in control compared with Anu. There was also a significant (P<0.01, P<0.001) decrease in Fes with AFes and Anu. Anu creatinine clearance was also significantly (P<0.001) lower than AFes. Phenylhydrazine intoxication led to a reduction in creatinine clearance and an increase in aldosterone levels, confirming a negative correlation (r= 0.9956, P<0.01) between aldosterone and creatinine clearance. Also, ferrous sulphate tends to reduce the extent to which aldosterone levels increased hence narrowing the margine and or reducing the significance of the correlation.

Background: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a prevalent and potentially serious condition in children, with significant implications for health and development. Limited data exists on the prevalence and management of OSA in Saudi Arabian children. Objective: To study the prevalence and management of OSA in children residing in Saudi Arabia. Methods: An extensive search of PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Science Direct was performed to locate relevant material. Rayyan QRCI was used to select the eligible articles. Results: Our data includes eight articles with 2619 children, 1254 (47.8%) of whom were males. The prevalence of OSA in Saudi children ranged from 6.6% in school children to 50% in children with SCD, with a total prevalence of 208 (9.9%). Adenotonsillectomy (AT) successfully and effectively managed OSA and lifestyle modifications improved the outcomes of AT. Anti-inflammatory therapy with a combination of nasal steroids and anti-leukotriene significantly lowers the adenectomy rate. Some orthodontic evaluation and orofacial morphology were significantly associated with a higher incidence of OSA. Conclusion: The prevalence of OSA in Saudi children is generally low but rising among children with SCD. AT and lifestyle modifications can reduce the severity and symptoms of sleep apnea in Saudi children with OSA. Anti-inflammatory and steroid therapy was reported to decrease the rate of implementing AT. Certain craniofacial traits were more common, but not consistently, in a subset of juvenile OSA patients. Effective care necessitates a comprehensive approach that includes early detection, surgical and non-surgical procedures, and addressing underlying risk factors like obesity and allergies. By addressing current hurdles and utilizing future research, Saudi Arabia's healthcare system may enhance the quality of life for children with OSA.

Cirrhosis is characterised by the formation of regenerative nodules in liver parenchyma surrounded by fibrous septa due to chronic liver injury. It occurs due to necrosis of liver cells followed by fibrosis and nodule formation. Cirrhosis is the final stage of chronic liver disease and has many causes including viral hepatitis, excessive alcohol intake and non alcoholic steatohepatitis. Liver cirrhosis effects the quality of life and patient survival. Cirrhotic patients are in need of early diagnosis and careful follow up to prevent further complications.This review article covers the clinical aspects of cirrhosis and its management strategies.