Japanese encephalitis (JE) is the leading form of mosquito borne viral encephalitis in Asia, with about 100,000 annual cases in which children are more dominant. The causative agent of JE is Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) which is transmitted by Culex mosquitoes particularly Culex Tritaeniorhynchus. Mostly JE infections in humans are asymptomatic while severe JEV infection occurred in only few cases characterized by high grade fever, headache, seizures and unusual behavior, lesion and paralysis. The specific treatment of JEV is not available so far but the supportive care is effective. Many antiviral drugs have been investigated, but none of these have shown to improve the effect of JE except minocycline. The objective of gathering information and performing review is to asses JEV emergence possibility in Pakistan and to define some mitigation measure. In this review, the current knowledge of the prevalence and the pathogenesis of the JEV have been summarized. Furthermore, the current scenario of JEV, challenges and possible way forward in Pakistan has been discussed.

Oil revenue is still one of the most relevant sources of foreign earner in contemporary Nigeria despite the systematic and the numerous challenges bedeviling the management of oil revenue. The study therefore, examined the relevance of oil revenue in economic growth in contemporary Nigeria using annual time series data from 1981-2020. The data were sourced from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) Statistical Bulletin, Volume 31, 2020. The data obtained were modelled using the Ordinary least square (OLS) method; three control variables “non-oil revenue, government expenditure and exchange rate” were included to moderate for the effect of crude oil revenue, while economic growth was proxied by real GDP. The OLS estimate suggests that a significant (0.0000) and negative (-2.083536) relationship exists between oil revenue and Real GDP in Nigeria; while non-oil revenue have a positive and significant relationship with real GDP. The negative relationship as shown between oil revenue and real GDP in Nigeria in this study is buttressed by the Resource Curse Theory. We therefore recommend amongst others that government should rehabilitate and upgrade our refineries to increase efficiency, capacity and product quality to burst economic growth that will lead to the reduction in poverty, inequality and unemployment.

Technologies such as Artificial Intelligence and Automation are shifting the human workforce to new roles, creating the need for new skills. This research aimed to understand the expectations of companies in Chihuahua, Mexico, regarding the skills required for the future of work and compare them with the results presented by the World Economic Forum in its 2018 Future of Jobs Report. A survey was conducted among 359 companies on this topic. The main findings reveal a 60% match between the top 10 skill groups prioritized globally and locally. However, skills such as "Technology Design and Programming," "Emotional Intelligence," "Reasoning, Problem-Solving, and Ideation," and "System Analysis and Evaluation" are considered crucial globally but not locally.

Abū Bakr Moḥammad Ibn Zakriyā Al-Rāzī, a distinguished physician of the 9th–10th centuries, made ground-breaking contributions that significantly shaped the discipline of paediatrics and advanced the knowledge and treatment of infectious diseases. His scholarly works, which include the renowned texts Kitāb al-Hāwi and Kitāb al-Judri wa al-Hasbā, underscore the critical importance of preventive health measures, stringent hygiene practices, and the necessity of implementing age-appropriate treatments tailored specifically for children. Al-Rāzī made a significant distinction between the illnesses that affect children and those that are prevalent in adults, advocating for a therapeutic approach that is uniquely tailored to the specific health needs of the younger population. His ground-breaking monograph, titled Kitāb al-Tibb al-Atfāl, systematically addressed the various aspects of paediatric care, offering insights that were revolutionary for his time. Furthermore, Al-Rāzī's meticulous and detailed descriptions of diseases such as smallpox and measles enhanced the precision of diagnostics, thereby improving the understanding of these conditions and their management. His insightful contributions laid the essential foundations for the evolution of modern paediatrics as well as for the contemporary approach to infectious disease management, influencing several generations of medical practitioners and researchers in subsequent eras.

Background: Endometrial cancer (EC) is a leading gynecological malignancy worldwide, with rising incidence in developing countries. Prognostic factors play a critical role in guiding management, especially in resource-limited settings where molecular testing is not routinely available. Aim of the study: To evaluate clinicopathological prognostic factors influencing recurrence in patients with endometrial cancer treated at a tertiary care hospital in Bangladesh. Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted on 45 histologically confirmed EC patients who underwent hysterectomy-based surgery. Demographic, clinical, pathological, and treatment-related data were analyzed using SPSS version 26.0. Univariate analysis was performed with Chi-square or Fisher’s exact test, and multivariate Cox regression was used to determine independent predictors of recurrence. Hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were reported, and a p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Result: The mean age was 54.9±12.4 years; 55.6% were postmenopausal. Most patients presented with stage I disease (77.8%). Significant independent predictors of recurrence included tumor grade 3 (HR 2.75; p=0.039), myometrial invasion ≥50% (HR 3.80; p=0.023), LVSI presence (HR 4.25; p=0.007), advanced FIGO stage III–IV (HR 5.67; p=0.004), and lymph node positivity (HR 3.92; p=0.032). Surgical approach and adjuvant therapy were not significantly associated with recurrence. Conclusion: Advanced stage, high tumor grade, deep myometrial invasion, LVSI, and lymph node involvement are key prognostic factors for recurrence in EC. In low-resource settings, reliance on these clinicopathological predictors is essential for risk stratification and optimizing treatment strategies.

This research investigates the empirical linkage between trade openness and poverty in India through a comprehensive three-stage model approach. In first stage descriptive statistics, correlation matrix analysis and unit root tests are used to analyse the characteristics, nature and stationarity of the selected variables. Further, in the study Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) co-integration model to explore both long-run and short-run relationships between trade openness and poverty. Some post estimation test including the Breusch-Godfrey LM test, White heteroskedasticity test, and the Ramsey RESET test in the last stage. The empirical findings of the study show that there is positive correlation between trade openness and poverty (HDI). In the long run, trade openness, foreign direct investment (FDI), and exchange rate have significant impacts on poverty reduction, while inflation rate and GDP per capita exhibit mixed effects. Impact of FDI and Trade Openness (TO) is positive on poverty reduction, while exchange rate, inflation rate, and GDP per capita show varying impact on poverty. The study suggests that policymakers should consider fostering trade openness and addressing other economic factors to effectively reduce poverty in the country.

Wheat is a critical staple crop in Pakistan, contributing significantly to food security and the national economy. However, the adoption of modern sustainable wheat production practices (SWPP) remains low, leading to suboptimal yields and persistent food insecurity. Therefore, this study is conducted to investigate the socio-economic factors influencing the adoption of sustainable wheat production practices among smallholder farmers in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Using a multistage sampling technique, data were collected from 268 farm households in the Charsadda district. Descriptive statistics and econometric models were employed to analyze the data, with an adoption index constructed to measure the extent of SWPP. The results reveal that education, farm size, farming experience, income, and access to extension services are significant determinants of SWPP adoption. Older farmers and those with larger families also showed a propensity to adopt SWPP, though to a lesser extent. The regression model explained 65.1% of the variation in adoption, highlighting the importance of these factors in enhancing wheat productivity. Barriers to adoption include limited access to credit, inadequate extension services, and low education levels. The study concludes that targeted interventions are needed to promote the adoption of SWPP. Recommendations include enhancing farmer education and training, strengthening extension services, improving access to credit, and implementing policies that support SWPP.

Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are a significant global health burden, exacerbated by the rise in multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial infections. This study evaluated the antibacterial effects of Sansevieria zeylanica (S. zeylanica) leaf and root extracts against MDR Proteus mirabilis isolated from diabetic patients with DFUs at a teaching hospital in Nigeria. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of clinical isolates of MDR P. mirabilis was conducted using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. The antibacterial activity of S. zeylanica extracts was evaluated using the agar well diffusion method. Additionally, the synergistic/antagonistic effect of the extracts with Ofloxacin was assessed. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed high resistance to conventional antibiotics, with 61.5% of isolates identified as MDR. Methanolic extracts of S. zeylanica demonstrated moderate antibacterial activity, with root extracts exhibiting greater inhibition zones (10-17 mm) compared to leaf extracts (8-13 mm). However, co-administration with Ofloxacin revealed an antagonistic effect. These findings suggest that S. zeylanica root extracts hold promise as an alternative therapeutic agent for DFU management. Further research is needed to optimize extract formulations and explore their clinical applications.

Healthcare technicians play a pivotal role in the modern healthcare system, serving as the backbone of various medical disciplines. This review article explores the multifaceted roles of healthcare technicians across five key areas: radiology, nursing, laboratory services, medical records, and pharmacy. Each section delves into the specific responsibilities, skills, and contributions of technicians in these fields, highlighting their importance in enhancing patient care, ensuring safety, and improving healthcare outcomes. By examining the evolving landscape of healthcare technology and the increasing complexity of patient needs, this article underscores the necessity for ongoing education and collaboration among healthcare technicians and other professionals. Ultimately, the integration of healthcare technicians into multidisciplinary teams is essential for delivering comprehensive and effective patient care.

Lung cancer is leading cause of mortality worldwide. About 80-85% of lung cancers are nonsmall cell lung carcinomas (NSCLC). The main subtypes of NSCLC are adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and large cell carcinomas. These NSCLC are grouped together as their treatment and prognosis is often similar. Diagnosis depends on symptoms, histopathology and molecular biomarkers. Even treatment in late stages of NSCLC requires appropriate testing with predictive molecular biomarkers as it provides information that is essential for establishing appropriate treatment options for each patient. This review paper provides current molecular biomarkers in NSCLC which are useful in diagnosing as well predicting treatment.

Background: Traditional mono-focal intraocular lenses (IOLs) have been commonly used in cataract surgery but have limited intermediate vision. These lenses are designed to achieve improved visual outcomes and optical quality without the drawbacks associated with multifocal lenses. The present study compares visual outcomes, optical quality, and patient satisfaction for Monofocal versus Monofocal-Plus IOLs. Methods: This postoperative observational study was carried out at Department of Ophthalmology, Dr. Sirajul Islam Medical College and Hospital and Bangladesh Eye Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh, from July 2022 to June 2023, including 40 cataract surgery patients. Patients were divided in Monofocal IOL (n=20) & Monofocal-Plus IOL (n=20) groups. Preoperative 1-month and 3-month follow-up assessments of visual acuity (LogMAR), contrast sensitivity (logCS), higher-order aberrations (HOA), and patient satisfaction scores were performed. SPSS version 26 was used to analyze data, with a p<0.05 significance level. Results: Uncorrected visual acuity was significantly better 3 months post-op with mono-focal-plus IOL at 3 months (p=0.008), photopic contrast sensitivity (p=0.04), and spherical aberration (p=0.00). There was a trend toward improvement in best-corrected visual acuity (p=0.08). Monofocal-Plus IOL patients reported significantly lower glare (p=0.01) and halos (p=0.01) and better night vision quality scores (p=0.005). The requirement for more spectacles was less in the Monofocal-Plus group (15.0% vs. 35.5%), but not significant (p=0.14). Conclusion: Compared to Monofocal IOLs, Monofocal-Plus IOLs provide better visual performance, optical quality, and higher patient satisfaction. These findings support their adoption as an IOL of choice in cataract surgery.

The study examined crude oil exploration activities and particulate matter pollutants concentration in selected Rivers East and Rivers South-East communities, Rivers State. The study adopted the completely randomized block design (CRBD). Ambient air quality readings were taken in-situ in four (4) stations (two each from each of the communities) using the Aero Qual 500 Series (Gas Monitor), GT 321 Particulate Metre, Automated Global Position System (GPS), and Extech Meteorology Metre, While mean and clustered column chart was used to analyze the data. The study revealed the concentrations of 694 ppm and 613 ppm for CO2 in Bodo and Igwuruta communities respectively which were higher than the WHO daily approved limit of 462 ppm. The study further revealed that the higher concentration of particulate matter pollutants (PMPs) like (NO2 = 0.098 μg/m3, O3 = 0.04 μg/m3, So2 = 0.00 μg/m3, H2S = 0.01 μg/m3, CH4 =0 μg/m3, CO = 0.5 μg/m3, NH3 =0.3 μg/m3, Pm 2.5 = 0.022 μg/m3, Pm 10 = 0.018 μg/m3, temperature = 34.6 oC) obtained at the Bodo artisanal refining sites and that obtained at the Igwuruts flow station were all still within the WHO daily approved limits for the specific PMPs. Also, the excessive concentration of CO2 accentuates the presence of soot that exacerbates the discolouration of vegetation as well as poor air quality, residents’ high susceptibility to skin diseases, cancer and respiratory ailments, intense heat, respiratory complications like cough, carthar, etc. The study recommended amongst others that more trees should be planted to absorb the excess CO2 that accentuates the buildup of soot that damage the built environment; destroy car windshield, roof surfaces, house floors and windows and also, causing health risk of rashes, aging, asthma, bronchitis on the residents around the environs of the Agbada/Igwuruta flow station and Bodo artisanal refining site.

This narrative review synthesizes the existing literature to define and optimize the distinct and coordinated roles of allied health technologists during the critical initial phase of trauma care. The analysis is framed within the modern interpretation of the "Golden Hour" not as a literal 60-minute timeframe, but as a guiding principle of urgency that demands rapid, parallel, and protocol-driven actions to save life and limb. Through a narrative review of peer-reviewed literature, clinical guidelines, and professional standards focusing on adult trauma care in Level I and II trauma centers, this paper examines the contributions of a spectrum of specialists: Emergency Medical Technicians (EMTs), Medical Laboratory Technicians, Radiology Technologists, Anesthesia Technologists, Pharmacy Technicians, and Dental Assistants. The key finding of this review is the identification of a complex system of interdependent, time-sensitive tasks performed by these technologists, which collectively form the diagnostic and preparatory foundation for all definitive surgical and medical interventions. A central theme emerges wherein the efficiency and success of the entire trauma response are contingent on the seamless communication and coordination between these technologist specialties. The review concludes that the "Golden Hour" is saved not only by the visible leadership of physicians and nurses but by the rapid, highly coordinated, and often unseen efforts of this multidisciplinary technologist team. Consequently, this paper advocates for greater institutional recognition of these essential roles, the development of integrated, technologist-inclusive trauma protocols, and the mandatory inclusion of all relevant technologist specialties in high-fidelity interdisciplinary trauma simulations to enhance system-wide performance and improve patient outcomes.

The administration of iodinated contrast media (ICM) is indispensable for modern diagnostic and interventional procedures. However, the subsequent development of acute kidney injury (AKI) represents a significant clinical challenge, associated with increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare expenditure. Historically termed contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN), the understanding of this condition has evolved, leading to the more precise term contrast-associated AKI (CA-AKI) to reflect a temporal association rather than assumed causality. The pathophysiology is multifactorial, involving direct tubular cytotoxicity, renal vasoconstriction leading to medullary hypoxia, and oxidative stress. While the risk is low in the general population, it is markedly elevated in patients with pre-existing chronic kidney disease (CKD), diabetes mellitus, heart failure, and in the context of intra-arterial procedures with high contrast volumes. The prevention of CA-AKI has traditionally been managed in departmental silos, an approach that is often fragmented and unreliable. This review proposes a comprehensive, multidisciplinary framework that integrates the expertise of four key pillars: Radiology, Pharmacy, Anesthesia, and Public Health. Effective prevention begins with a shared foundation of robust risk stratification, leveraging quantitative scoring systems and automated electronic health record (EHR) alerts. The Pharmacy pillar focuses on evidence-based pharmacological and medication management, including standardized hydration protocols, controversial adjunctive therapies like N-acetylcysteine and statins, and a critical "nephrotoxic hold" on high-risk medications. The Radiology pillar centers on procedural optimization through the selection of appropriate contrast agents, strict adherence to the principle of dose minimization guided by dose-to-eGFR ratios, and the use of advanced technologies like automated injectors and ultra-low contrast techniques. The Anesthesia pillar provides intraprocedural hemodynamic stewardship for high-risk patients, maintaining renal perfusion through goal-directed fluid therapy and judicious use of vasopressors. Finally, the Public Health pillar provides the system-level architecture for success, designing and implementing hospital-wide "prevention bundles," fostering interdepartmental communication, promoting patient education, and driving continuous quality improvement through audit and feedback. By synergizing these distinct but complementary roles, healthcare systems can transition from a reactive to a proactive and reliable model of care, significantly reducing the clinical and economic burden of CA-AKI.

Introduction: The concept of "Balanced Regional Development" has been formally adopted as a primary goal of Economic Planning on a Global Scale throughout history and into the future. Its intention is to minimize spatial disparities between geographic regions, as well as provide access to opportunity and resources equally across the country. North Bengal’s development strategy must take a thoughtful, integrated, multi-dimensional approach that includes: improvements to physical infrastructure; initiatives to encourage new industry sectors; the expansion of human capital; and the development of institutional structures that promote participatory planning and equitable access to resources. Objective of the Study: The study has tried to identify the causes, which differ between the North Bengal and the South Bengal, and to focus primarily on ways to eliminate these disparities and develop in a unified plan for regional equity. Methodology: The Study is a combination of the analytical method to study regional differences, and the policy method to develop strategies for the equitable development of all regions. It uses a combination of both the theoretical perspective to understand and the empirical perspective to collect the data. Result and Discussion: Identification of gaps of development between North Bengal and South Bengal with its reasons and nature has been sought first and then shown. Conclusion: For North Bengal to succeed, it too needs a well-planned, long-term, and integrated approach to address all aspects of its development, such as making its economy more varied, building better roads and schools, improving access to quality healthcare, developing sustainable agricultural practices, and strengthening local institutions.