This study investigates the effect of oil prices, exchange rate and interest rate on the Indian stock market with the help of ARDL Bounds test approach on monthly time series data from April 2000 to March 2024.The empirical results confirmed co-integration between the selected variables and the stock market, which is indicative of a long-run relationship. Further, the oil prices as well as the exchange rate were found to be significant and positively related to the stock market in the long run whereas interest rate was found to be significant and negatively related. The coefficient of error correction term was negative and significant which confirms convergence towards the long-run equilibrium.

Inadequate reporting of Adverse drug reactions (ADR) is a rampant phenomenon and undermines the hazards associated with it. With appropriate interventions, improved ADR reporting can prevent such untoward medicinal events. The study aimed to evaluate the impact of diverse interventions in improving ADR reporting in Prince Sultan Medical Military City (PSMMC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methods: An interventional study was conducted among nurses and pharmacists in PSMMC, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, from January to December 2022. The study interventions included continuous training and education, technology function (trigger tool), patient interviews, and introduction of ADR reporting in annual performance evaluation with weekly feedback reports. A segmented regression analysis of an interrupted time series (12 observation points) established variation in average monthly ADR reporting between the first and second half of 2022. Results: The study yielded significant results, with 20,942 ADR reported between January 2022 and December 2022. The highest number of ADRs was documented in the second half of 2022 (n=14,555, 69.5%). After the interventions, the average number of reports per month increased by 35.8%. Cumulatively, a statistically significant difference was noted in the ADR reporting rate before and after interventions (30.4% versus 59.6%, P < 0.0001). The most effective intervention was an annual performance evaluation with weekly feedback reports. Most ADRs reported in 2022 were by pharmacists (76.1%). Conclusion: In conclusion, all interventions were found to improve the dynamics of pharmacovigilance by enhancing ADR reporting among nurses and pharmacists, with annual performance evaluation with weekly feedback reports being the ideal intervention.

Scholars of EAP research have primarily originated in the 1990s, and their discourse has unfolded from various dimensions. In the past ten years, researches have focused on the definition and positioning of EAP, whether it is necessary for universities in China to set up EAP, and the relationship between EAP, college English and specialized English. In addition, domestic academic English studies are dominated by review articles but few empirical ones. By reviewing the literature, it is found that there are some problems in EAP teaching. EAP teaching should not only pay attention to the instrumental and practicability of language, but also emphasizes the humanistic nature of language. There is no doubt that curriculum ideology and politics provide a very favorable opportunity for EAP teaching to realize its humanistic function. Based on project teaching method, this research focuses on curriculum ideology and politics case design model of EAP.

The transformation of trade sector into an important economic sector over a long period is one of the features of economic reforms initiated in India since 1991. The economic reform measures have resulted in very high and continuous performance of sector in the country over a long period. The degree and magnitude trade openness measured as export + import/GDP remains very significant particularly since 1991. This fantastic performance of trade sector has many implications on macro economy in India. The economies of large-scale production and economic linkages owing to trade reforms have resulted in development of industrial economy, service sector, technology development, and high skilled employment and income levels. Higher trade openness over a long period obviously affected employment scenario in the country. The development of export and import have provided large employment opportunities. This is an important achievement considering the large employment market in the country. Consequently, the income levels of the people are also increased. This study has measured the co-integration between trade openness, employment and income levels using the econometric methodology. The estimations of the co-integration show that variables such as trade openness, employment and income are co-integrated and statistically significant. We have estimated Dickey Fuller test to know whether variables are stationary. Then, Johansen tests for cointegration between trade openness and employment estimated. Similarly, Johansen test for cointegration between trade openness and income estimated. The Engle-Granger test estimated. Then Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) is measured. The results of these tests show that trade openness and employment are cointegrated and statistically significant. Similarly, trade openness and income are cointegrated and statistically significant. The Vector error correction model also supports the long run and short run integration.

Background: Discharge Against Medical Advice (DAMA) is considered one of the worldwide concerns of the healthcare sector. DAMA is the condition when the patient or caregiver in the case of pediatrics, leaves the hospital against the recommendation or agreement of the treating physician. This study aims to assess DAMA prevalence among pediatrics in two tertiary hospitals in Saudi Arabia and explore demographic data related to DAMA in pediatric patients. Methodology: A retrospective study was conducted in two tertiary hospitals (KFMC, Dr. Suliman Al-Habib) using the medical records of all DAMA from 2021 to 2022. All analyses were performed using SPSS. Descriptive statistics and chi-square were used. P-values of less than 0.05 were statistically significant for all analyses. Result: The total number of discharges among the two hospitals was 10,707, with 264 DAMA cases. The prevalence of DAMA was found to be 2.47%. Most DAMA cases had a more extended stay at the hospital, exceeding 22 days, with a prevalence rate of 5.14. There was no significant difference in DAMA cases between males and females, with rates of 2.46% and 2.48% respectively. Conclusion: The study found that the rate of DAMA in two tertiary hospitals is within the range in Saudi Arabia. Also, DAMA was linked to more extended hospital stays, significantly impacting patients and the healthcare system.

The Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) articulation is classified as a ginglymodiarthrodial joint, namely, a joint that is able of hinge-type movements (ginglymos) and gliding movements, with the bony components enclosed and connected by a fibrous capsule [1]. Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) affect more than 5% of the general population. Radiographic investigation of the temporomandibular joints (TMJ) offers information adding to the clinical examination, and establishing the final diagnosis [3]. A wide range of diagnostic tools creates a possibility of a multidisciplinary insight into temporomandibular disorders in order to diagnose them correctly [6]. The goals of TMJ radiography are to evaluate cortical and trabecular architecture of the bony structures and confirm their integrity, to assess the extent and monitor progression of osseous changes, and to evaluate the response to treatment [9].

Objective: The present study was to evaluate clinical parameters around implant surface modified with alendronate. Materials and Methods: 20 patients were randomly divided into two groups (Group I-test and Group II- control). In the test group the osteotomy site was irrigated with bisphosphonate solution and the implant was dipped in the solution and placed in the osteotomy site. In the control group implant the implant was placed as such in the osteotomy site. Soft tissue and hard tissue parameter were recorded at 1st week, 3 months and 6months. Statistical analysis was done. Results: Crestal bone level was evaluated showed no statistically result when observed on mesial and distal aspect at 6 months. Conclusion: Although implant site treated with amino bisphosphonate (local application) showed reduction in the crestal bone loss but it is not statistically significant when compared with control group. Keywords: Osseointegration, Aminobisphosphonate, Bhisphosphonate, Crestal bone loss, Alendronate, Dental implant.

Supply chain management (SCM) is crucial for companies looking to enhance their business processes, with information technologies playing a significant role in revolutionizing SCM. This paper analyzes modern technologies used in SCM, focusing on logistics, information technology, and supply chain management. It explores how technology is utilized in various sectors where SCM is prevalent. Previous research demonstrates a wide array of technologies used in logistics and SCM, with this analysis highlighting a few key ones. The study reveals that new technologies greatly improve SCM by enhancing quality, efficiency, effectiveness, productivity, and reducing costs. It also investigates the diverse effects of technologies on SCM and logistics, showcasing real-world case studies of successful technology implementation. Overall, the analysis emphasizes the importance of contemporary technologies in advancing organizational progress, particularly in SCM optimization. It provides valuable insights into the benefits and practical applications of technological advancements in SCM, while also acknowledging their disruptive potential.

In the multilingual setting of Cameroon, this article looks at the influence of civil society organizations (CSOs) on mother tongue education. The preservation and advancement of mother tongue education are essential for maintaining cultural identity and advancing education in a nation where multiple languages are spoken. However, there are a number of barriers that prevent mother-tongue education programs from being implemented effectively. This study evaluates the barriers that community-based organizations (CSOs) have while trying to advance mother tongue education and considers possible solutions. This study clarifies the many challenges faced by CSOs through a thorough literature review and qualitative research techniques like document analysis and interviews. Language variety, a lack of government backing, scarce resources, and insufficient teacher preparation are some of these challenges. The results also show where there may be opportunities to strengthen the influence of CSOs on mother-tongue instruction. According to the study, CSOs are essential in promoting mother tongue education, increasing public awareness, creating instructional resources, and giving instructors training. However, it is essential to improve cooperation between CSOs, governmental organizations, and communities in order to get past the challenges. To further increase the influence of CSOs, it is imperative to improve teacher preparation programs, boost financing and resources, and create laws that encourage mother tongue education. This study adds to the body of knowledge by shedding light on the particular difficulties CSOs encounter while trying to advance mother tongue instruction in the multilingual setting of Cameroon. The results emphasize the significance of maintaining linguistic variety and advancing inclusive education methods, and they provide insightful recommendations for legislators, CSOs, and others involved in education. Through tackling these challenges and welcoming alternative perspectives, Cameroon may cultivate an education system that is both culturally rich and inclusive, valuing and supporting diversity.

In this era of computer technology, computer-related crime as well as cybercrime has become a substantial worldwide threat. The computer has empowered cybercriminals to attack their victims in any part of the world. Transnational crimes are very challenging to track, and more often than not, the offenders are hardly apprehended. Thus, the entire community requires a vigorous and an inclusive effort to identify invaders, preserve evidence, and prosecute those guilty, irrespective of where they are located. This Article contends that irrespective of Cameroon’s relevant laws and regulations against cybercrimes in place, coupled with the various bilateral and multilateral conventions duly ratified the challenges of cybercrimes remains pigheaded and mystifying. This Article intends to analyze the reasons for the rise in cybercrime, the laws in place and the challenges in its prosecution. Through a content analysis of primary and secondary data, we therefore, opine that, proper sensitization needs to be done to avert the spirit of cybercrimes in the cyber space.

Learning motivation is one of the important factors that affect students' mathematics learning. It is one of the challenges that junior high school mathematics unit teaching faces to effectively improve students' learning enthusiasm in mathematics unit classroom. ARCS motivation model is an important theoretical model that focuses on the relationship between instructional design and students' motivation, and can effectively stimulate and maintain students' learning motivation in subject teaching. Based on this, this study applies ARCS motivation model to junior high school mathematics big unit teaching classroom, and discusses the strategies of motivating junior high school mathematics big unit teaching motivation under ARCS motivation model, that is, effective introduction of teaching, selection of related content, phased task driving and multiple feedback evaluation; The teaching mode of junior high school mathematics big unit under ARCS motivation model is constructed, that is, analyzing the demand and setting the goal; Generate strategies and integrate teaching; Implement strategy and encourage design; Unit evaluation and evaluation results. This research is an in-depth exploration of cultivating students' autonomous learning ability in large-scale unit teaching, and is committed to improving the teaching effect of large-scale units and implementing the new requirements of compulsory education curriculum standards.

The progression in science and technology has increased human survival on earth. Man has witnessed a great and extraordinary progress in technology, which our lives depend on it for its survival. These developments come in many dimensions as we have in medicine, bio-technology, security, education, information and communication, economy, artificial intelligence, etc. Charles Hartshone argued that “Science and technology fantastically increase the number of those whom that best is available. Secondly, since science and technology allows a great number of people at least a marginal existence [1].” In addition, as Charles quoted Ortega y Gasset, Science and technology makes kingly luxuries commonplaces for large numbers of people [2].” In all these developmental success, Ethics has critical intervention to act like Plato’s rational parts of the soul which Plato compared to as element of a Charioteer to the two horses controlled by the Charioteer. One part of science and technology is good which I have stated above while the other horse is bad (the appetitive element). While all can enjoy and see the development and success of science and technology – the good horse which is easily driven according to the directions of the Charioteer, the bad horse tends to obey the voice of sensual passion. So this paper among all, argues that science and technology usage must not be totally right. Its usage must be controlled by Ethics by not destroying those that make use of (science and technology) it, even as it has positive usage. I shall discuss the nature of science and technology using the arguments of Walter Rodney on science and technology and nature of ethics. The theoretical framework used shall be that of Platos’ on the need to control the bad part (horse) of science and technology.

The study examined the impact of concept map and concept test on critical thinking ability of undergraduate students of University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. A sample of 307 fourth year students from three departments in the university was chosen using simple random, purposive and accidental sampling techniques. These students were assigned to three different groups, two experimental treatment groups and one control group. One group was treated using concept mapping, the second group was treated with concept test while the control group received the conventional method of assessment. To guide the study, two research questions and two null hypotheses were developed. The study adopted a quasi-experimental research design by pretest, post-test non-equivalent control group design. The pre- and post-tests data were collected using an adopted 52 item instrument named Cornell Critical Thinking Test (CCTT) Level Z. It is a 3- option (A-C) multiple-choice test with 7 subscales measuring induction, deduction, value judgment, observation, credibility, assumption and meaning. Using Kuder-Richardson 20 formula (K-R20) their internal consistency estimates were 0.81, 0.76, 0.66, 0.71, 0.70, 072 and 0.68 respectively for the subscales, while internal consistency of 0.74 was obtained for the total scale. Data were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, paired t-test, and analysis of covariance. The results obtained indicated that concept map, concepts test and the conventional assessment method independently had positive impacts on critical thinking ability of the students. However, concept test was the most effective, followed by concept map and lastly the conventional method. On the basis of the findings, it was recommended amongst others that school administrators, curriculum developers and faculties should update their curricula by integrating concept test and concept map assessment methods in their instruction as this can improve critical thinking ability of their students.

Member states of the CEMAC Customs union have adopted international trade law from the World Trade Organization (WTO) through international Treaties and Conventions. The international trade law is considered as the Community Law of the Union, and is governed by well-established principles to ensure compliance. However, the implementation of the trade regime by member states is plagued by poor implementation such as the maintenance of tariff and non-tariff barriers, non-respect of the rule of law, distortion in the application of the common external tariff and the lack of an effective sanctioning mechanism to enforce compliance with its international obligations. This work recommends the effective use of the WTO Compliance Mechanisms such as the Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM) and Participation at the WTO Committees to ensure compliance with their international obligations. It examines the challenges associated with implementation, and concludes with robust recommendations intended to salvage the present drawbacks. This work employs a purely doctrinal research methodology.

Background: Late pregnancies are a hot topic for both women and health professionals, due to their increasing increase and their prone to more complications, both during pregnancy and for the unborn child. The objective was to assess the rate of obstetric pathologies according to age group, in order to determine whether pregnancies at an advanced age require special monitoring. Material and Methods: this was a retrospective case-control analytical study over a period of eighteen months, taking place from January 1, 2023 to June 30, 2024 in the obstetrics and gynecology department of the Mali Hospital in Bamako. The study population was divided into two groups: cases, represented by patients 35 years of age or older in early pregnancy, and controls, patients under 35 years of age in early pregnancy. The inclusion criteria were all patients followed in antenatal consultations and presenting with a singleton pregnancy at our department during the study period. The criteria for non-inclusion were multiple pregnancies and those resulting from medically assisted reproduction (ART). Data entry and statistical analysis were performed by SPSS software. The Pearson chi-2 test as well as the Fisher exact test with a significance threshold of 5% (p ˂ 0.05) were used for the interpretation of the data. Results: The out-of-school population was the most represented (54%, (n = 281/515) with 43% (n = 223/515) and 11% n = 58/515) respectively among those under 35 years of age and among those 35 years of age or older. Pre-existing conditions such as diabetes and chronic hypertension were significantly associated with age groups with a higher percentage in those aged 35 or over than in those under 30 years of age with respectively (4% versus 3% diabetic) and (5% versus 2% chronic hypertensive). Obstetric complications were most common among women aged 35 years and older. hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (gestational hypertension, preeclampsia) were significantly more frequent in women from the age of 35. The pregnancy hypertension rate was 5.6% to 3.4%) respectively in those aged 35 or over versus under 35 years. As for gestational diabetes, the rate was 10% versus 2% respectively in those over 35 and over versus those under 35. Conclusion: Our study shows that maternal age of thirty-five years or more plays a role in maternal complications.