In this paper the author tried to find out the long run association between unemployment rate, GDP growth rate and income inequality in the post independent period in India from 1951 to 2023 by applying cointegration and vector error correction model. The paper found out that there is one cointegrating equation among the three variables where VECM implies that the change of unemployment rate and GDP growth rate is inversely related while the change of unemployment and the change of income inequality is positively related in the long run. The former is significant and the latter is insignificant in case of cointegrating equation which is convergent towards equilibrium with a speed of adjustment of 2.4% per year. There is short run causality between unemployment rate, GDP growth rate and income inequality. The VECM is stable and non-stationary having autocorrelation and multivariate normality problems.

Background: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection has been known to impact both motor and cognitive systems and cause motor and cognitive alterations (MCAs). Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), mainly when applied to the prefrontal cortex, has shown promising results in improving gait, balance, and executive functions in individuals with HIV. Previous studies suggest that integrating a task designed to stimulate higher cognitive centers in combination with tDCS could potentially enhance these effects. Purpose: The objective of this study was to investigate whether the combination of tDCS with a tracking task, when applied to the prefrontal cortex, effectively enhances reaction time and HIV dementia scale (HDS) scores (motor-cognitive) components in individuals living with HIV. Methods: The study involved nine female and one male participants living with HIV, with an average age of 58.9 ± 4.3 years. To assess the impact of tDCS on RT and motor cognition, each participant was evaluated both before and after the administration of tDCS with the HDS. Participants' primary goal for the reaction time components was to respond quickly and accurately to color changes by tapping the pod that lit up green. This task was performed while applying tDCS to the prefrontal cortex, allowing researchers to focus simultaneously on cognitive reaction speeds and the physical effects of neuromodulation. Results: Upon analysis, significant differences were noted between pre and post-tDCS of the HDS scores. The data further revealed substantial improvements in reaction time, hits, and strikes after the tDCS application. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrated that tDCS can potentially improve neurocognitive and motor function in individuals with HIV. However, the study recommends that tDCS treatments be applied over a more extended period than in this study.

Background: Early detection of the nature of the tumor is crucial for the management of patients with ovarian tumor. The type of an ovarian tumor can be determined using serum markers, color doppler USG, and a CT scan. These assist clinicians in diagnosing and managing patients with ovarian tumors, as well as establishing treatment plans. Objective: To compare the accuracy of color doppler ultrasound with CT scan for detection of malignant ovarian tumor. Materials and Methods: It was a cross sectional analytical study that conducted in the Department of Gynecological Oncology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) and National Institution of Cancer Research & Hospital (NICRH), Dhaka. Total 65 consecutive patients attending at the inpatient department of BSMMU and NICRH with ovarian tumor were enrolled for the study. All the patients were selected by clinically, ultrasonography findings and serum marker (CA 125, CA 199, CEA, Alfa fetoprotein and LDH) study. For all these patients color doppler USG and CT scan were done. Patients then undergo laparotomy with frozen section biopsy and taking the histopathology report as a gold slandered. Level of significance was assumed at p value <0.05. Results: The sensitivity of Color Doppler USG and CT scan are 96.9% and 87.5%, respectively. The specificity of Color Doppler USG and CT scan are 60.6% and 57.6%, respectively and the accuracy of Color Doppler USG and CT scan are 78.5% and 72.3%, respectively. The positive predictive values of Color Doppler USG and CT scan are 70.5% and 66.7%, respectively. The negative predictive values of Color Doppler USG and CT scan are 95.2% and 82.6%, respectively. Conclusion: The results of the Color Doppler USG are compared to those of the CT scan results. Results found that the diagnostic accuracy of color doppler ultrasound and CT scan are almost similar for detection of ovarian tumor whether it is benign or malignant.

This study investigates the concentrations of heavy metals and physicochemical properties of water, sediment, and African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) from earthen and concrete ponds used for aquaculture in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. Physicochemical analysis showed that water from earthen ponds had a pH of 5.60-7.52, salinity of 0.06-1.03 ppt, conductivity of 170-1671 μScm⁻¹, and turbidity of 38.71-163 NTU. In contrast, concrete ponds had a pH of 6.75-7.56, salinity of 0.18-0.71 ppt, and conductivity of 325-1442 μScm⁻¹, indicating differences in water quality. Water samples from earthen ponds exhibited cadmium (Cd) levels ranging from 0.013 to 0.187 mg/kg, lead (Pb) from 0.649 to 0.651 mg/kg, zinc (Zn) from 0.052 to 0.80 mg/kg, copper (Cu) from 0.009 to 0.158 mg/kg, and iron (Fe) from 1.198 to 4.112 mg/kg. In contrast, Concrete ponds showed Cd levels from -0.014 to 0.008 mg/kg, Pb from -0.0154 to 1.518 mg/kg, and Zn from 0.072 to 3.038 mg/kg. In earthen pond sediment, Cd ranged from 0.059 to 0.326 mg/kg and Pb from 0.505 to 1.160 mg/kg, exceeding permissible limits, especially at sites B and C, indicating contamination. Fish from earthen ponds had high heavy metal levels, with Cd from 0.175 to 22.433 mg/kg and Pb from 1.121 to 22.613 mg/kg, showing significant bioaccumulation. Conversely, concrete ponds had lower contamination, with Cd in sediment from 0.250 to 0.412 mg/kg and Pb in fish from 0.693 to 5.376 mg/kg, closer to safe thresholds. The results indicate significant contamination differences between pond types, with earthen ponds exhibiting higher heavy metal levels due to soil composition and exposure. In contrast, concrete ponds, which minimize soil-water interaction, showed lower metal presence in fish, highlighting a safer aquaculture environment. These findings stress the importance of continuous monitoring of earthen ponds and improved management practices to ensure consumer safety and sustainable aquaculture.

The cultivation of talents in higher education institutions is a process that combines education and talent cultivation, and the curriculum of ideological and political education is the concrete implementation of the fundamental mission of "cultivating virtue and nurturing talents" in education. This paper takes the non-ideological and political subject of Foreign Trade English Correspondence as the research object, specifically studying the ideological and political elements that can be integrated into this course, and exploring effective ways to achieve the value function of this course.

Background: Osteoporotic proximal humerus fractures pose significant challenges due to reduced bone quality and healing potential. PHILOS plates offer angular stability, but long-term prospective outcome studies are limited. Objective: To prospectively evaluate the efficacy of PHILOS plates in managing osteoporotic proximal humerus fractures, focusing on functional recovery, complication rates, and patient satisfaction. Methods: This prospective study was conducted at the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, North East Medical College, Sylhet, also with multicentered study from June 2022 to July 2024, involving 358 patients with osteoporotic proximal humerus fractures. Patients underwent open reduction and internal fixation using PHILOS plates. Functional outcomes were assessed using the Constant-Murley Score (CMS) and DASH score at 6, 12, and 18 months postoperatively. Complications, including screw perforation and avascular necrosis, were systematically recorded. Data analysis included mean score changes, percentages, and ANOVA for repeated measures. Results: The study reported a 94% follow-up rate. At 18 months, 83.5% of patients achieved good to excellent outcomes based on CMS. The mean CMS improved from 30.2 preoperatively to 76.8 at 6 months, 81.4 at 12 months, and 83.9 at 18 months (p < 0.001). The DASH score significantly decreased from 58.1 to 18.5 over 18 months. Complication rates included screw perforation in 6.7%, avascular necrosis in 5.3%, and hardware failure in 4.2%. Patients <70 years showed a mean CMS of 86.1 compared to 77.5 in older patients (p = 0.02). Conclusion: PHILOS plates provide reliable fixation for osteoporotic proximal humerus fractures, yielding excellent functional outcomes and manageable complication rates in a prospective setting.

The concept of a global language is a powerful idea that plays an important role in education, communication, and professional growth. The profession of ELT has evolved dramatically in the course of learning to meet the demands of the globalized and highly digitally connected world. This paper, under these contemporary trends, presents diversified approaches to teaching English, ranging from CLT, task-based learning, flipped classrooms, technology integration, and so forth, down to inclusive pedagogical practice. Based on theoretical underpinnings such as the sociocultural theory and constructivism, it highlights the manner by which such approaches enhance learner interest and flexibility and foster learner achievement. With respect to pedagogical implications, such a paper would provide insight into effective English language education in diverse settings.

Background: Antenatal care (ANC) engagement is essential for ensuring healthy pregnancy outcomes by providing timely medical interventions and education to expectant mothers. In Bangladesh, various factors such as socioeconomic status, education level, and access to healthcare services significantly influence antenatal care (ANC) utilization. This study aimed to explore the trends in antenatal care engagement among women in Bangladesh. Methods: This observational cross-sectional study took place over six months at Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College Hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh. During this period, 100 women admitted to the Obstetrics and Gynaecology Ward for delivery were purposively selected as participants. Thorough clinical examinations and pertinent investigations were conducted. Data analysis was performed using MS Office tools. Results: In Bangladesh, educated women are more likely to have regular antenatal care (ANC) and make at least four visits. Women over 25 years old tend to attend ANC less frequently, whereas regular attendance is seen in 91.1% of women aged 20-25. Primiparous women had a higher ANC attendance rate at 95.7%, but women with higher parity (≥4) also showed an increased usage of ANC services at 71.4%. Cesarean sections were more prevalent in rural areas at 56.4% compared to 71.0% in urban areas. Regarding neonatal outcomes, 15% of babies were born with low birth weight, and prematurity was observed in 15% of cases. Conclusion: In Bangladesh, a rich tapestry of cultural, educational, and socioeconomic elements plays a pivotal role in shaping the way maternal healthcare is sought. There is a notable disparity in access across urban and rural areas, differences in education levels, preferred treatment facilities, economic standing, and pregnancy experiences.

Study This aiming for (1) For analyze difference application of learning models cooperative TPS type against interest and motivation Study participant educate in volleyball underhand passing practice participant educated at SMP Negeri 2 Geneng. (2) For analyze difference application of learning models cooperative TGT type against interest and motivation Study participant educate in volleyball underhand passing practice participant educated at SMP Negeri 2 Geneng. (3) For compare and analyze effectiveness between learning models cooperative TPS and TGT types in increase interest and motivation Study participant educate in volleyball underhand passing practice participant educated at SMP Negeri 2 Geneng. Research This is study quantitative with design experiment quasi -experimental research This aiming for test differences between cooperative learning models TPS (Think Pair Share) and TGT (Teams-Games-Tournaments) interest and motivation Study participant educate in volleyball underhand passing practice. Research this use Simple Random Sampling technique. The selection process sample done with method random simple for ensure representativeness and bias reduction. Data analysis techniques are carried out through prerequisite tests namely 1) Analysis Descriptive, 2) normality test, 3) homogeneity test, 4) sample t test. Based on results research that has been done above, then conclusion in study This is: 1) There is difference application of learning models cooperative TPS type against interest and motivation Study participant educate in volleyball underhand passing practice at SMP Negeri 2 Geneng. 2) There is difference application of learning models cooperative TGT type against interest and motivation Study participant educate in volleyball underhand passing practice at SMP Negeri 2 Geneng. 3) There is difference effectiveness between learning models cooperative TPS and TGT types in increase interest and motivation Study participant educate in volleyball underhand passing practice at SMP Negeri 2 Geneng by 36.13%.

Consanguineous marriage (CM) or cousin marriage is a type of inter-familial union, defined as the marriage between two blood-related individuals who are second cousins or closer (inbreeding coefficient ⩾ 0.0156). Marriage is one of the important vital event and entry in to reproductive life in India. Prevalence and pattern of marriage varies across the states, regions and according to their religion and caste. Consanguineous marriages have been practiced since the early existence of humans. Consanguinity is the marriage between close relatives. Though consanguineous matings have cultural and socioeconomic advantages, their offspring have an increased risk for recessive disorders. The risk is not uniform in all cases and it varies based on several factors. Consanguinity is a deeply rooted social trend among one-fifth of the world population mostly residing in the Middle East, West Asia and North Africa, as well as among emigrants from these communities now residing in North America, Europe and Australia. The mounting public awareness on prevention of congenital and genetic disorders in offspring is driving an increasing number of couples contemplating marriage and reproduction in highly consanguineous communities to seek counseling on consanguinity. The article discusses the different type of measures that can be taken by a consanguineous couple before and after marriage to avoid genetic disorders in their progeny.

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterised by the inability of the pancreas to produce the hormone insulin in accordance with the body's requirements. Diabetes mellitus is a lifelong disease and, as yet, there is no cure. The costs associated with diabetes mellitus drugs are currently quite expensive. The utilisation of traditional medicinal practices involving the use of medicinal plants represents an alternative treatment option that employs natural ingredients with minimal side effects. One such example is the use of bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.), which has been demonstrated to possess antidiabetic properties. The objective of this study was to ascertain the antidiabetic efficacy of a bitter melon fruit extract suspension formula. This study employed an experimental methodology, whereby a suspension formulation of bitter melon fruit extract was prepared with three distinct doses. A total of 25 male white mice, induced with alloxan, were selected as test animals and divided into five treatment groups. Group X1 received a dose of 150 mg/kg b.w., Group X2 received a dose of 300 mg/kg b.w., Group X3 received a dose of 450 mg/kg b.w., while the negative control and positive control groups were also included. The data were subsequently analysed using the statistical software package SPSS (version 27), which included tests for normality, homogeneity, one-way ANOVA and the T-test. The findings of this study indicate that the treatment group, which received a suspension of bitter melon fruit extract at a dose of 450 mg/kg bw, exhibited a superior efficacy in reducing blood glucose levels, approaching the level observed in the positive control group.

Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with significant maternal and fetal complications, including preterm delivery, macrosomia, and neonatal hypoglycemia. Elevated serum ferritin levels, a marker of inflammation and oxidative stress, may exacerbate these risks. This study was aims to determine if serum ferritin elevation is a marker of adverse maternal and fetal outcome in pregnancies complicated by GDM. Method: A case control study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka from September 2020 to August 2021. 42 pregnant women at 2nd 3rd trimester attended for antenatal care diagnosed as GDM was selected as cases and 42 non-diabetic pregnant women matching with cases by age and gestational age was selected as control are included this study. GDM was diagnosed by oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). The serum ferritin level of these patients was measured. Results: Elevated serum ferritin was significantly associated with GDM (p<0.05). GDM women had higher rates of obesity (p=0.005), preterm delivery (30.9% vs. 16.6%) and term delivery was less in case group (69.05%) than controls (83.33%) . In neonates of GDM mothers macrosomia rates were 26.19% in case group and 14.3% in control group. Hypoglycemia was 16.6%, respiratory distress 11.9% and NICU admissions 21.4% (p<0.05 vs controls). Conclusion: Elevated serum ferritin is a strong predictor of adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes in GDM pregnancies. These findings suggest that ferritin could serve as a biomarker for identifying high-risk pregnancies. Incorporating ferritin screening into antenatal care may facilitate early risk stratification and targeted interventions.

The rising demand for sustainable and biocompatible materials in biomedical applications has led to significant interest in green-synthesized nanoparticles. This review explores the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Prunus dulcis (almond gum) as a natural capping and stabilizing agent, with a focus on their potential to enhance in vivo wound healing. Almond gum, a natural biopolymer, offers numerous benefits, including biodegradability, water solubility, and bioactivity, which improve the stability and biocompatibility of AgNPs while reducing environmental impact. The unique properties of almond gum-capped AgNPs, such as enhanced antimicrobial efficacy, anti-inflammatory effects, and antioxidant activity, make them particularly advantageous for wound healing applications. We analyze the mechanisms through which AgNPs promote wound repair, including bacterial inhibition, collagen synthesis, and angiogenesis, while mitigating oxidative stress and inflammation. Furthermore, in vivo studies demonstrate accelerated wound closure, reduced infection, and minimized inflammation, underscoring the clinical potential of these biogenic nanoparticles. This review also addresses current challenges, such as production scalability, nanoparticle consistency, and the need for comprehensive toxicity studies to optimize AgNPs for medical use. The findings indicate that almond gum-capped AgNPs represent a promising, eco-friendly alternative for wound care, contributing to advances in regenerative medicine through sustainable nanotechnology.

Objectives: To know the level of cotinine concentration in the saliva of children exposed to secondhand smoke and know the link between smoke exposure and gingivitis. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 100 children from Riyadh Colleges of Dentistry and Pharmacy between the ages of 6 - 12 years. A questionnaire was conducted on the parents of the children to find out their smoking behavior. The sample (children) was separated into two categories: category (A) children exposed to secondhand smoke as a test sample and numbered 50 children (23 boys and 27 girls), category (B) children not exposed to smoking as an ideal sample and numbering 50 children (24 boys and 26 girls). Index of dental plaque (calculus), gum index, presence of pigmentation and saliva sample collection were recorded from each child from the two groups. Furthermore, the level of cotinine in saliva samples was determined using the ELISA technique. Results: The concentration of cotinine in saliva is prominently present in samples of children category (A) compared to category (B). A positive correlation was observed between the number of cigarettes consumed and the concentration of cotinine in saliva. On the other hand, no relationship was found between gingivitis and the concentration ratio Cotinine. The likelihood of pigmentation in children exposed to secondhand smoking is 1.14 times higher than in other children. Conclusions: Secondhand smoke can raise the concentration of cotinine in saliva and stimulate the presence of pigmentation in children's gums.

Medicinal plants have been integral to traditional medicine for millennia, serving as vital resources for treating a wide range of ailments. This review explores the importance of these plants, focusing on their antioxidant properties and the phytochemicals responsible for their therapeutic effects. Approximately 10% of vascular plants are recognized for their medicinal qualities, with natural antioxidants, particularly phenolic compounds and flavonoids, playing a crucial role in health maintenance by scavenging free radicals. The review delves into the molecular mechanisms underlying antioxidant activities, including both enzymatic and non-enzymatic defenses, emphasizing their significance in combating oxidative stress. Notably, members of the Lamiaceae family exhibit diverse species with potent antioxidant capabilities. Various in vitro models are evaluated to assess these antioxidant properties, highlighting the potential of medicinal plants as sustainable sources of natural antioxidants. The findings underscore the relevance of these plants in modern pharmacology and nutrition, advocating for further research to standardize extraction methods and identify specific active compounds. Ultimately, the continued exploration of medicinal plants can contribute significantly to public health and the development of innovative therapies rooted in nature, enhancing our understanding of their role in promoting health and preventing disease.