Background: COVID 19 created an urgent demand for rapid diagnosis to encircle this pandemic and improve patient management. In this context, we evaluated the concordance of the ID NOW test compared to the Eurobioplex RT-PCR test in the rapid diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2. Methods: To evaluate the concordance of the assay at different viral loads, 154 positive samples were selected to represent the full range of Ct values observed on the Eurobioplex RT-PCR assay, ranging from 14 to 38 cycles. Positive concordance for the ID Now assay was calculating dusing Eurobioplex RT-PCR as the reference test. An additional 70 negative samples were selected to assess negative concordance. Results: Compared to Eurobioplex RT-PCR, the overall positive agreement was 79% with ID Now. Negative agreement was 100% for ID Now. ID Now showed 100% positive agreement for medium and high viral concentrations (Ct value <30). However, for Ct values >30, the positive agreement was 33.3% for ID Now. Conclusions: This study shows a major limitation of ID Now for specimens collected in universal transport media with lower viral concentrations. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the performance of ID Now for dry nasopharyngeal swabs (manufacturer's recommended method).

Background: Tubal factor infertility accounts for a large portion of female factor infertility. The most prevalent cause of tubal factor infertility is pelvic inflammatory disease and acute salpingitis. Tubal factor infertility accounts for approximately 25-35% of cases of female infertility. The aim of this study was to determine the role of leparoscopic evaluation of Tubal factors in case of infertility. Methods: A retrospective study was carried out at Department of Gynae and Obstetrics UHC, Dhamrai, Dhaka, Bangladesh from January to December 2023. 55 patients were selected for laparoscopic evaluation. Inclusion criteria were patients with no prior pelvic surgery, normal bimanual pelvic examination, normal semen parameters of partner and no ovulatory dysfunction. After obtaining thorough history & detailed examination, patients were informed about the procedure and written informed consent was taken. Results: 55 patients underwent laparoscopy during the study period. Most patients 10 were in the age group of ˂20 yr, 15 were between 21-30 yr & 20 were 31- 40 yr of age and 10 were between 36 – 40 yrs of age. Among these 55 patients 24 patients had primary infertility while 31 had presented with secondary infertility. Diagnostic laparoscopy revealed normal pelvic organs in 9 (16.3%) cases, Chronic pelvic inflammatory disease in 3 (5.4%), endometriosis in 13 (23.6%) and congenital anomalies of uterus in 1(1.8%) cases. 7.2% cases had bilateral tubal block, 27.3% had unilateral block and in 7.2% cases though the tubes were found patent significant peritubal adhesions were noted. Tubal pathology was detected in 55.5% cases of primary infertility and 42.1% cases of secondary infertility. Among those who had tubal pathology, nonspecific pelvic inflammatory disease was noted in 33.3% and genital tuberculosis was diagnosed in 2.7% cases. The most common complications were pyrexia, shoulder tip pain, nausea and vomiting. Conclusion: Laparoscopy is a safe and effective diagnostic tool in evaluating tubal status of infertile patients. Laparoscopy and chromopertubation test should be recommended as a first step in the investigation of infertile women with tubal factor.

Background: Hypothyroidism in patients with metabolic syndrome is associated with worse outcomes. However, this has not yet been adequately investigated in Bangladeshi people. Objective: To find out the proportion and covariates of hypothyroidism among patients with metabolic syndrome. Materials and methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted with 323 patients from the Endocrinology and Allied Medicine Department at BIRDEM General Hospital. Patients with metabolic syndrome but no prior diagnosis of hypothyroidism were included. Detailed history, physical examinations, and thyroid function tests—Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH), Free Thyroxine (FT4), and Anti-Thyroid Peroxidase Antibody (Anti-TPO Ab)—were performed. Subclinical hypothyroidism was defined as TSH >4.12 mIU/L and <10 mIU/L, while overt hypothyroidism was defined as TSH >10 mIU/L. Statistical analyses, including Chi-square tests, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation, and multiple linear regression, were conducted to explore associations between components of metabolic syndrome and thyroid dysfunction. Results: Out of the 323 participants, 62.8% were euthyroid, 28.5% had subclinical hypothyroidism, and 8.7% had overt hypothyroidism. Autoimmune hypothyroidism was confirmed in 31.6% of hypothyroid patients through elevated Anti-TPO Ab levels, a statistically significant finding. Hypothyroidism was significantly more prevalent in females and obese individuals. Significant positive correlations were observed between TSH and waist circumference (r=0.153), systolic blood pressure (r=0.271), and triglycerides (r=0.128), while FT4 showed negative correlations. Multiple linear regression indicated significant associations between waist circumference, fasting plasma glucose, and thyroid dysfunction. Conclusion: It was concluded that a higher proportion of metabolic syndrome cases were suffering from hypothyroidism. This necessitates that all MetS patients be screened for thyroid profile and autoimmune status and managed accordingly.

This paper proposes a new high-gain Buck-Boost DC-DC converter, specifically designed for micro-grid applications where efficient voltage and power management is crucial. Traditional boost converters, such as those with switched inductors or capacitors, face limitations in voltage gain due to extreme operating cycles, leading to issues like reverse recovery, high conduction losses, and electromagnetic interference. Isolated converters, such as fly-back or push-pull converters, while effective at overcoming these constraints, introduce losses due to leakage inductance and overvoltage. With the rise of micro-grids and photovoltaic (PV) systems requiring high voltage gain due to their low output voltage, the proposed Buck-Boost DC-DC converter stands out for its ability to provide high output voltages while accommodating a wide range of input voltages. The converter is designed to handle input voltages ranging from 7V to 75V and uses pulse-width modulation (PWM)-based control to precisely regulate the output. Additionally, it incorporates advanced protection mechanisms with the LM5050-1, providing reverse input voltage protection and reduced quiescent current (IQ), ensuring enhanced safety and improved energy efficiency. Experimental results show that this Buck-Boost DC-DC converter significantly improves power management in microgrids, offering a reliable solution for renewable energy distribution systems and standalone networks. Its flexibility, robustness, and advanced protection features make it ideal for meeting the needs of next-generation power grids.

Background: Menstrual disorders are a significant global public health issue affecting many women during their reproductive years. These disorders include irregularities in the menstrual cycle, heavy bleeding, amenorrhea (absence of menstruation), dysmenorrhea (painful periods), and premenstrual syndrome (PMS), leading to physical, behavioral, and emotional changes. Factors such as weight changes, stress, drug use, hormonal imbalances, and recent childbirth or miscarriage can disrupt menstrual patterns. Menstrual issues not only impact women's health and quality of life but also result in economic consequences and poor academic performance. Aim of the Study: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of menstrual disorders and self-care practices among female undergraduates in Bangladesh, as well as explore potential factors that may influence these disorders. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 180 female students at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (outdoor) in Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka from January 2021 December 2021. It aimed to assess the prevalence of menstrual disorders and self-care practices. Participants, aged 18-25 years and willing to participate, were selected via stratified random sampling. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire covering demographics, menstrual history, and self-care practices. SPSS version 26.0 was used for statistical analysis, employing descriptive statistics and the chi-square test to explore associations. A p-value of <0.05 was considered significant, providing a comprehensive assessment framework. Result: The sociodemographic profile of 180 participants shows that most are aged 21-25 years, with a mean age of 22.48±1.68 years. Early menarche was common among 88.33%, and 62.22% belonged to the low social class living in hostels. A significant proportion (82.78%) were single, with only 2.78% having experienced pregnancy. Parental sponsorship for education was prevalent (72.22%). Most participants correctly identified menstruation as a physiological process (66.67%) and knew menstrual blood originates from the uterus (62.78%). Common absorbent materials were disposable sanitary pads (88.89%). Patterns of menstrual health and self-care practices revealed proper hygiene but suboptimal management of menstrual disorders. Age, social class, education sponsorship, and knowledge of menstrual disorders significantly influenced self-care practices. Premenstrual syndrome and dysmenorrhea were the most common menstrual disorders. Conclusion: This research examines menstrual health knowledge, disorders, and self-care among female undergraduates, highlighting the impact of socio-demographic factors and educational support. It reveals significant knowledge gaps and underscores the need for better educational initiatives. Insights into menstrual disorders and self-care strategies provide guidance for targeted interventions and support within academic environments.

This article starts with the visual analysis by an analytical tool "Citespace" in an effort to investigate the previous studies on universal grammar domestically and overseas in a macroscopic way. It turns out that universal grammar is still received much attention, but there is few systematic review on the accessibility of universal grammar in second language acquisition. Thus, this article systematically sorts out the previous studies in a microscopic way in terms of whether universal grammar can be accessed in second language acquisition. At length, the conclusion is made that currently the hot-discussed topic comes to which aspect of UG is accessible to SLA, instead of whether or not the UG is accessible to SLA.

This study was carried out for the purpose of understanding the impact of internal control on firm performance. This research wanted to prove that internal control played an important role on the performance of ten selected manufacturing firm in Nigeria. Internal control factors like board size, audit committee size, and board independence were investigated to see how they impact performance. Secondary data gotten from the ten manufacturing firms’ financial statement were analyzed using the panel data regression analysis. Although the fixed effect and the random effect regression were carried out, the Hausman test pointed to the fixed effect regression as significant, hence it was focused on. Findings from the fixed effect revealed that board size, audit committee size, and board independence were all significant in impacting firm performance measured by equity returns. The study therefore recommended among others that the Board of directors should be more diverse in the composition of board members as this would boost their independence.

This study aims to determine the effect of Political Connections, Audit Committees and Institutional Ownership on the Quality of Financial Reports with Company Age as a moderating variable. Research is an exploratory study conducted to find out and explain more deeply and holistically the characteristics of the variables studied in a situation. The sample used in this study was the LQ45 companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the period 2020-2022, while the technical data analysis used in this study was Panel Data Regression and Moderated Regression Analysis. The results of the study provide empirical evidence that Political Connections do not affect the Quality of Financial Reports, the Audit Committee affects the Quality of Financial Reports, Institutional Ownership affects the Quality of Financial Reports, Company Age moderation can strengthen the influence of Political Connections on the Quality of Financial Reports, Company Age moderation can strengthen the influence of the Audit Committee on the Quality of Financial Reports, Company Age moderation can weaken the influence of Institutional Ownership on the Quality of Financial Reports.

Background: A transfusion transmitted infection (TTI) is an infection that is transmitted from person to person through parental administration of blood and blood products. The magnitude of transfusion transmitted infection (TTI) varies from country to country depending on TTI’s load in that particular population. Measuring their severity their severity WHO (World Health Organization) has recommended pre transfusion blood test for Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and Syphilis as mandatory. The aim of the study was to assess the trend and prevalence of TTI among blood donors in BRB Hospitals Limited. Method: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted by reviewing the record from 2022 to 2023 at BRB hospitals limited Transfusion Medicine department. All blood donors who presented to the blood bank and screened for TTI during study period were included. Data was collected, entered and analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2007. The descriptive statistics were determined in means of percentage. Chi- square was used for trend analysis and p-value was used to declare the statistical significance between variable. Result: The study included a total of 5074 donors-4,920 (97%) male and 154 (3%) female. Of them 3,840 (76.3%) were directed donor while 1,204 (23.7%) were replacement donor. An overall TTI prevalence rate of 0.95%. The prevalence of HBV, HCV, HIV and Syphilis was 0.5%, 0.1%, 0.07% and 0.2%. Conclusion: Methods to ensure a safety blood supply should be encountered. For that screening with a better selection of donor and used of screening tests including nucleic acid testing technology should be implemented.

Indigenous environmental mythology has long been an essential component of many communities' ecological and cultural systems in the Rivers State, Nigerian These myths, which usually stem from the notion that nature is untouchable, offer crucial insights into the practices of traditional forest protection. This study looks into how these indigenous myths could help with current conservation efforts, particularly those that are meant to protect forest resources. By examining a number of myths and the associated behaviours, the study demonstrated how these cultural narratives have historically controlled human interaction with the environment, ensuring the sustainable use of forest resources. It also suggested how community members can remain involved in the conservation of forest resources. The study pointed out the forest's critical role in the welfare of rural Nigerian households. Therefore, the more community people participate in sustainable forest management, the more the forests contribute to meeting the needs of rural Nigerian household welfare. Thus, it was concluded that community involvement not only protects people of the community's means of sustenance but also enhances the social, economic, and environmental aspects of forestry efforts.

Antibiotics are used for the effective management of infectious diseases, a practice that is frequently misapplied nowadays. In order to monitor the conversion of IV to oral antibiotics, assess their rationality, and evaluate their effect on the length of hospital stays a prospective observational study was conducted. The study was divided into two phases; a baseline period of two months in which the antibiotics prescribed in the general medicine department were analysed. The intervention phase of four months consisted of the introduction of guidelines for IV to oral switch and conversion and analysis of IV to oral antibiotic conversion. The results revealed the majority of the participants were females and were from the age group 60 and above. A greater part of the study population had comorbidities, and the most common comorbidity was hypertension with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The conversion of IV to oral antibiotics was analysed for 159 patients and 79% of the antibiotics were converted and 21% were not. The most frequent type of conversion practice observed was switch therapy followed by step-down therapy and sequential therapy. The majority of the antibiotics were prescribed without a culture and sensitivity test. It was shown that the average length of hospital stay was 4.13 ± 1.5 days.

This study aims to assess the concentrations of these heavy metals in water, crab, and sediment samples from oil-producing and non-oil-producing communities during low and high tides in Akulga Local Government Area, Rivers State. Samples were collected at both low and high tide regimes to assess the concentrations of heavy metals, including Fe, Pb, Ni, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cd, and Cr. The analyses were conducted using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results revealed that Kula sediments has significantly higher Fe levels (3844.80 mg/kg at low tide, 3663.30 mg/kg at high tide) compared to Abonnema (3622.10 mg/kg and 3117.50 mg/kg, respectively), with Mn and Cu also elevated. These concentrations exceed safe limits, indicating severe pollution. In crab samples, Kula showed higher Pb levels (38.28 mg/kg at low tide, 16.55 mg/kg at high tide) than Abonnema, exceeding WHO/FEPA safety limits and posing health risks. The elevated Mn and Cu levels also indicate bioaccumulation, raising concerns for the local ecosystem. Water samples showed minimal contamination, with most metal concentrations below detection limits and pH levels ranging from 5.55 to 6.49. Fe levels in Kula water remained within WHO permissible limits. Also, the analysis of variance findings on samples collected at low and high tides from Abonnema (ABO) and Kula (KUL) communities indicate significant differences (p< 0.05) in heavy metal concentrations in sediment, crab, and water samples. In conclusion, the results reveal significant heavy metal pollution in Kula, especially in sediment and crab samples, posing potential health risks to local communities. There is therefore the need for continuous environmental monitoring and remediation to mitigate the adverse effects of industrial activities in the study area.

This study is about committing anti-social activities like: theft, illicit sexual relations, use and trafficking of drugs, fighting, destruction of property and cheating (juvenile Delinquency) by high school students ages 14-18 in Kisii Central Sub-County, Getembe Zone, Kenya. The purpose of the study was to explain the extent to which suicidal ideation, help-seeking behaviour, and use of media influence JD among secondary school students in Kisii Central Sub-County, Getembe Zone. It was also about the extent of differences in JD according to family type and perceived social class. The objective dealt with in this paper was to investigate the relationship between help-seeking behaviour and Juvinile Delinquency among secondary school adolescents in Kisii county, Kenya. Kisii Central Sub-County was selected because no similar study has been done there and because acts of student violence are apparent there. Probability and non-probability sampling methods were used. Questionnaires were used to collect data from students and teachers, interview schedules for principals, and focus group discussion questions were used on parents. The results indicated that respondents who scored highly in help-seeking behaviour were more delinquent than those that had a low score. The conclusion was that young people who think that they do seek help probably seek it from irresponsible people. It was therefore recommended that youths should be sensitized to seek help from caring persons in order to reduce cases of juvenile delinquency.

The presence of the House of Representatives in Indonesia's constitutional system significantly supports the development of democracy, as they serve as the people's representatives and voice. Currently, it is essential to implement term restrictions for legislative members, primarily for societal benefit. This study addresses the following research problems: Why is the current rule of legislative members' terms not just? What are the weaknesses of the current legislative term rules? How should the rule of legislative members' terms be reconstructed based on the principle of justice? Employing a constructivism paradigm, this research uses a sociological juridical approach and a descriptive research type. Data sources include primary data from field research and secondary data from primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. Data collection methods encompass observation, interviews, and literature study, with qualitative data analysis. The findings indicate that the current rule of legislative members' terms is unjust due to the lack of term restrictions, leading to increased risks of corruption, bribery, collusion, and nepotism. Weaknesses in existing rules on criminal sanctions for corruption, bribery are evident in the legal substance, structure, and culture. The legal substance lacks clear provisions on term restrictions, and the legal structure fails to address the urgency of implementing term restrictions for House of Representatives of Indonesia’s and Regional Representative Council members. Additionally, there is a need to raise public awareness about the importance of term restrictions for legislative members. The study suggests reconstructing criminal sanctions rules against corruption, bribery based on justice values, which involves revising both values and norms. This includes transforming previously unjust rules into just ones and amending the legislative term rules according to the principle of justice, as outlined in Law No. 7 on 2017 concerning General Elections, Articles 240(1) and 248.

Copyright, as a special right of creators, develops automatically under the declarative value once a work is happened in a physical form, with certain limitations as prescribed by law. This study investigates the current limitations in legal protection for copyright owners and proposes a justice-based regulatory framework. The research is structured around three central questions: 1) Why does the existing legal framework for copyright protection fail to deliver justice for copyright owners? 2) What are the essential shortcomings in the current regulations? 3) How can these values be restored to safeguard justice-based protection? Engaging a constructivist paradigm and a sociological legal method, this research utilizes socio-legal methods, including expressive analysis of both primary and secondary data. Data collection was conducted through literature reviews and field studies, with qualitative methods applied to analyse the findings. The study reveals substantial gaps in the current legal framework, particularly within Articles 1, 8, and 9 of the Copyright Law, which ineffectively safeguard the rights of copyright owners. These deficiencies are exacerbated by the widespread misuse of artificial intelligence technologies that modify original works, undermining the economic rights of creators. The analysis finds three main areas of weakness: legal substance, legal structure, and legal culture. The current legal provisions are ineffective in practice, implementation mechanisms are flawed, and societal attitudes towards copyright are driven by pragmatism, leading to frequent violations and unfair royalty distribution. To address these issues, the study recommends a comprehensive modernization of the legal framework, focusing on value and normative modernizations. Key proposals include amendments to the Copyright Law No. 28 of 2014 and Government Regulation No. 56 of 2021 to establish a more equitable and justice-oriented system for copyright protection.