Coccidiosis, a parasitic disease caused by protozoa of the genus Eimeria, poses significant challenges to poultry production worldwide due to its impact on productivity and economic costs. This review consolidates current findings on the epidemiology and genetic diversity of coccidiosis affecting chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) and pigeons (Columba livia) in Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar, Maharashtra, India. By synthesizing existing literature and field study data, we provide an overview of prevalence rates, species diversity, and genetic characteristics of Eimeria spp. The role of environmental factors, host immunity, and management practices in shaping disease dynamics is also discussed. The review underscores the critical need for region-specific control measures and highlights potential future research avenues aimed at enhancing disease prevention and management strategies.

Background: Nurses play a vital role in caring for patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for severe respiratory or cardiac failure. However, this area of nursing practice presents unique challenges. Accordingly, understanding these challenges is essential to improve patient care and support nurses' well-being. Aims: This study aimed to investigate and identify challenges nurses face in providing care to patients on ECMO. Method: A quantitative cross-sectional study of eligible nurses was conducted at King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center in Riyadh City (KFSH&RC-R). A survey instrument developed by the principal investigators was used to collect data. A panel of ECMO specialists and clinical experts validated the survey content. Results: A total of 66 nurses (75.8% females, 60.6% aged 25–34 years, 33.3% with 1–5 years of nursing experience, and 87.9% holding a bachelor's degree in nursing) participated in the study. The identified challenges were managing complex equipment, maintaining stability, coordinating with multidisciplinary teams, addressing ethical dilemmas, managing high acuity, coping with stress, and prioritizing self-care. Conclusions: These findings highlight the multifaceted challenges nurses face in caring for patients on ECMO, which influence their well-being, job satisfaction, and the quality of care provided. Thus, interventional strategies to address these issues in this specialized area are urgently required.

Pesticides are commonly used in agriculture soils to distroy various pathogens. During the late 1950s and early 1960s, the media in Western Europe and North America extensively covered the issue of birds on agricultural land being poisoned by aldrin, dieldrin, and heptachlor, which were commonly used as seed dressings. To highlight this issue, an experiment was performed to examine the effects of sodium fluoride on Japanes quail growth, biochemical and histology of kidney. In the present work, forty-eight sexually male Japanese quail, weighing 105gm, were used, divided in 4 equal groups as A, B, C & D having 12 quails in every group. Quails were acclimatized for two weeks. After acclimatization experimental treatments were applied to their respective groups. Duration of experiment was 30 days. Sodium fluoride was given to quails orally with the help of gavage on daily basis. Quails in group C handled with 3.75mg/kg dose and group D handled with 5.0mg/kg dose showed significant changes in physical, biochemical and renal parameters as compared to control group. These treatments also cause significant reduction in final weight of birds. Birds in groups B with 2.5 mg/kg dose showed non-significant results. On 3.75mg/kg exposure, the highest accretion of fluoride occurred in the kidney. Sodium fluoride exposure significantly increased the kidney injury and other renal biomarkers. The histopathological variations such as necrosis of parenchymal cells, congestion and hemorrhage varied in dose dependent manner of sodium fluoride.

The purpose of this research was to assess the challenges facing students when using the school library in Zanzibar. The study was conducted in Zanzibar West “A” District, Unguja. It involved three public secondary schools. This study used a qualitative method and employing a descriptive case study design. The objective of the study was to assess the challenges students face when using the school library. Data was collected through interviews, focus group discussions, and observations from 48 respondents selected from schools in the West “A” District in Zanzibar. The findings of the study revealed the usage of school libraries was low due to the various challenges facing students in using school libraries in Zanzibar, including shortage of resources, insufficient reading space, shortage of facilities in reading rooms, limited designated time for library usage, poor customer service from librarians, limited library hours, and shortage of librarians. The study recommends that schools be supported in establishing well-equipped, furnished, and resource-rich libraries to encourage students to enjoy visiting and utilizing these spaces for reading books and accessing informational materials.

A concept analysis is an in-depth examination of a phenomenon of interest as it relates to various disciplines. The literature lacks a clear definition of the concept of novice faculty; therefore, the purpose of this paper is to analyze and develop an operational definition of novice faculty through the methodology of Walker and Avant (2011). A literature search was conducted using four selected databases: PsycINFO, Computers and Applied Sciences, CINAHL, and ERIC, resulting in a total of 19 articles chosen and reviewed. Based on this concept, attributes, antecedents, and consequences were applied, as displayed in the concept map. A model case demonstrates all the defining attributes of the concept. Additionally, borderline and contrary cases are provided to illustrate distinctions among defining attributes. The analysis led to the following definition: A novice faculty member is a neophyte who works in a new culture and lacks experience in both theoretical and practical skills associated with the nurse educator role in the academic environment. The importance of the novice concept to the profession of nursing is highlighted through its implications for nursing science, education, and practice. The outcome of this analysis—the development of a conceptual definition of novice faculty—should be viewed not as a finished product but as a foundational step toward understanding the concept.

Background: Cirrhosis is a chronic liver condition characterized by significant morbidity and mortality. Hepatic encephalopathy (HE), a neuropsychiatric complication of cirrhosis, is associated with vitamin D deficiency, which may exacerbate liver dysfunction. Understanding the clinical and laboratory characteristics of cirrhotic patients with and without HE is crucial for improving management strategies. Objective: To evaluate the clinical characteristics of cirrhotic patients and investigate the association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and the severity of HE. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, from December 2019 to August 2020. A total of 54 cirrhotic patients were divided into two groups: 27 with HE (cases) and 27 without HE (controls). Clinical history, physical examination, and laboratory parameters, including serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels, were assessed. Data analysis involved chi-square tests, t-tests, and ANOVA, with a significance level of p < 0.05. Results: The mean age of participants was 50.2 years, with a male predominance (63%). Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were significantly lower in patients with HE (6.6 ± 2.1 ng/ml) compared to controls (13.6 ± 4.2 ng/ml; p < 0.0001). Vitamin D levels decreased progressively with higher HE grades. Cases exhibited significantly higher serum bilirubin, prothrombin time, INR, Child-Pugh scores, and MELD scores than controls (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency is strongly associated with the severity of HE in cirrhotic patients. Lower vitamin D levels correspond to higher grades of encephalopathy, emphasizing its potential role in HE pathophysiology. Future studies should explore the therapeutic implications of vitamin D supplementation in this population.

The goal of this paper is to derive the Lie algebra of Killing vector fields for the locally rotationally symmetric Bianchi type-I spacetime within the framework of f(Q) gravity, where f(Q) gravity is a modified gravitational theory that extends General Relativity by introducing a function of the non-metricity tensor Q to explore alternative models of gravity. To achieve this, various algebraic methods and direct integration techniques are employed. Different metric functions are analyzed, and the associated Killing vectors are determined for each case. It is observed that the spacetime under investigation can support either4, 6, or 10 Killing vector fields.

Background: Ectopic pregnancy (EP), where a fertilized egg implants outside the uterine cavity, is a significant contributor to first-trimester maternal morbidity and mortality, especially in low-resource settings. Understanding region-specific risk factors, clinical presentations, and management outcomes is critical for developing effective healthcare strategies. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 patients diagnosed with EP at Monno Medical College and Hospital, Manikganj, Bangladesh from January, 2022 to January, 2024. Patient data, including demographic information, clinical history, risk factors, and management strategies, were collected retrospectively from medical records. Management approaches, including medical (methotrexate) and surgical interventions, were analyzed for effectiveness and patient outcomes using SPSS version 26. Ethical approval was obtained, and all patient data were anonymized. Results: Most patients (30%) were aged 26-30 years, and marital status was significantly associated with EP (p = 0.048). History of PID and previous ectopic pregnancy were reported in 35% and 20% of patients, respectively, with significant associations (p = 0.015 and p = 0.040). Methotrexate was administered in 40% of cases, showing significant success (p = 0.025). Surgical interventions, including salpingectomy and laparoscopy, were performed in 35% and 25% of cases, respectively, and significantly associated with positive outcomes. Tubal preservation was achieved in 55% of patients, while tubal loss occurred in 45%. Complications, such as the need for blood transfusions (15%) and hospital readmission (8%), underscore the critical nature of EP management. Conclusion: This study highlights significant risk factors and clinical presentations of EP in a Bangladeshi population, with effective management outcomes observed for both medical and surgical interventions. Improved diagnostic access and timely intervention are essential to reduce EP-related morbidity and enhance reproductive outcomes in low-resource settings.

Introduction: Twin pregnancies present unique challenges for both maternal and neonatal health. These pregnancies are associated with an increased risk of complications, such as preterm labor, growth restrictions, and higher rates of perinatal mortality. Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted at the Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics in Dhaka Medical College and Hospital, Dhaka, from January 2008 to December 2008. Total number of cases were 132. Data analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0. A descriptive method was adopted in this study. Result: In this study of 132 twin pregnancies, 1.47% of deliveries were twins. Most patients were aged 20-35 years and multiparous. Preterm births accounted for 40.15%, with 43.93% of pregnancies reaching full term. Common maternal complications included premature labor (50%) and anemia (37.87%). The perinatal mortality rate was 10.98%, with prematurity (40.15%) being the leading cause of morbidity. Most twins had favorable APGAR scores (79.3% at 1 minute, 91.2% at 5 minutes), and birth weights were predominantly between 1.6-2.5 kg. Conclusion: This study concludes that twin pregnancies pose significant maternal and neonatal risks, including preterm labor, anemia, and hypertensive disorders in mothers, as well as prematurity and respiratory distress in neonates. However, the majority of neonates showed favorable outcomes with improved APGAR scores over time. While perinatal mortality was relatively low, proper management and early intervention are crucial in improving outcomes.

Background: Cystic hygroma is a congenital lymphatic malformation frequently associated with chromosomal abnormalities, hydrops fetalis, and high fetal mortality. Diagnosed predominantly in the first trimester, late-detected cases often present severe complications and poor prognosis, particularly in low-resource settings with limited access to advanced diagnostic modalities. Case Presentation: We report the case of a 30-year-old third gravida woman in Bangladesh who presented at over 24 weeks’ gestation with amenorrhea and a prenatal ultrasound indicative of cystic hygroma, pleural effusion, and oligohydramnios. Initial ultrasound findings included a large cystic mass at the fetal neck, pleural effusion, and body hyperflexion, suggestive of fetal hydrops and cystic hygroma. Serial ultrasounds confirmed persistent cystic hygroma, increased pleural effusion, and ascites, alongside declining amniotic fluid levels. Limited access to genetic testing restricted comprehensive diagnostic evaluation. The case highlights the high-risk nature of late-diagnosed cystic hygroma, especially where resource constraints limit available interventions. Conclusion: This case underscores the poor prognosis of cystic hygroma in advanced gestation, emphasizing the importance of early screening, regular prenatal visits, and improved access to genetic counseling and non-invasive diagnostic technologies. Future research should prioritize affordable diagnostic tools for low-resource healthcare environments to support timely diagnosis and management.

The tourism and hospitality industries are vital to the global economy, employment market, and cross-cultural interchange of nations. Libya is ripe for growth in the tourist sector thanks to its varied landscapes, rich historical legacy, and cultural attractions. The aim of this research is to analyze the effect of Tourist destination online content (TDOC) perceptions on satisfaction, behavioral intentions, and digital marketing interactions; to analyze the effect of satisfaction and digital marketing on behavioral intentions of tourists; and as mediation variable between tourist behavioral intentions and TDOC perceptions. The population in this study were individuals involved in tourism and hospitality activities in Libya. This research is quantitative research, where sampling technique used was non-probability sampling (purposive sampling). The number of samples used in this study was 300 respondents, the data collected using a questionnaire. The data analysis technique used in this study was Partial Least Square (PLS) using Smart PLS version 4.0 software. The result showed that Tourist destination online content perceptions have a positive impact on their satisfaction, Tourists’ TDOC perceptions positively impact their behavioral intentions, Tourists’ TDOC perceptions significantly and positively affect digital marketing interactions, Satisfaction can't mediates between tourist behavioral intentions and TDOC perceptions, Satisfaction significantly and positively affects the behavioral intentions of tourists, Digital marketing interactions have a positive impact on the behavioral intentions of tourists, Digital marketing can't mediate tourist behavioral intentions and TDOC perceptions. The implications of the study highlight the importance of engaging digital content, social media optimization, and improving tourist satisfaction in Libya's tourism sector. It recommends active use of social media, focusing on service quality, and training industry players to design effective digital marketing campaigns to enhance tourist engagement and behavioral intentions.

Maize crop is cultivated for the purpose to obtain high production of grains. Term maize is derived from Latin language, meaning life benefactor. Its grains possess high nutritional values. Because of high importance of maize grains, a study was performed according to CRD by three replications to examine the mitigating effects of antioxidants such as citric acid, ascorbic acid and salicylic acid to salt toxicity. Foliar application of these three antioxidants were done at 200 ppm concentration and one treatment as mixture of 100 ppm of all three antioxidants. Data was noted for different growth, physiological and yield attributes. Analysis of data revealed that 100 ppm concentration mixture of all three antioxidants provided highest results for all attributes. The 100 ppm antioxidant mixture foliar application caused 8% increase in plant height and 29% increase in ear length as compared to controlled plants sprayed with water. It also caused significant increase in concentration of all photosynthetic pigments such as Chl a, Chl b and carotenoids. Foliar application with 100 ppm of antioxidant mixture also caused 21% increase in catalase activity and 27% increase in peroxidase activity. This treatments also helped plants to accumulate more potassium and provided lowest (0.44) Na+/K+ ratio. Hundred grain weight was observed highest (44.7) in plants sprayed with 100 ppm of antioxidant mixture. Harvest index of those plants were also highest (45.65). So, from these results it can be assumed that 100 ppm antioxidant mixture foliar application provided highest results followed by 200 ppm concentration of ascorbic acid.

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major cause of cancer-related mortality globally, with a strong association with chronic liver disease, particularly cirrhosis. In cirrhotic patients, the overlapping clinical manifestations of HCC and underlying liver dysfunction complicate timely diagnosis and management. Understanding the clinical characteristics of HCC in this population is essential for improving outcomes. Objective: To evaluate the clinical characteristics of HCC in cirrhotic patients, focusing on differences in liver function, demographic profiles, and etiological factors. Methodology: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh, between December 2019 and August 2020. The study included 66 participants divided into two groups: cirrhotic patients with HCC (n=33) and cirrhotic patients without HCC (n=33). Data were collected through clinical, biochemical, and radiological assessments, with HCC diagnosis confirmed via fine-needle aspiration. Statistical analysis included t-tests, Chi-square tests, and ROC analysis. Results: The mean age of HCC patients was 49.85 ± 14.40 years, with 87.9% male predominance, similar to the cirrhosis group (mean age: 46.15 ± 11.06 years, 72.7% male). Significant differences were observed in prothrombin time (p=0.002), INR (p<0.001), and serum albumin (p=0.009), indicating relatively preserved liver function in HCC patients. HCC patients predominantly fell into Child-Pugh class B (54.5%), whereas cirrhotic patients were more commonly class C (39.4%, p=0.037). Hepatitis B virus (HBV) was the leading etiological factor in both groups, with HBsAg detected in 84.8% of HCC and 93.9% of cirrhotic patients. Conclusion: HCC in cirrhotic patients presents with distinct clinical and biochemical profiles, including better-preserved liver function and higher serum albumin levels compared to cirrhotic patients without HCC. The high prevalence of HBV in the region underscores the need for targeted surveillance and early intervention strategies. Further multicenter studies are recommended to validate these findings and enhance diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.

This work explores the optimum tensile strength and hardness of AISI 1018 low carbon steel plate welded joint using an E7018 electrode. The effect of metal metal arc welding process parameters namely; welding current and welding travel speed on AISI 1018 low carbon steel samples. The optimum performance of weld joints has been assessed based on the ultimate tensile strength and hardness of welded joints considering the welding current and travel speed variation. Taguchi-based L4 orthogonal array has been considered for the design of the experiment. The welding parameters on Tensile strength and Hardness of AISI 1018 low carbon steel plate welded joints were evaluated. The results show that there was no significant effect in current variation from 80A to 100A on the Ultimate Tensile strength and hardness of AISI 1018 low carbon steel plate with an average UTS and hardness of 434MPa and 122, respectively. However, it seemed that the welding travel speed of 20 to 21 mm/s, slightly affected the ultimate tensile strength and the hardness.

This study investigates the dynamic behaviour of an elastically supported uniform Rayleigh beam subjected to the passage of moving distributed masses with varying velocities, where the loading conditions vary arbitrarily with time. The motion of this problem is described by a fourth-order partial differential equation, which governs its behaviour. The beam’s non-stationary response under such dynamic loading scenarios is analysed using the weighted residual method, which converts the governing equation into a sequence of linked second-order differential equations to facilitate the analysis. A rewritten version of Struble’s asymptotic method further simplifies the transformed governing equation. This modification aids reduction in the complexity of the equation. The closed-form response is contrasted for the acceleration and deceleration motion. The study thoroughly examines how different velocities and frequencies of the moving force affect the dynamic behaviour of the beam. Key aspects explored include the influence of axial force, foundation modulus, and shear modulus in the support structure, the impact of varying mass distributions, and the time-dependent nature of the applied loads. The results help further understand the structural dynamics in complex environments and offer insights into optimising the design and performance of similar systems under non-stationary dynamic loads.