Wilms’ tumor is the commonest renal tumor occurring in 1:10000 children worldwide. One of the important determinants of outcome in childrens are Histopathological features it helps in assessing prognosis and treatment. It is a retrospective study 60 children found to have wilms’ tumor. In our study all cases showed favourable histology 100%, triphasic pattern was seen in 43.3% and monophasic pattern accounted for 56.6% of which the epithelial predominance was seen in 38%, blastemal in 44% and FWRT in 18% which is helpful in assessing outcome of children with wilms’ tumor.

Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women, accounting for 56% of all female tumors. it is one of the leading causes of death in female. Metaplastic carcinoma is another rare carcinoma, with incidence accounting for 3-6 % of breast carcinoma. Early treatment management has better prognosis. Aim: To detect the importance of immunohistochemistry studies in detecting breast carcinoma. Material and Methods: Among 75 total mastectomy specimens received in Sree Balaji Medical College in department of Pathology 57 cases reported as ductal carcinoma insitu, Metaplastic carcinoma 5 cases, Papillary carcinoma 10 cases and Neuroendocrine carcinoma 3 cases. Among 5 Metaplastic carcinoma cases, Immmunohistochemistry staining was done with tumor marker CD68 and CK to find the expression of the markers in tumor cell and to find rare variants in the carcinoma. Results: Out of 5 cases of metaplastic carcinoma of breast, 3 cases were positive for CD68 and CK. CD68 and CK has a sensitivity of 86% and specificity80% in detecting variants in breast carcinoma. Conclusion: Molecular genetic analysis should be done in breast carcinoma in large number of cases to know the onset of this rare variant and early treatment management gives better prognosis.

Benign breast diseases are common in young females in the second and third decade of life. Most common presentation is painless lump in the breast. Clinical and cytological correlation is essential for definitive diagnosis and early treatment of the lesions. Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) is a popular technique utilized in the diagnosis of palpable masses anywhere in the body, it is sensitive and specific, expedient, economical and safe and less time consuming without much discomfort to the patient. The aim of this study is to analyze and correlate the diagnosis of breast lesions on cytology with histopathology. This is a retrospective cum prospective study which includes 468 cases of palpable breast masses. The chief complaint was lump in the breast, pain in the breast and/or discharge from the nipple. Patients’ ultrasound findings were noted. FNAC was performed by using 23 gauge needle attached to 5 ml or 10ml disposable syringe. For histopathological examination tissue was grossed and representative areas were taken and processed for slide preparation and staining. Slides were examined under light microscope and the findings were correlated with FNAC findings. The study included 468 breast masses / cases, which were diagnosed on cytology. Most of the cases in this study were in the age group 20- 29 years (157 cases). The size of the lesion varied from 1.0 cm to 7.6 cm in the largest plane, number of swellings in a single breast varied from one to eight. Largest numbers of multiple fibroadenomas (both breast) were 16 of varying sizes. Most of the lesions were noted in the left breast than right breast. The accuracy of the FNAC is 97.88 % in this study.

Background: Papanicolaou (PAP) smear is a simple, non invasive and cost effective method for detection of precancerous changes in the cervix. It is effectively used as a screening tool in cervical cancer screening program to identify precancerous lesions so that treatment can be started promptly and thus development of invasive cancer can be prevented. Aim: To study the correlation between PAP smear and cervical biopsy in malignant and non malignant lesions of cervix. Materials and methods: Prospective cross sectional study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital in Chennai. It included all cases between September 2012 and September 2017 in which both PAP smear and cervical biopsy were done. Cyto-histopathological correlation was done. Results: Out of the 377 cases, on PAP smears 85% of cases were reported as inflammatory smears. Premalignant lesions like LSIL and HSIL were reported in 6.1 % and 4.5% of cases respectively.0.7% of cases were directly diagnosed as SCC. 3.1% of cases were reported as ASCUS. Cytohistopathological correlation was done. Sensitivity in the present study was 81.3%, Specificity was 92%. Positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 77.6% and 86.5% respectively. Diagnostic accuracy of Pap smear in the present study was 84.5%

Distilled water is not supposed to contain > 5μg of chlorides and if it does, distillation is unsuccessful, and a repeat is needed. The quantification of chlorides post purification of reagent grade water though serves to illustrate the success of purification, has also been used in this study to illustrate nearness to success. A total of 50 registered Clinical Chemistry Laboratories in Lagos Mainland of Lagos Nigeria were recruited in this cross sectional study, their reagent grade water sampled and tested for chlorides using spectrophotometric technique. A questionnaire was also administered to ascertain the Laboratories’ source of water. In this study, significant amount of chloride was detected in all reagent water tested with concentration range of 0.055mg/L - 38.760mg/L. Most laboratories studied had Borehole as their source of water with few using bottled table water. The concentration of chlorides in laboratories using bottled table water ranged from 0.142 to 4.70. The average chloride concentration was 1.560mg/L and Variance of 2.953. This when compared to borehole sources with average chloride concentration of 5.912mg/L and variance of 79.378, at 95% confidence interval, p = 0.05, critical value 2.021 and calculated t = 2.896, was statistically significant. There is detection of significant concentrations of chloride implying failure of purification of water in all Laboratories studied. However, based on this study use of bottled table water is presently better than use of borehole as source of water for purification.

Ameloblastoma is a rare neoplasm of the mandible and maxilla of odontogenic epithelial origin. It has multiple histologic variants. Most common subtype is the multicystic variant of ameloblastoma while its another variant unicystic ameloblastoma (UA) is relatively uncommon which usually occur in younger populations. In this article, we report a case of Unicystic Ameloblastoma in a 22 year old female which was provisionally diagnosed as dentigerous cyst based on clinico - radiographic features and was treated conservatively. Detailed microscopic examination revealed features of Unicystic ameloblastoma which requires long term follow-up to check for recurrence.

The term “menstruation” is derived from the Latin word “menstruus” meaning “monthly”. Sir John Williams stated that menstruation is a cyclical process, which begins at cessation of menstrual flow, passes through the developmental changes of mucus membrane of the uterus and ends with the cessation of the next following menstruation” [1]. Objective-To evaluate histopathology of endometrium in abnormal uterine bleeding. The endometrial samples (endometrial curettage/ biopsy and hysterectomy specimens) sent to pathology laboratory were analysed. These specimens are fixed in 10% formalin and gross morphology was recorded. A detailed histological study was carried out and the findings were noted. Statistical analysis was done. In the present study maximum number of patients (46 cases) belongs to an age group of 31-40 years followed by 34 cases belongs to an age group of 41-50 years and 12 cases belongs to 21-30 year age group (Table-1). In the present study maximum number of patients (58 cases) presented with a symptom of heavy bleeding followed by Inter-menstrual Bleeding was seen in 24 patients and Heavy & prolonged bleeding was seen in 6 cases (Table-2). Proliferative phase was the most common histo-pathological finding accounting for 41% followed by secretory phase accounting for 24%, simple hyperplasia without atypia accounting for 17%, complex hyperplasia with atypia in 8%, endometrial polyp & Disordered Proliferative endometrium in 3%, endometrial adenocarcinoma 1% (Table-3). Histopathological evaluation of endometrial sample in women with AUB has a vital role in the diagnosis of different histological patterns. Therefore, histo-pathological examination is of paramount importance particularly in women of peri-menopausal and post-menopausal age groups who present with AUB.

Western part of Odisha is a region where prevalence of sickle cell disease patients is much high. The prevalence of sickle cell disease in Odisha is about 21-40%. Most of these patients suffer from different types of crises & require frequent blood transfusion. As a result they develop alloantibody resulting in hemolysis in vivo at the time of subsequent blood transfusion. Till now no study has been done in this part of Odisha regarding the prevalence of alloantibody in these patients. In general population, the prevalence of alloantibody is 5%- 8%. So, in our medical college which is a tertiary care center, a prospective study has been done to find out the prevalence of alloantibody in these groups of patients. All diagnosed Sickle Cell Disease patients by HPLC method of different age groups who have received Blood Transfusion were taken for study with their grouping & Rh typing. Then by semi automatic method, three panel antibody screening was done for each sample & DAT was also done for all cases. Out of 90 no. of Sickle Cell Disease patient’s alloantibody was detected in 11 samples. Direct Antiglobulin test was positive in all these cases. In Sickle Cell Disease, who received Blood transfusion, alloantibody formation in these patients is a probability in some cases leading to Delayed Hemolytic Transfusion Reactions. In these patients corresponding antigen negative blood transfusion should be given.

Background: The study titled ―A cross-sectional analysis of Seropositivity of Hepatitis B & Hepatitis C amongst blood volunteer donors at tertiary health care centre: 10 year study. Method: Records of blood donors collected in the past decade were evaluated and information regarding screening tests was being noted. In addition, a questionnaire was being prepared to collected information about all subjects such as general profile, history of exposure to risky procedures or behaviours, family history of Hepatitis B infection, immunization against Hepatitis B in three doses etc. Result: The above table shows distribution of donors according to type of donor. 54028 (90.81%) donors were Replacement Donors while only 5467 (9.19%) donors were Voluntary Donors. Out of the total 59495 donors in past 10 years, 1020 (1.71%) were diagnosed to be HBsAg positive. Out of the total 59495 donors in past 10 years, 475 (0.79%) were diagnosed to be HCV positive. 74 (1.35%) of voluntary donors in last 10 years came out to be Hepatitis B positive. 58 (1.06%) of voluntary donors in last 10 years came out to be Hepatitis C positive. The above table shows the year-wise number of total donors and voluntary donors. It also shows the number of HBsAg. As per the above tables, there was significantly higher seropositivity among replacement donors as compared to voluntary donors. Conclusion: A large proportion of HBsAg and HCV infected individuals are not aware of their infective status. It is not only dangerous to not know this as these infections are also sexually transmitted to the spouse or any other sexual partners of such individuals. Also, at the time of emergency for the need of blood, such individuals may be a false assurance of source of blood until being tested and refused by the blood bank before actual donation. This may aggravate the situation by rendering in need to search for another source of blood. An increased public health education on the subject is necessary especially for those at a higher risk. Also, voluntary blood donation should be encouraged to fetch safe and tested blood in contrast to the replacement donation where transfusion-transmitted infections tend to be much higher.

Introduction: Bone tumours remain a diagnostic challenge to orthopedic surgeons and pathologists. This leads more concern in developing countries due to limited diagnostic and therapeutic facilities. We analyzed entire spectrum of bone lesions, their demographs like age, sex, anatomical site of occurrence, their relative frequency and histological features in a tertiary care hospital of India. Aim: To study spectrum of various bone lesions and their relative frequency at a tertiary care hospital, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India. Materials and Methods: This is retrospective hospital based cross sectional study of 103 cases of bone lesions diagnosed on histopathological examination at department of pathology, tertiary care hospital, Ahmedabad, Gujarat over a period of one year. All data were retrieved from clinical case notes of patients. The data was entered in Microsoft excel sheet and analyzed using frequency distribution and percentages. Results: Out of the 103 cases of bone lesions, age ranged from 5 to 71 years with male to female ratio of 1:1. Nonneoplastic lesions were 62.2% with osteomyelitis as the most common pathology accounting 36%. There were 39(37.8%) neoplastic lesions with 59% benign tumours and 41% were malignant tumours. Osteoclastoma (07/23) 30.4% and osteogenic sarcoma (06/16) 37.5% were most common benign and malignant bone tumours detected respectively. Lower end of Femur (19.4%) followed by upper end of tibia (13.5%) were common presenting sites for bone lesions. Conclusion: Bone lesions were common at both extremes of age with no specific sex predilection. Primary bone tumours were mainly benign, occurred predominantly in second decade of life with male predilection. Femur and tibia were common involved sites. Chronic osteomyelitis was the commonest nonneoplastic lesion, while osteoclastoma and osteosarcoma were most common benign and primary malignant bone tumours respectively.

Background: Alteration in the hormone status either due to primary intrinsic ovarian abnormalities or secondary disturbances in the hypothalamo - Pituitary - ovarian axis results in AUB. The etiology of AUB is often related to anovulatory disturbances and ovulatory disturbances. However, there is a need to evaluate the endometrial changes specific for ovulatory and anovulatory causes of AUB at the histological level. This study was carried out to evaluate the histomorphological pattern of endometrium in Abnormal Uterine Bleeding. Methods: This cross sectional study was carried out among 100 women who were diagnosed with AUB in our tertiary care hospital between 2012 and 2014. Endometrial biopsy sample was taken on the third week of menstrual cycle. The samples received were carefully examined for the presence of mucus & large blood clots, and, if found were removed. One slide stained with conventional Haematoxylin & Eosin, second slide with Per iodic acid Schiff method and third slide was stained with Gomeri's method for reticulin stain. Results: A total of 100 cases were analyzed in this study and majority of the cases consisted of anovulatory disturbances (62%) followed by ovulatory disturbances (34%). While majority of the anovulatory cases were irregular proliferation (27%), majority of the ovulatory cases were deficient secretory state with co-ordinated delay (11%). Conclusion: In the modern era of minimally invasive surgical and diagnostic procedures, there is a growing need for the histopathologist to develop acumen for diagnosis of AUB. This study has extensively highlighted the variations in the endometrial presentation for an in depth analysis of AUB.

Background: Traumatic brain injury is defined as an alteration in brain function caused by an external force; it is responsible for high mortality around the world. Hyperglycemia aggravates underlying brain damage and influences both morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. Aim: The aim of our study is to examine the relationship between blood glucose and outcome after traumatic brain injury in Sudanese Patients. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted at the National Center for Neurological Sciences from October 2015 to October 2018; blood specimens were obtained from 210 TBI patients and processed for plasma glucose measurement. Results: Two hundred and ten patients with TBI were enrolled in the study, 91.0% were males and 9.0% were females. The most affected age group ranged between 19-34 years in 75 patients. The present study revealed that normoglycemia (Glucose level 70-180 mg/dl) was detected in 79.0%of patients, while dysglycemia was detected in 21% of patients. Moreover, in this study, regarding the outcome and blood glucose, among dysglycemic patients (44), 61.1% of the hypoglycemic patients were found with mild disability according to GOS classification, while 66.6% of the hyperglycemic patients died. Conclusion: This study demonstrated a significant difference in blood glucose levels among patients with TBI.

Background: Hepatitis E is an important public-health concern as a major cause of enterically transmitted hepatitis worldwide, spread primarily by faecal contaminated drinking water and is responsible for over 50% of cases of acute viral hepatitis in endemic countries. Aims & Objectives: To determine incidence of hepatitis E in jaundice patients admitted to the Tertiary care hospital, Jamnagar. 1) To assess Prevalence of Hepatitis E in various Socio-economic strata. 2) To determine various age and sex specific prevalence of Hepatitis E. Material & Methods: Total 377 blood samples of patient suspected of acute viral hepatitis were collected and tested for anti HEV IgM antibody by ELISA method (RecombiLISA). Observation and Result: Out of 377 patients, 48 patients (12.8%) showed anti HEV IgM antibodies. The anti HEV IgM antibodies were more in the 14-40 years (87.5%). Hepatitis E virus IgM antibodies positivity rate was more common in Males compare to females. Conclusion: HEV infection is maximum in young adults (14-40 years) than in pediatric and old age groups. Males (79%) are more seen to be infected with HEV than females (21%). In this present study there is no evidence of HEV in children's. Prevalence of HEV cases is mostly found in area of contamination of water.

Wilms’ tumor being the most common malignant renal tumor in children with long term survival rates, proper staging and assessment of invasion is important. Our study is a retrospective study of 60 children diagnosed to have wilms’ tumor. out of 60 cases, 25 cases were stage II accounting for 41.7%, 36.7% were stage III, 11.7% were stage I and 10% were stage IV (NWTS staging). 45% of cases were found to have capsular / vascular invasion which is the most common route of spread of wilms’ tumor; the next being parenchymal invasion with 23%, followed by hilar/renal sinus invasion – 20 %

Background: Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm that originates in an abnormal pluripotent bone marrow stem cell and is constantly associated with BCR-ABL fusion gene. The present study was undertaken to obtain the clinical and hematological profile in adult CML patient. An attempt had been made to evaluate as well as compare the response of patients to the drugs - Hydroxyurea and Imatinib Mesylate. The earlier is an S phase acting agent and acts by inhibiting DNA synthesis while the latter is a potent and selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Methods: This was a prospective study done between January 2000 to march 2011 in department of pathology and medicine at Banaras Hindu University. A total 50 patients were studied. Exclusion criteria- pregnant ladies and children below 16 years were not included in the study. Patients on hydroxyurea were given 1000mg/day in chronic phases while those in accelerated phase and blast crisis received 30000 mg daily. The patients in imatinib mesylate group in chronic phase received single dose of 400-mg daily, while those in accelerated phase and blast crisis received 600 to 800 mg daily. Complete blood counts were monitored weekly for the first month, fortnightly thereafter till patient achieved hematological remission and then monthly. Interchange of patients among the groups was allowed. The diagnosis was based on general blood picture and bone marrow aspiration was ever needed. The standard criteria for the diagnoses of chronic phase, accelerated phase and blast crisis were used. Results: Chronic myeloid leukemia was commoner in males (male to female ratio was 1.4. Both the drugs were not age and gender sensitive. There was no significant difference in Imatinib and hydroxyurea group in mean post treatment TLC, mean post-treatment PLT, mean post-treatment HB, and mean post treatment spleen levels of patient according to the criteria of phases of disease though side effects were significantly lower with imatinib. Imatinib mesylate, a selective inhibitor of the protein tyrosine kinase has shown promising results in chronic myeloid leukaemia in all phases. Its efficacy, specificity and the safety profile makes it a better choice for the first line therapy in CML.

Diabetic foot infection is one of the most common complications of Diabetes and it is a major public health problem that leads to amputation if not treated. Moreover screening of the ulcers for microbial growth and antibiotic susceptibility will enable to initiate the appropriate antibiotic therapy. The present study was carried out to identify the profile bacterial pathogens from the diabetic foot ulcers and also to determine it’s antibiotic susceptibility pattern. Ninety four patients with diabetic foot ulcer attending Surgery outpatient department were included; demographic and clinical examinations was done by the surgeons and the ulcers were assessed as per the Wagner classification of ulcers. Wound swabs and pus were collected from the diabetic foot infections and were processed using standard Microbiological techniques. The results revealed Pseudomonas aeruginosa predominated followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli among negative groups whereas Staphylococcus aureus dominated [two strains were Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)], followed by Enterococcus spp and Streptococcus among Gram positive. The Gram positive bacteria showed resistance to cephalosporins, aminoglycosides and other first line drugs. ESBL production was observed maximum in Klebsiella spp followed by Proteus spp and Escherichia coli. Metallo β lactamases production for Pseudomonas spp was found to be positive among 12 isolates. Hence by performing culture and sensitivity of diabetic foot ulcers will enable the antibiotic sensitivity pattern which will be helpful in determining the drugs for the empirical treatment thereby preventing indiscriminate use of broad spectrum antibiotics.