A study was conducted for the isolation and identification of soil micro-flora in rhizosphere of B. racemosa (L.) Spreng and R. serpentine (L.) Benth. ex Kurz, trees from Western Ghats region of Uttar Kannada, Karnataka, India. Soil samples were collected from rhizosphere of B. racemosa and R. serpentine plants, during the months of February 2022. Soil microbes were isolated by using soil dilution technique. The total number of bacteria isolated from B. racemose and R. serpentinais rhizosphere is 2,666,600 and 4,461,160 per gram of soil respectively. The rhizospheric fungal isolates present in B. racemosa and R. serpentina plants is 3,281,200 and 1,946,200 per gram of soil respectively. In B. racemosa rhizosphere, the percentage contribution is Penicillium sp with 13.679%, In R. serpentine rhizosphere, the highest percentage contribution is Cladosporium sp., Trichoderma sp.with17.663% and 17.391% respectively. In rhizosphere of B. racemose, 19 different species belonging to 15 genera were isolated; among which Penicillium species is dominating over other fungal species isolated. In rhizosphere of R. serpentina, 18 different species belonging to 11 genera were observed; among which Trichoderma sp.is dominating over other fugal species isolates. The most frequently isolated fungi from the rhizosperes of B. racemosa and R. serpentine plants are Penicillium sp and Trichoderma sp.For the first time the rhizospheric micro-flora i.e., bacteria and fungi was reported from B. racemose soil sample collected from Western Ghats region of Uttara Kannada. For the first time the rhizospheric myco-flora was reported from R. serpentine soil samples collected from Western Ghats region of Uttara Kannada. All the bacteria and fungi isolated was new report to Wester Ghats region of Uttar Kannada, Karnataka, India.

His association of mediastinal germ-cell tumours (MGCTs) with haematologic neoplasms is a rare though well known circumstance, and few cases are found in the literature. Most of these are non-seminomatous tumours in young males. The diagnosis of the haematological condition is usually either synchronic or metachronic with that of the germ-cell tumour. The prognosis is poor and basically determined by the haematologic neoplasia. Less than 20 cases of PMGCT with evolution into acute megakaryocytic leukemia have been reported in worldwide literature. Hematologic neoplasias associated with extragonadal germ cell tumors represent one of the most intriguing and biologically distinctive aspects of male germ cell cancers. The case report we present is that of a young 33 year old male with an initial diagnosis of both conditions which were detected synchronously. Despite timely intervention he succumbed to multiorgan failure following chemotherapy and an autopsy was performed.

Background: IAC Yokohama system has 5 categories that may be stratified by their risk of malignancy (ROM) and supply guidance within a management algorithm for every category. The main objectives were to categorize the Breast FNAC samples according to new system of reporting and to assess the Risk of malignancy (ROM), sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and diagnostic accuracy for all categories. Material and Methods: A total of 174 cases were prospectively studied over a period of one year from 1st November 2019 to 31st October 2020 in GMC, Jammu. All the FNAC received was reported routinely according to the newly proposed Yokohama system of reporting breast cytology. The ROM, sensitivity, specificity, Positive Predictive Value (PPV), Negative Predictive Value (NPV) and accuracy of Breast FNAC were calculated. Results: ROM is 0% for category 1, 2.27% for category 2, 50% for category 3, 50% for category 4 and 100% for category 5. Sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy were, respectively, 100%, 100% and 99.11% for category A (only C5 category cases considered positive test results), 88.2%, 93.6%, and 93.6% for category B, (both C4 and C5 categories considered positive test results), and 94.1%, 91.48%, and 92.1% for category C (C3, C4, and C5 category cases grouped as positive test results). PPV and NPV were also calculated. Conclusion: Categorization of the Breast FNAB cytology according to IAC Yokohama system of reporting helps pathologist in the diagnostic clarity and guides clinician in the appropriate patient management.

Introduction: Head and neck lesions are routinely encountered by the clinicians, irrespective of age, sex and demography. FNAC is a integral part of diagnosing these lesions as these lesions are quite accessible to aspiration. FNAC is easy OPD procedure with minimal complications and a good sensitivity and specificity. Aims: To assess the cytomorphological spectrum of various head and neck lesions diagnosed on FNAC according to site, age and sex in a peripheral hospital in north India where no previous such study has been done. Material and Methods: The present study is a retrospective study undertaken in the Department of Pathology, District hospital udhampur, a peripheral hospital in north India. Cases were studied from December 2020 to March 2021. Results: Out of 85 fine needle aspiration procedures 48.2% (40 cases) were of lymph node, 24.7%(21 cases) from skin and soft tissue swellings 17% (20 cases) were of thyroid, 7.05% from salivary gland(06 cases). The present study included 85 cases with the age ranging from 5 months to 72 years out of which 52(61.1%) were females and 33(38.8%) were males .Reactive lymphadenitis is the commonest inflammatory lesion. Colloid goitre is the commonest benign lesion. Conclusion: Skin and soft tissue lesions were second most common lesion in these areas as compared to other studies. No such previous study has been done in rural area. This will help us to know the trend of various head and neck lesions in these areas.

Introduction: In order to fight against preanalytical errors, a simulation workshop around the requirements of this phase was carried out by the team of the biochemistry laboratory of the university hospital of Tangier Tetouan Alhoceima. Newly recruited nurses in oncology, hematology and the sampling center benefited from this training. Material and Methods: The course of this workshop took place in the premises of the center of clinical simulation and educational innovation in health sciences of the faculty of medicine and pharmacy of Tangier (Tangier'Sim Center). The beneficiaries were 19 nurses divided into two groups. The practical part was performed on low-fidelity procedural dummies. Two questionnaires were completed pre and post training. Results and Discussion: Knowledge of the requirements and best practices of the pre-analytical phase improved significantly after this workshop, both in terms of preparing the patient and taking the sample. This approach is an original tool for training and familiarization with good practices for peripheral venous sampling, in particular the vacuum sampling system. And above all an opportunity to discuss the different requirements with a category of professionals very involved in their daily practice in the preanalytical phase. Conclusion: This experience resulted in the development of a leaflet on good practices for peripheral venous sampling which is part of the quality approach in the medical biology laboratory.

Introduction: In realizing the promise of electronic health records, the needs to address the potential ethical issues are of paramount importance. Objectives: This research aims to determine the perception regarding the ethical issues in using the electronic health record among the medical staff of King Khalid General Hospital, Hafar Al-Batin, Saudi Arabia. Method: This research is quantitative-cross sectional approach. There are 43 medical record staffs who served as the participants. In determining the number of participants, the researcher used simple random sampling. A self-administered tool was used to collect the data. Ethical approval was obtained before data gathering. This research employed frequency and percentage for the demographic profile and weighted mean. In order to determine the differences, exist on the perception of the participants based on the tested variables, t-test was used for gender. Meanwhile, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was conducted to determine the differences in the department, level of education, and age. Results: The perception of the medical record staff about the ethical issues in the use of electronic health record is positive (x=3.68). Meanwhile, there is no significant difference on the department (Sig: 0.419; p-val. 0.5), age (Sig: 0.574; p-val. 0.5), level of education (Sig: 0.979; p-val. 0.5), and gender (Sig: 0.156; p-val. 0.5). Conclusion: The medical record staff in King Khalid General Hospital, Hafar Al-Batin, Saudi Arabia, have a positive perception regarding the ethical issues on electronic health records. As such, it can be used to improve more the practices in safeguarding the records. Moreover, this positive perception can address future ethical issues that may arise. Further, there are no significant differences in the department where these participants are deployed, the age, level of education, and gender.

Background: Methotrexate helps your immune system from assaulting your body's cells by calming it down. This helps to lessen the inflammation that causes rheumatoid arthritis's swollen and stiff joints, psoriasis' thickened skin, and Crohn's disease's gut damage. Because of its powerful effectiveness and safety, In the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, methotrexate (MTX) is used as an anchor disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (DMARD) (RA).Although MTX aids a huge percentage of RA patients, it is not without adverse effects. When treating rheumatoid arthritis patients with the MTX, wide a variety of adverse effects, from minor to severe, can occur, leading to therapy termination. One putative harmful effect of methotrexate on the due to a local folate deficiency, there is a reduction in hepatic folate stores and toxicity. When MTX used with other medications, further research is needed to improve efficacy while reducing adverse effects. The management of MTX therapy is also reviewed, as well as options for dealing with adverse effects that may arise. Objective: The purpose of this study was to see how methotrexate affected individuals after 6 to 12 months of treatment for rheumatoid arthritis. Methods: Data was collected at the Shalamar hospital, Pakistan, between January 2021 and June 2022. Non-Probability Purposive Sample is the sampling strategy used in this investigation. Following the assignment of a study subject, the research took around 6 months to complete. After giving their informed consent, 120 patients between the ages of 30 and 50 were involved in this study. Data will be acquired using data collection technologies when an informed written permission form has been completed. Result: In this study 120 Rheumatoid Arthritis patients were studied, with 64 males (53.3%) and 56 women (46.7%) having an average age of 40 to 45 years and a range of 30 to 50 years. took part in the study, as shown in the graph (Table 3). In this study, 4 patients are 30 to 35 years old and have a percentage of (3.3%), 18 patients are 36 to 40 years old and have a percentage of (15%), another age group is 41 to 45 years old and has a percentage of (47.5%), and the last age group is 46 to 50 years old and has a percentage of (34.2%), as shown in the table (Table 2). The (Table 5) indicates the usual range of LFTs before Methotrexate, which is completely normal with no fluctuation in LFT parameters. As demonstrated in (Tables 6 and 8) where we examine the before and after effects of Methotrexate on the basis of patient immunity in 79 patients, the values of LFTs alter and become higher in comparison to normal, with a percentage of (65.8%). We compare the impact of Methotrexate on the basis of Gender using cross tabulation, which shows that LFTs were high in 41 males (67.1%) and 38 females (64.9%), as indicated in (Table 10). Finally, we compare the effect of Methotrexate on the basis of age factor as shown in (Table 11). After MTX therapy, RA patients experienced gastrointestinal side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, implying that MTX therapy will definitely affect the LFTs level and, most likely, according to the current study, will raise the LFTs level in blood, which will be treated promptly before further serious complications arise. A timely follow-up will be advised to all patients with consistently high LFTs levels. Conclusion: In this study, we discussed rheumatoid arthritis and the effects of methotrexate on rheumatoid arthritis patients' lives. It would appear that methotrexate is gaining popularity in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Although there is risk of infection & probable cancer, the hazards are much outweighed by the potential therapeutic benefits. We also talked about R.A. diagnostic procedures. We covered the many characteristics of this autoimmune condition as well as several diagnostic approaches in this study.

Instructive approaches for testing emerging malaria vaccine candidates could potentially have a lot of translational value. The potential of genetically altered Plasmodium species that do not grow beyond the liver stages, in triggering a protective immunity. Giardia-lamblia, Ascaris-lumbricoides, Trichuris-trichiura, Schistosoma species and Entamoeba-histolytica are most intestinal worm parasites around worldwide. Amebiasis is caused by Entamoeba histolytica invading the intestinal mucosa and causing severe mortality and morbidity. Babesiosis is tick borne infectious disease which causes anaemia, fever, haemoglobinuria, and frailty in the animals. Various bacterial species have been found in fish’s natural habitats. Bacterial colonies can be seen on fish’s gills and skin as a result of persistent contact to unclean water, whereas polluted water or food might harm the gastrointestinal tract. Salmonella nontyphoidalis is the most common zoonotic bacterial food borne infection in humans. Salmonellae are common around the world, and they are the most common pathogenic bacteria in both humans and animals. Engineering the genes which code for pathogenicity effectors and host adaptability could be the key to completely identifying the causal relationship among a gene deficiency and infections in organoids.

Swine influenza strain can be transmitted from human to human and causes normal symptoms of influenza. Transmission mainly occurs between pigs and pigs and humans. Our present study is of a 72yrs old male who died of H1N1 infection. Postmortem findings showed congested and edematous lungs with patchy areas of consolidation. Histopathological findings in lung revealed edema, pneumonic changes, hyaline membrane formation and focal cytophagocytosis.

Staphylococcus aureus is a common hospital and community-acquired pathogen known to be frequently associated with wound infections. Therefore, the aim of the research was to determine the incidence of Staphylococcus aureus in patients with wound infection at University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Rivers State, Nigeria. A total of 150 specimens from different types of wounds (traumatic wound, caesarean section, scrotal wound, surgical wounds, burns, diabetic foot, and plastic surgery) were collected from the Hospital for a period of six months and processed for isolation of S. aureus, following standard microbiological procedures. Samples were cultured on sterile mannitol salt agar (MSA) plates and characterized phenotypically based on cultural and biochemical identities. Data obtained showed 38.7% of the wound cases were contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus isolates. It was observed that the organism mainly occurred in burns (52.63%), while the lowest incidence was related to plastic surgery (18.2%) contamination. The study showed that 10.3% of isolates were associated with biofilm formation, while gamma hemolysis and beta-hemolysis was observed in 93.1% and 6.9% of isolates, respectively. The results of this study represent serious public health concerns, thus emphasizing the need for proper wound management.

Background: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are major public health problem in both developing and developed countries. Medical students should have adequate knowledge about STI as they will be dealing with patients in future. The objective of this study was to evaluate the knowledge and attitude about STIs among medical students. Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among the 184 medical third year students of private medical colleges of Dhaka. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire on sociodemographic information, knowledge of STIs and attitude towards it. The response format was based on a 3-point Likert scale. Frequency distribution was calculated for statistical analysis. Results: One hundred and eighty-four students participated in this study of which 76 (41%) were males and 108 (59%) were females. All of the respondents had ever heard about STIs. Internet was the most frequently source of information for STIs. Most of the students had fair knowledge about the sign and symptoms, transmission, complication and prevention methods of STIs but there were also students who didn’t knew and had misconceptions. Attitude of the students towards STIs was variable. Conclusion: This study indicates the gaps in the knowledge of medical students about STIs. Further research should be performed to investigate the reason behind this gap. Moreover, additional emphasis on the knowledge of STIs and prevention should be implemented into the curriculums.

Intracranial meningiomas continue to challenge our best clinical efforts to eliminate them once discovered and deemed appropriate for treatment. Malignant meningiomas constitute 10% to 15% of all meningiomas and limited information exists regarding adjuvant treatment. The external whole brain irradiation is recommended. Traditional chemotherapy has proven ineffective; thus, new chemotherapeutic agents and new methods of delivery should be developed. Immunotherapy may be considered for patients with malignant meningiomas when all others previous treatment have failed. We report a case of anaplastic papillary meningioma. A 60-year-old woman presented with a 10-year history of gradually decreasing olfactory function. A magnetic resonance image demonstrated a large Olfactory groove meningioma. The tumor and the infiltrated dura were radically removed. Postoperatively, the patient remained neurologically intact. The treatment was complemented by external whole brain radiation.

Hodgkin Lymphoma is rarely diagnosed as spinal cord compression syndrome. Caused by an epidural mass, this complication is often encountered in a late stage of the disease. We report the case of a 52-year-old woman presenting with symptoms of low thoracic spinal cord compression due to an epidural tumor on the MRI. Emergent surgery was undertaken on this patient, consisting in laminectomy and tumor resection. After surgery, pain relief and mild neurological improvement were noticed. The histological study revealed a Hodgkin Lymphoma and the patient was referred to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Though chemotherapy is the gold standard treatment for Hodgkin Lymphoma, surgical spinal decompression may be required in epidural involvement of the disease. Diagnosis may be suspected in the presence of lymphadenopathy and general health decay.

The aim of this study was to determine the parameters of acute toxicity of venom of the kind Tetraponera, on the rats. It was an experimental prospective study carried out at the traditional phytotherapy center of treatment of “ASMASIDAP”, during 5 months, from 1st Feburary to June 30, 2015 and in the laboratory of the FMSP of the University of Douala. This center is situated in Ebang-Mekong, Bikok subdivisionin and Méfou and Akono division; the sampling consisted of a group of 42 rats distributed in 6 batches plus one witness. The lethal dose 50 obtained by the graphical method of Muller and Tainter gave us a value of 653.5 ± 0.12 mg / kg of body weight; The rats, after receiving the injections, hugged each other, squirmed, squealed, their heartbeats seemed to speed up. This study determined the LD50, which, according to scale of Hodge and Sterner, would be slightlytoxic. This study permits us to determine the acute toxicity of venom of kind of tetraponra. LD50 = 653.50mg/Kg of body weight.