Planning and executing the restorative rehabilitation of a decimated occlusion is probably one of the most intellectually and technically demanding tasks facing a restorative dentist. The term "occlusal rehabilitation has been defined as the restoration of the functional integrity of the dental arches by the use of inlays, crowns, bridges and partial dentures". Occlusal rehabilitation therefore involves restoring the dentate or a partially dentate mouth. The aim is to provide an orderly pattern of occlusal contact and articulation that will optimize oral function, occlusal stability and esthetics. Occlusal adjustment by grinding may be required, as part of the rehabilitation but does not constitute rehabilitation per se. In this review occlusal rehabilitation is discussed in the context of cases where restorations are supported by natural teeth and doesn't include the restoration of the fully edentulous arch or maxillofacial defects, nor does it include the use of osseointegrated implants.

With the advancement in science and technology, Cosmetic dental treatments have been revolutionized. Tooth discoloration appears as a significant cosmetic problem that might require bleaching procedures. Intrinsic discoloration is commonly observed in endodontically treated teeth. The objective of this review was to discuss the clinical recommendations of using different internal bleaching techniques for treating intrinsic tooth discoloration based on the available evidence in the literature. Non vital bleaching technique is a minimally invasive procedure to treat intrinsic discoloration of endodontically treated tooth. However, certain protocols and precautions are necessary to minimize post operative complications. Further prospective researches are required to improve the quality of evidence.

Black stain (BS) is a specific type of extrinsic dyschromia caused by the presence of chromogenic bacteria in the oral cavity, which occurs more frequently in children, but may also occur in adults. This article shows a case of black stain in an adult woman and treatment to remove it.

Backgroud: Osteomyelitis is an inflammatory process of bone and bone marrow contents. Bone changes are primarily seen in the soft tissue followed by the calcified tissue. It is usually caused by pyogenic bacteria or mycobacterium. Objective: To determine the epidemiologic profile of patients with osteomyelitis admitted at a tertiary centre from 2006 to2016. Methodology: The present study was done retrospectively in which the data was collected from the year 2006- 2016 from a tertiary centre and analyzed epidemiologically. Result: The female patients outnumbered the male patients and most of the patients were in their 3rd and 4th decade. Also, the maxilla was more commonly affected thand mandible. Conclusion: The study helps in assessment of the local data of a tertiary centre which is important in optimizing the local therapeutic protocols.

Purpose: This study assesses the influence of four styles of instructional delivery on dental students‟ preference and perception of learning experience using lecture method in classroom setting. The association between gender, age, course level and the instructional method preference is also evaluated. Materials and Methods: A group of 98 undergraduate students belonging to the first three years of Bachelor of Dental Surgery (B.D.S) degree program participated in this study. Four instructional methods were used to deliver lectures on surgical techniques used in dental implantology: Chalk-talk method (CT), PowerPoint presentation with figures (PPTf), PowerPoint presentation with figures and dental models (PPTfm) and Videos-verbal elaboration (VT). Two structured questionnaires were used to record the response of the students towards the instructional method employed. Descriptive statistics and chi-square test were used. Results: Recorded students‟ response indicates that VT is an effective instructional delivery method to deliver subject content (99%), promote topic understanding (98%), promote future learning (99%), promote recollection (99%), promote integration of theoretical and practical knowledge (98%) and promote attentiveness (100%). The order of lecture methods preference is as follows: combination of instructional delivery methods (49%), VT (44.9%), PPTfm (5.1%), PPTf (1%) and CT (0%). As the course level increased, higher preference was given to combination of instructional delivery methods (PPtfm, PPTf, VT). There is statistically significant association between age and the method preferred (p=0.001). Conclusion: The dental students preferred the VT method, followed by the PPTf and PPTfm methods.

Pyogenic granuloma (PG) is a widespread tumor-like growth of the oral cavity. This lesion is generally caused by continual poor oral hygiene and low-grade trauma. Many methods have been proposed to remove these lesions. The using of lasers, one of these methods, is considered a safe and effective technique for the removal of these lesions with many clinical advantages such as hemostasis, no intra-operative bleeding and decreased times of healing and pain. The aim of this report is to evaluate the diode laser treatment of three patients with PG. In this case series three uncommon cases of histopathologically PGs in the mandible are presented with the treatment plan of using diode laser to surgically excise the lesions. The patients reported no pain after the surgery. They were discharged with a prescription of chlorhexidine mouthwash and necessary post-operative instructions. The results of this case series demonstrate successful results in the treatment of diode laser pyogenic granuloma-like gingival lesions. The diode laser can be used as an alternative treatment option for the treatment of intraoral PG lesions that minimizes recurrence and increases postoperative comfort and healing.

Background: The extraction of the mandibular third molars is one of the most commonly performed dentoalveolar procedures in oral and maxillofacial surgery and it is often associated with varying degree of postoperative discomfort. Pain, swelling and trismus are the most common postoperative complaints. These discomforts greatly influence the quality of life of the patients in the days after the dental procedure. Objective: The study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of various analgesics namely paracetamol, ketorolac, ibuprofen, tramadol and diclofenac in one, three and five days of the postoperative administration of the analgesics. Methodology: In the present study, twenty five systemically healthy male subjects were included who were undergoing non-surgical extraction of mandibular third molar due to grossly decayed tooth. The subjects were divided into five groups with five subjects in each group according to the analgesic they had received postoperatively; namely paracetamol, ketorolac, ibuprofen, tramadol and diclofenac. Pain was assessed by using a Visual Analog Scale (VAS) respectively on one, three and five days of administration of analgesics postoperatively. A data was collected on the respective days. The recorded data was tabulated and analyzed accordingly. As the data for this study were collected at different time points, analysis for the longitudinal study was done. Result: The outcome of the present study revealed that the efficiency of all the analgesics was almost similar with a sound management of acute postoperative pain. According to results, ketorolac has shown a relatively better effect on the pain control after one day of administration of the drug. After three days of administration of the drugs, the efficacy of all the analgesics except that of paracetamol was almost similar and the efficiency of all the analgesics was equal after the five days as all them could control the pain successfully and there was no pain experienced by any the patients after five days of the dental procedure. Moreover, the non- NSAID i.e., tramadol also had shown similar efficiency as that of NSAIDs. Thereby, in the present study, the analgesics have shown almost equal efficacy at different time points. Conclusion: This study has demonstrated that there was no significant difference in the efficiency of all the analgesics included in the present study and they were able to alleviate the postoperative pain evaluated at different point of time.

Teeth are the most natural, noninvasive source of stem cells which are easy, convenient, and affordable to collect, hold promises in therapeutic applications. Stem cells of the pulp appear to hold the key to various cell-based therapies in regenerative medicine, but most of the possibilities are in experimental stages and many procedures are undergoing standardization and validation.

This study aimed to compare the effect of simulated brushing on one Nano resin-coated glass ionomer (GI) (EF; Equia forte fil/Equia forte coat, GC Corp., Tokyo, Japan) and one Nano zirconia-reinforced GI (ZI; Zirconomer Improve, Shofu, Inc., Kyoto, Japan). One hundred and forty specimens were prepared and divided into two groups: EF and ZI. The Vickers Hardness Number (VHN) and surface roughness (Ra) were measured before and after simulated brushing of the specimens with water or with water and Colgate Total 12 (CT12) for 5,000, 10,000, and 20,000 cycles. Regardless of condition, EF and ZI showed statistically significant differences of mean VHN: 146.90 ± 36.66; 110.30 ± 13.73, (p-value < 0.001), and mean Ra: 0.290 ± 0.089μm; 0.247 ± 0.085μm (p-value ≤ 0.05), respectively. For both EF and ZI, repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed a statistically significant difference of mean VHN (p-value ≤ 0.05) in all cycles’ intervals with CT12, but only at 20,000 cycles with water and in Ra (p-value ≤ 0.05) in all conditions compared to the control group. A post-hoc Tukey’s test revealed a statistically significant difference of mean VHN in water vs. CT12 (p-value ≤ 0.001) for both EF and ZI in all conditions. The EF showed higher mean surface hardness and higher mean surface roughness as compared to the ZI. Both the EF and ZI specimens demonstrated resistance to the softening when being subjected to the simulated tooth brushing procedure equivalent to about 1 year of clinical use.

Background: Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is one of the main agents of caries formation, mainly because of the ability to form biofilms on the tooth surface. Bacteriophage of S. mutans are viruses that can attack and limit the pathogenic activity of S. mutans, hence limiting their cariogenic effect and preventing dental caries. There is a deficiency in the literature on the successful isolation of phage against S. mutans. Aims: The purpose of this study is to isolate S. mutans strains from clinical plaque samples, screen those samples for phage and test them against laboratory type cultures for phage. Methods: Thirty-eight clinical plaque samples were collected from participants using ESwab (Copan Italia, Brescia, Italy) and cultured on Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) and Tryptone-yeast-cysteine-sucrose-bacitracin (TYCSB) agars to isolate S. mutans strains. Following isolation and identification by Gram stain and PCR, phage screening by spot assay against laboratory type cultures was carried out. Six NCTC S. mutans strains (10832, 10919, 10920, 10923, 11060, 11061) and twelve type strains provided by Newcastle University (S. mutans UA159, 10449, UA140, Ingbritt, GS5, sobrinus 12279, gordonii DL1, sanguinis SK36, oralis 34, tigurinus JP1BV1, oligofermentans LR11BV4 and Actinomyces oris MG1) were all used for spotting. Results: The isolation of S. mutans strains from the clinical samples was successful. TYCSB agar showed to be selective for S. mutans while BHI media showed rich growth of different colonies. Gram stain was performed on the suspected colonies and confirmed later by PCR for S. mutans. On spot assay, no evidence of phage lysis was found within pooled filtrate samples against NCTC type strains and Newcastle type strains. Conclusion: The isolation of S. mutans from clinical samples was achieved using TYCSB media. Phage isolation was unsuccessful from the 38 clinical plaque samples probably due to low frequency of their natural occurrence. Isolation of Streptococcus mutans and bacteriophage from human plaque samples

Antioxidant is a molecule which inhibits the oxidation reaction. The antioxidants terminate the chain reaction which is caused by the free radicals of oxidation reaction and thereby prevent the cell damage or cell death. Antioxidants are safe, efficacious and widely available. However, there is still a lack of randomized controlled trials in dental research limits the usage of antioxidants. This article highlights the significance of antioxidant therapy.

Imaging modalities for temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is evolving continuously with the rapid emergence in various imaging techniques. Various imaging modalities depending upon the purpose and pathologic conditions are currently used to evaluate the TMJ. The correct diagnosis of TMJ dysfunction only by clinical examination cannot be made. Various imaging modalities which are routinely used are: routine radiographic examination, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computer tomography (CT). Ultrasonography, arthroscopy and radionuclide examination are the secondary methods used for TMJ imaging. Arthroscopy is grouped as a mode of therapy. In the present paper, attempt is made to focus on the various imaging modalities for TMJ diagnosis and highlight their importance. In order to understand many TMJ pathologies in a better way, relevant normal anatomy of the TMJ has also been discussed.