Platinum-based chemotherapeutic agents remain among the most effective and widely used drugs in cancer treatment. Since the clinical introduction of cisplatin, platinum complexes such as carboplatin and oxaliplatin have significantly improved therapeutic outcomes in several malignancies, which include testicular, ovarian, colorectal, lung, and bladder cancers. In spite of their remarkable clinical success, the therapeutic application of platinum drugs is frequently limited by severe toxicities, drug resistance, poor selectivity, and interpatient variability in pharmacokinetics. Consequently, accurate monitoring of platinum concentrations in biological systems has become increasingly important for optimizing dosage regimens, minimizing adverse effects, and improving therapeutic efficacy. This review discusses recent advances in the detection and quantification of platinum species in human samples, with emphasis on analytical and imaging techniques employed in clinical and biomedical studies. Conventional approaches such as graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GF-AAS), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and X-ray absorption spectroscopy are critically examined alongside emerging technologies including fluorescence probes, biosensors, electrochemical sensing platforms, and nanotechnology-assisted imaging systems. The review further highlights the role of intracellular platinum tracking, mitochondrial targeting, and single-cell analysis in understanding platinum drug metabolism and mechanisms of resistance. Current challenges and future prospects in platinum monitoring for precision oncology are also discussed.

A low birth weight (LBW) newborn is one who weighs less than 2,500 grams at birth. Birth weight is described as the main determinant of survival chances in newborns. Low birth weight is associated with infant mortality and postpartum health complications. The aim of our study was to evaluate the factors contributing to low birth weight in newborns in the Markala Health District. Patients and Methods: We conducted a descriptive, quantitative cross-sectional study in the Markala Health District. This study included newborns weighing less than 2,500 g at birth who were born and/or cared for in a health facility in the Markala District during the data collection period. Newborns weighing less than 2,500 g at birth and coming from another health district were not included. Sampling was non-probabilistic and exhaustive: all low birth weight newborns treated in health facilities in the Markala district during the collection period were included, as far as possible. The main data collection tool in this study was a structured questionnaire, developed on the basis of the specific objectives of the research. Data were collected over a three-month period after birth, from May to August 2025. Results: The study identified several factors associated with low birth weight, including twin births (25.4%), young maternal age (22.8% among 15–19-year-olds) and medical conditions such as high blood pressure (17.5%) and malaria (10.5%). The average weight of low birth weight newborns was 1964.58 grams, with a mode of 2000. The standard deviation was 402.972. The sex ratio favoured females, at 51.8%. Mothers aged 30 to 34 were the most represented, at 25.4%, followed by the two extreme age groups, 15-19 and 35-39, at 22.8% each. Conclusion: This study identified factors associated with low birth weight, the main determinants being twin births, teenage mothers, high blood pressure, infections, malaria and low attendance at prenatal consultations.

Background: Abnormal uterine bleeding due to ovulatory dysfunction (AUB-O) is a common gynaecological problem in women of reproductive age. Thyroid hormones influence the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, ovarian steroidogenesis, sex hormone-binding globulin, and endometrial response. Therefore, both overt and subclinical thyroid dysfunction may present with menstrual disturbances. Objective: To determine the association between thyroid disorders and AUB-O, compare serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) levels between cases and controls, and describe the pattern of menstrual abnormality in relation to thyroid status. Methods: This case-control study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh, from July 2015 to November 2016. Sixty (60) women aged 18-45 years with diagnosed AUB-O were compared with 60 matched controls with normal menstrual patterns. Serum TSH and FT4 were measured by chemiluminescent immunoassay. Data were analyzed and compared by statistical tests. Results: Thyroid dysfunction was significantly more frequent among cases than controls (50.0% versus 21.7%; OR 3.62, 95% CI 1.52-8.69; p= 0.001). Mean serum TSH was higher in cases than controls (12.6±10.6 versus 6.4±21.2 mIU/L; p= 0.045), and mean serum FT4 was also significantly higher (2.4±3.6 versus 1.3±0.7 ng/dl; p= 0.021). Menorrhagia was the commonest complaint (46.7%). Hypothyroidism and subclinical hypothyroidism were mainly associated with menorrhagia, whereas hyperthyroidism and subclinical hyperthyroidism were mainly associated with oligomenorrhoea. Anaemia was significantly more common in cases than controls (60.0% versus 15.0%; p= 0.001). Conclusion: Thyroid dysfunction was significantly associated with AUB-O in reproductive-age women. Routine thyroid function assessment, particularly serum TSH and FT4, should be included in the evaluation of women with AUB-O to support targeted medical treatment and reduce unnecessary hormonal or surgical intervention.

Magnesium (Mg) is the second most abundant intracellular cation and the fourth most abundant mineral in the human body. Mg is involved in multiple biochemical reactions, and its numerous activities are beneficial to our bodies. This review outlines the health significance of Mg in its physiologically beneficial role in function, the sources of dietary Mg along with symptoms of Mg deficiency and the health problems that come from it. Mg is a cofactor in various (more than 300) enzymes and essential for the synthesis of certain neurotransmitters, muscle cells’ capacity to contract and relax, and brain functionality. The proper levels of Mg in cells are achieved through membrane channels and transporters (e.g., TRPM7, MagT1, SLC41A1). These include green leafy vegetables, nuts, seeds, legumes, and whole grains as good sources for Mg. Low levels of such an essential substance in the body can heighten susceptibility to chronic diseases such as metabolic syndrome, Type 2 diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular morbidity. And inadequate Mg can manifest in symptoms like muscle weakness, fatigue, and cardiac arrhythmias. Not only that, but adequate Mg is needed to maintain bone density and reduce susceptibility to osteoporosis. A sufficient intake of Mg will help to mitigate health problems caused by a deficit of Mg and reduce the incidence of chronic diseases. Healthcare providers need to educate patients on consuming Mg-rich foods and, when indicated, when Mg supplementation is indicated, especially with high-risk individuals and/or those with chronic conditions.

Biomimetic restorative dentistry (BRD), a paradigm change from conventional dental techniques, aims to restore damaged teeth by mimicking their natural appearance, functionality, and structure. This multidisciplinary discipline uses biological processes as inspiration to develop cutting-edge dental treatments that blend in perfectly with the natural tissues of teeth. In contrast to conventional techniques, which frequently entail significant tooth reduction and the use of inflexible, incompatible materials, BRD places a higher priority on maintaining healthy tooth structure, which improves the endurance, durability, and aesthetics of restorations. This review examines the basic concepts, range of materials, state-of-the-art clinical techniques, and creative applications of biomimetics in dentistry.

To review current evidence on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of sleep bruxism [SB] and its association with temporomandibular disorders [TMD]. A narrative review of recent literature was conducted, focusing on prevalence, diagnostic methods, clinical manifestations, and therapeutic strategies for SB and TMD. SB is increasingly recognized as a multifactorial condition with neurological, behavioral, and environmental determinants. Its frequent association with TMD complicates diagnosis and management. Advances in diagnostic technologies, including polysomnography, electromyography, and AI-assisted sleep analysis, have improved diagnostic precision. Management strategies include behavioral interventions, occlusal splints, pharmacologic options, and multidisciplinary care, with pediatric cases emphasizing conservative measures. SB and TMD are intricately linked conditions requiring a multidisciplinary diagnostic and therapeutic approach. Future research should focus on standardizing pediatric diagnostic criteria and assessing long-term outcomes of therapeutic interventions.

Background: Chronic inflammatory rhinosinusitis (CIRS) is a prevalent ENT condition whose burden is amplified in elderly patients by immunosenescence, polypharmacy, and atypical clinical presentations. Conventional management strategies show significant limitations in this population. Objective: To review the current evidence on artificial intelligence (AI) applications for the diagnosis, treatment planning, and follow-up of CIRS, with a focus on elderly-specific challenges and opportunities. Methods: A narrative review of the literature was conducted using PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar. Search terms included “artificial intelligence,” “machine learning,” “deep learning,” “chronic rhinosinusitis,” “elderly,” and “decision support.” Articles published between 2013 and 2025 in English were included. Results: AI demonstrates significant potential across all phases of CIRS management: automated CT sinus segmentation, endoscopic polyp detection, biotherapy response prediction, post-FESS recurrence-risk modeling, and intelligent remote monitoring. In elderly patients, AI’s capacity to integrate comorbidities and detect atypical imaging patterns yields clinically meaningful advantages. Conclusion: AI represents a pivotal step toward precision medicine in elderly CIRS management. Widespread clinical integration requires rigorous validation on geriatric cohorts, ethical governance, and structured clinician training.