Aluminum and its alloys are widely used in industries due to their favorable mechanical properties, low density, and natural passivation. However, they remain susceptible to corrosion in acidic environments, necessitating effective and environmentally friendly inhibition strategies. In this study, the corrosion inhibition behavior of two phenolic acid derivatives, vanillic acid (VA) and isovanillic acid (ISVA), on aluminum was investigated using a combined density functional theory (DFT) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation approach. DFT calculations revealed that VA exhibits a higher HOMO energy, smaller energy gap, greater global softness, and larger fraction of electrons transferred compared to ISVA, indicating stronger electron-donating ability, higher chemical reactivity, and enhanced adsorption propensity. Fukui function analysis identified oxygen atoms in hydroxyl and carboxyl groups as primary reactive sites, with O (4), O (8), O (11), and O (12) in VA and O (11) in ISVA, highlighting the crucial role of oxygen-containing functional groups in adsorption. MD simulations confirmed strong adsorption of both inhibitors on the Al (111) surface, with adsorption energies of -0.692 eV (VA) and -0.706 eV (ISVA), and revealed favorable molecular orientation, surface coverage, and hydrogen bonding interactions stabilizing the protective layer. Integrating DFT and MD results, VA was identified as the more effective corrosion inhibitor due to its higher reactivity, multiple active adsorption sites, and stronger electron-donating capability. This study provides molecular-level insights into corrosion inhibition mechanisms and supports the rational design of environmentally friendly inhibitors for aluminum in acidic media.

This paper presents a critical strategic analysis of international carbon pricing and its environmental, economic, and social impacts. This discussion will rely on peer-reviewed articles, policy reports, and empirical studies that have been published between 2007-2024. It examines the effect of carbon taxes and emissions trading systems (ETS) in reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, technological innovation, and long-term structural change using a systematic literature review and content analysis. Distributional equity, competitiveness, administrative capacity, and risk of carbon leakage are also examined in the study. It also analyzes the complementary tools such as voluntary carbon markets, carbon border adjustments (CBAM), revenue-recycling frameworks and just transition frameworks. It shows that carbon pricing alone cannot be used to achieve the level of decarbonization required to meet international climate targets, but is an important pillar when used in conjunction with more robust regulatory, fiscal and industrial policies. International coordination, better policy design, better revenue utilization and social fairness are important in maximizing the effectiveness and legitimacy of carbon pricing across the globe. This paper provides policy implications to policymakers, scholars, and climate negotiators to develop sustainable and equitable carbon pricing systems.

Introduction: The fibula is an important long bone of the leg that contributes to ankle stability, weight transmission, and serves as a preferred donor site for bone grafting. Knowledge of its morphometry and nutrient foramen characteristics is essential for orthopedic, reconstructive, and vascular procedures. Aim of the research was to study the morphology, morphometry, and position of nutrient foramina of the fibula in an Indian population. A descriptive osteometric study was conducted on 50 dried adult human fibulae, comprising 25 right- and 25 left-sided bones. Measurements of fibular length and articular facet dimensions were recorded using a digital Vernier caliper and osteometric board. Nutrient foramina were identified using a magnifying lens and their positions were classified according to the upper, middle, and lower thirds of the shaft. Result: The mean fibular length was slightly higher on the right side (34.52 ± 1.34 cm) compared to the left (34.24 ± 1.42 cm), with no statistically significant side-to-side difference (p > 0.05). Measurements of superior and inferior articular facets also showed no significant bilateral variation. A total of 47 nutrient foramina were identified, with the majority (78.7%) located in the middle one-third of the fibular shaft. Conclusion: The study demonstrates bilateral symmetry in fibular morphometry and a predominant localization of nutrient foramina in the middle third of the shaft. These findings provide useful baseline anatomical data relevant to orthopedic surgery, bone grafting, and forensic applications.

The generative artificial intelligence is altering the way visual content is created, distributed, and consumed in marketing, design and creative practices. Since digital environments are inundated with visual content, businesses are turning to AI systems to accelerate the production, customize the experience, as well as experiment with new appearances. The paper will examine the impact of generative AI on visual communication, creativity, authorship, and design work. The current research and the trends of the industry indicate that creativity is no longer a purely human endeavor, but rather a combination of human and AI work. Although AI can be used to generate ideas quickly, with high scale of variation, and adaptive visual strategy, authenticity, cultural resonance, and ethical accountability of the work remain the domain of humans. This paper creates a conceptual framework to understand this new landscape, identifies its implications on visual marketing, and suggests viable ways of action when a company wants to adopt generative systems effectively. It concludes with identifying key limitations and outlining a future research agenda on the topic of human-AI creative ecosystems.

Effective counselling in universities can address work-related stress, interpersonal conflicts, career concerns, and burnout for both students and staff alike. This study explored the knowledge, perception, and utilization of counselling services among staff members of Edo State University, Iyamho. Using a descriptive survey design, data were gathered from 15 participants (53.3% male; 46.7% female) through a validated 27-item questionnaire (α = 0.83). Findings showed that while 60% of respondents were aware of counselling services, only 33.3% knew the unit’s location and 6.7% knew its working hours, resulting in an overall knowledge score of 43.81%. Staff members generally had positive perceptions of counselling, agreeing that it helps manage work-related stress (M = 4.33, SD = 1.13) and reflects strength rather than weakness (M = 4.40, SD = 1.15). Despite this, utilization remained low, with only 13.33% having accessed counselling services, primarily for personal and career-related concerns (6.7% each). Satisfaction levels were moderate (M = 3.5 ± 2.37), and no significant relationship was found between demographic characteristics and service use (p > 0.05). The findings indicate a gap between awareness, perception, and actual use, suggesting the need for improved visibility, better communication, and enhanced trust in counsellor competence. Strengthening awareness campaigns and ensuring confidentiality could promote greater utilization and support staff mental well-being.

Background: Glenoid version is a key morphometric parameter influencing glenohumeral joint biomechanics, stability, and load distribution. Alterations in glenoid orientation, particularly increased retroversion, have been implicated in abnormal joint kinematics, posterior humeral head translation, and degenerative shoulder conditions. While glenoid version has been extensively studied in normal and arthritic shoulders, its role in frozen shoulder (adhesive capsulitis) remains inadequately explored, especially in relation to repetitive overhead activity. Aim: To evaluate glenoid version in patients with frozen shoulder using computed tomography (CT) and to analyze its association with dominance and overhead activity. Materials and Methods: This observational study included 40 patients clinically diagnosed with frozen shoulder. Glenoid version was measured on axial CT images using the Friedman method. Comparisons were made between dominant and non-dominant shoulders and between patients with and without a history of repetitive overhead activity. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS, with results expressed as mean, standard deviation, and p-values. Results: The mean glenoid version was −10.9 ± 3.4°, indicating overall retroversion. Increased retroversion (>10°) was observed in 45% of patients. Glenoid retroversion was significantly greater in patients with overhead activity compared to those without (p < 0.001) and on the dominant side compared to the non-dominant side (p = 0.002). Conclusion: Increased glenoid retroversion is common in frozen shoulder patients, particularly in those with dominant-side involvement and repetitive overhead activity, suggesting a possible biomechanical contribution to disease pathology. Keywords: Glenoid version, glenoid fossa, retroversion, observational study.

Here we compare open cholecystectomy (OC) and Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) with respect to duration of surgery, duration of post operative pain and duration of post operative stay in the hospital. 150 patients below 80 years were selectio to carryout the present study in District Hospital Bandipora and Tertiary Care Hospital Srinagar from May 2021 to July 2023. The patients were rendomly assigned into two groups X and Y. Group X consisted of patients that underwent Laparoscopic surgery and Group Y consists of patients that undergo open surgery. The result shows that duration of surgery, duration of pain and stay in the hospital where lower in Laparoscopic group. Main advantages of LC were reducted pain, rapaid recovery and reduced hospital stay.