Immunofluorescence is an immunological method used to detect the presence of immune deposits in tissue or serum. This has emerged as a valuable technique in diagnosing vesiculobullous disorders, especially when the histopathology is inconclusive. This review explores the diverse applications of immunofluorescence in oral disease, diagnosing autoimmune conditions like Pemphigus Vulgaris and Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid. This method utilises fluorescent-labelled antibodies to detect specific antigens or proteins in the tissues.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is reshaping aesthetic dentistry by improving diagnostic precision, treatment planning, outcome predictability, and overall patient satisfaction. This review aims to systematically analyze the role of AI in aesthetic dentistry, highlighting its applications, advantages, limitations, and future directions. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, covering studies published between 2018 and 2024. Search terms included “AI in dentistry,” “aesthetic dentistry,” “machine learning,” “prosthodontics,” and “orthodontics.” The review includes 28 peer-reviewed articles encompassing systematic reviews, clinical studies, narrative analyses, and expert consensus papers. Evidence shows that AI technologies such as convolutional neural networks (CNNs), generative adversarial networks (GANs), support vector machines (SVMs), and fuzzy logic systems have enhanced dental imaging, tooth segmentation, digital smile design, implant planning, prosthetic design, and personalized treatment simulations. AI facilitates real-time visualization, streamlines CAD/CAM workflows, and improves efficiency in clinical and administrative tasks. Moreover, AI enables predictive modeling of treatment outcomes and fosters patient-centered care through individualized approaches. However, significant challenges remain, including the need for high-quality datasets, ethical concerns about privacy and bias, lack of interpretability in AI decision-making, and high costs of implementation. The findings suggest broad consensus on AI’s transformative potential, but controversies persist regarding transparency, reliability, and accessibility. Future directions include explainable AI, integration with robotics, advanced biomaterials, and interdisciplinary collaborations. Overall, AI is revolutionizing modern aesthetic dentistry, paving the way for more predictable, minimally invasive, and patient-centered treatments that align with global digital healthcare trends.

Background and objective: The present study provides valuable insights into the three-dimensional positioning of impacted maxillary canines and the associated mesiodistal dimensions of maxillary incisors in female patients. The objective of this study is to investigate the potential correlation between the displacement of impacted maxillary canines and the dimensions of the adjacent incisors. Material and methods: The sample consisted of pretreatment CBCT images of 28 females Yemeni, with palatal canine or buccal canine displacement (PDC or BDC) unilateral or bilateral, females with mean for aged 23.3± 2.1 years. An independent samples t-test was conducted to examine whether there is statistically significant difference between the means of two independent groups on two different variables. Results: The findings indicate that a significant correlation exists between the positioning of impacted canines and the dimensions of adjacent incisors. Specifically, patients with buccally displaced canines (BDC) exhibited larger mesiodistal crown sizes of maxillary incisors, suggesting a potential predictive marker for this type of canine displacement. In contrast, those with palatally displaced canines (PDC) demonstrated a significant reduction in incisor width, indicating a trend towards smaller tooth dimensions. This observation challenges the prevailing notion that spatial limitations are the primary cause of palatal impaction, as these cases often occur in individuals with adequate arch space. Conclusion: The contrasting incisor dimensions between the BDC and PDC groups underscore the importance of early morphological assessments in predicting canine eruption patterns. These insights can enhance diagnostic accuracy and inform individualized treatment planning in orthodontics, particularly for female patients who are more susceptible to canine impaction. Future research should further explore the implications of these findings on treatment outcomes and the underlying biological mechanisms influencing canine eruption.

Antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria is a growing concern in clinical dentistry, particularly in the management of gingivitis and periodontal diseases. Porphyromonas gingivalis, a key periodontal pathogen, has demonstrated increasing resistance to commonly used antibiotics, partly due to efflux pump mechanisms. This study aimed to investigate the phenotypic and genotypic evidence of efflux pump-mediated resistance in P. gingivalis isolates obtained from gingivitis patients. A total of 48 P. gingivalis isolates were collected from 150 gingivitis patients and subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing. High resistance rates were observed for tetracycline (70.8%) and erythromycin (58.3%), while lower resistance was noted for ciprofloxacin (31.3%) and amoxicillin-clavulanate (25.0%). Phenotypic detection of efflux pump activity was performed using the ethidium bromide (EtBr) cartwheel assay, revealing that 62.5% (30/48) of isolates exhibited efflux activity. The addition of the efflux pump inhibitor carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP) significantly reduced the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) in 73.3% of these isolates, confirming efflux-mediated resistance. Genotypic analysis via real-time PCR (qPCR) quantified the expression levels of two major efflux pump gene systems, acrAB-tolC and mexAB-oprM, in resistant isolates. High expression (≥5-fold increase) of acrAB-tolC was detected in 60% of isolates, while 40% exhibited high expression of mexAB-oprM. Statistical analysis revealed a strong positive correlation between efflux activity and acrAB-tolC expression (Pearson’s r = 0.82, p < 0.001), and a moderate correlation with mexAB-oprM expression (r = 0.65, p = 0.002). Overexpression of acrAB-tolC was significantly associated with tetracycline (p = 0.003) and erythromycin resistance (p = 0.01), whereas mexAB-oprM overexpression correlated with ciprofloxacin resistance (p = 0.02). These findings underscore the critical role of efflux pumps in antibiotic resistance among P. gingivalis isolates from gingivitis patients. The study highlights the need for alternative therapeutic strategies, such as efflux pump inhibitors, to combat resistance. Further research should explore the clinical applicability of targeting efflux mechanisms to improve treatment outcomes in periodontal infections.