Introduction: Conservative endodontics advocates sparingly altering standard procedures in order to preserve tooth structure if possible. Every bit of structure that is saved is a benefit, according to conservative endodontics. As a result, conservative endodontics may be performed by both endodontists and general dentists. Aim and Objective: The comprehensive evaluation of conventional radiology employed in endodontic conservative therapy has as its primary goal the endodontic conservative therapy. Methodology: The electronic databases that underwent rigorous individual searches were Embase, Google Scholar, LILACS and MEDLINE using the Ebsco search engine, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, and Web of Science. Results: Conventional radiography (CR) is without a doubt the most widely used imaging method for evaluating root canals due to its availability, affordability, and convenience. Digital Radiography (DR) has gained popularity as a replacement for CR because it offers better image quality and enables the dentist to do radiographic exams with less radiation exposure. Conclusion: For root canal treatment, radiographic diagnostic value is essential. Additionally, this technique is utilized to find procedural errors, resorptive defects, and fractures. Radiographic examinations are important because they provide details on how difficult the therapy is.

Every tooth in the dentition can show very unique root anatomy along with variation in the number of canals in each root. The failure rate of nonsurgical root canal treatment is higher in the mandibular premolars due to difficulties in finding accessory canals explained in numerous studies. Clinicians should be aware and keep abreast with the complete assessment of the anatomy and morphology of the root canal system for a favorable treatment outcome. This case report illustrates root canal treatment for a rare case of a C-shaped with four root canals in the mandibular second premolar identified under a microscope and cone-beam computer tomography (CBCT) scan. This incidence has never been reported in the literature so far.

Aim: To compare and contrast the shear bond strength and adhesive remnant index scores of different Self ligating brackets. Materials and methods: A total of 75 extracted human first premolars were selected and divided into 3 groups of 25 for each bracket system. Each sample was then embedded in an acrylic block, till the coronal portion. Instron testing machine model LR LOYD 50 K was used for testing the shear bond strength. SBS values and adhesive failure rates were recorded. Results: All the bracket systems considered in the study demonstrated and clinically adequate Shear bond strength. Among the three groups, Damon Q gave the least remnant index score followed by SmartClip and BioQuick. Conclusion: The highest bond strength and the least remnant index score were obtained from Damon Q system, followed by Smartclip and BioQuick in the same order.

Objectives: Competency based clinical training in most of the dental schools in Saudi Arabia incorporates a clear rubrics for evaluation of clinical procedure where use of rubber dam is one of the criteria to be effectively fulfilled by the students. The present study aims to determine the knowledge, attitude and practice towards the use of rubber dam by dental students and interns of various dental schools in Saudi Arabia. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted among the dental students of various Saudi university through google form during January 2022 to March 2022. A pretested questionnaire in a 5 point Likert scale ranging from strongly agree (score 5) to strongly disagree (score 1) containing three sections (each containing 10 questions) to measure knowledge, attitude and practice towards use of rubber dam was used. The questionnaire for barriers for rubber dam use included 5 items. The Chi-square test and One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey post hoc was used to compare the responses between the male and female students and dental students of difference academic levels. Results: Total of 273 valid responses were received (189 (69.23%) male and 84 (30.77%) female). The overall average Likert score for knowledge about rubber dam among dental students was 3.45 (± 1.2). The overall average Likert score for questionnaire items assessing attitude of dental students about rubber dam was 3.81 (± 0.9). The respective overall average score for male and female dental students for their attitude towards rubber dam was 3.32 (±0.8) and 4.30 (±0.11) with p = 0.04. The overall average Likert score for practice items was 3.73 (±0.8)(Table 4,Fig-2). The respective overall average score for male and female dental students for practice of rubber dam was 3.13 (±1.1) and 4.33 (±0.8) with p = 0.03. For the questionnaire items assessing the barriers for using rubber dam, the average score for unavailability of suitable rubber dam clamp and patient refuse both scored 4.3. Conclusion: The finding suggest that the dental students have adequate knowledge and training for rubber dam use. The attitude and practice towards consistent use of rubber dam should be reinforced through proper motivation. A future research with a larger sample size and patients feedback on rubber dam will be helpful.

A small percentage of germs can lead to an infection. In a dental setting, the patient's saliva mixed with blood, pus, plaque, and reticular fluid is frequently aerosolized and spattered, potentially infecting the dental practitioner. descriptive analytical method utilized 127 employees working in Hafar Al Batin dental center participant most of them 87% were female, 13% were male, and 20% The results showed the attitude toward infection control was high; the most negative attitude item was (Is the doctor obligated to wash hands and wear gloves in the dental clinic?" the most attitude item was (Is the doctor obligated to wash hands and wear gloves in the dental clinic) with high attitude and mean 2.88, followed by (Do you think that sterilizing the dental chair reduces infection) with high attitude and mean 2.74, followed by (Can wearing gloves be a substitute for hand washing) with low attitude and mean 1.47 the results showed there is no significant difference in attitude toward infection control due to gender, age, educational level, or infection as a result of the dental visit. Research and study in the case of transmission and how to reduce it through disinfection and some other methods will reach to reduce the potential risks of infection. The cross-infection control strategy every patient must undergo screening. Dental team members must maintain good health.Think about immunization Prophylaxis before and after exposure. Hepatitis B, influenza, mumps, measles, tetanus, rubella, tuberculosis, and whooping cough vaccinations are required for all members. Hand care and washing: provide personal protection barriers use cautionary aseptic techniques.

The use of Silver Diamine Fluoride (SDF) in pediatric dentistry has lately been gaining recognition and acceptance among dentists and parents. SDF has shown effectiveness in arresting dental caries in primary teeth in children. This review article states a brief history of the use of SDF in dentistry, advantages, disadvantages, indications, contra indications and clinical application of SDF.

Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a disease typically seen in the elderly, with an established relationship with tobacco and/or alcohol abuse. However, the incidence of OSCC among young adults (defined in this study as ≤ 30 years old) is on the rise. Materials and Methods: With IRB approval, a retrospective search was performed at the University of Florida College of Dentistry Oral Pathology Biopsy Service database from 1994-to 2019 for all cases of OSCC affecting patients aged ≤ 30 years. Demographic data were recorded, and the slides were reviewed for diagnostic consensus. Results: Thirty-one of 3971 OSCC cases (0.76%) were identified. The data show a prominent increase over time. Male patients (54.83%) were more commonly affected. Their ages ranged from 8 to 30 years, with a mean age of 25 years. The lateral border of the tongue is the most frequent site of involvement. A wide spectrum of differential diagnoses were obtained, mostly consisting of reactive lesions. Symptoms were reported in 65.6% of the cases. The histological grades ranged from well to poorly differentiated. Conclusion: This study underscores the rarity of OSCC in children and young adults. This may potentially lead to a low clinical suspicion, misdiagnosis, and delay in treatment. Further longitudinal multicenter studies with detailed medical history, treatment, genotyping, and prognostic data may help to better understand the etiology of OSCC in young patients, aid in prevention, and improve outcomes.

The purpose of this investigation was to carry out an exhaustive review of the relevant previous research in order to ascertain the underlying causes of the observed discoloration and determine which component, if any, was to blame. A number of phrases taken from previously conducted systematic reviews were used in the search conducted in PubMed. There were a total of 389 teeth treated across eleven different trials that were discovered. Although it was seen more often with the use of the triple antibiotic paste that included minocycline, discoloration was shown to be substantially associated with the utilisation of other components as well. It is strongly suggested that you reevaluate your decision to use minocycline as the intracanal drug in conjunction with the other two antibiotics in the paste. The use of calcium hydroxide or an antibiotic paste containing both metronidazole and ciprofloxacin could be necessary in order to achieve the desired level of discoloration control. The presence of mineral trioxide aggregate was also associated with the discoloration. On the other hand, there is little evidence to suggest that any other material could possibly function as an acceptable coronal barrier. Because discoloration is a result that has a direct impact on patients, further research is required to determine the underlying causes of discoloration.

Aim: To evaluate the effect of two different activation protocols of periodontal distractor on periodontal health after rabid canine retraction. Objectives: 1) to evaluate the periodontal health of two activations/day of periodontal distractor. 2) To evaluate the periodontal health of four activations/day of periodontal distractor. 3) To compare between two different activation protocols of periodontal distractor on periodontal health. Methods: The study was carried out on 32 canine of 16 female patients (16-22 years of age) requiring extraction of bilateral maxillary first premolars and maximum anchorage. They were divided into two groups. (Group I): Canine retraction was done by periodontal distractor with twice activations per day. (Group II): Canine retraction was done by periodontal distractor with four activations per day. Periodontal distractor was cemented after bilateral maxillary premolar extraction and inter septal bone corticotomy was done. The periodontal health of maxillary canines was evaluated using these parameters before and after retraction: (gingival index, periodontal index and probing depth). All data were explored for normality by using Shapiro Wilk and Kolmogorov Normality test which revealed that all data originated from non-parametric data. Results: for periodontal index and probing depth there was insignificant difference between them in before and after in both groups. For gingival index there was insignificant difference between them in before, while in after group II was significantly higher than group I. Conclusion: In this study, there was increase in all periodontal health parameters including (gingival index, periodontal index and probing depth) after using of periodontal distractor with both protocols of activations denoting gingivitis. The 2 activations/day was better than 4 activations/day for periodontal health during canine retraction by periodontal distractor.

Objectives: The systematic review objective was designed to assess the effects of local interventions used for the prevention and treatment of pain associated with orthodontic treatments. Methods: A digital literature search was carried out between 2000 and 2022 in the following databases, Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed, and the Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews. Results: Orthodontic patients' quality of life was significantly impacted negatively by the discomfort associated with fixed orthodontic equipment. There were poor dental hygiene, slurred speech, difficulty chewing, movable teeth, decreased taste, halitosis, and gingival bleeding which were frequently the main indicators of pain. Conclusion: Patients might, to some extent, prevent pain and suffering with the support of effective orthodontist- patient dialogue and targeted dietary guidance. However, analgesics continue to be a trusted and widely used method for subsiding painful sensations.