There was once a tattoo custom, called “hajichi” in the Ryukyu Islands. Considering the patterns and purposes of hajichi from the culture science perspective and combining with the history of Ryukyu Islands for root and truth-seeking exploration seemingly help to conclude that Yunnan Province in China is possibly the place of origin of hajichi custom. The tattoo culture in Yunnan may spread to Ryukyu and further roots and grows there based on the exchange convenience in the age of great navigation in East Asia.

most destructive and dangerous homicide and atrocities committed against Africans in view of the previous disappointment and defeat registered during the late 19th Century in the first Italo-Ethiopan War of 1895-1896 to the famous Yekatit 12 Affairs of 1937 caused by Marshall Rodolfo Graziani during the first half of the 20th Century. This is very important because a country which claimed to be the Holy Land of the Catholic Church with its international aggressive leaders at the time allowed their colonial diplomatic agents to massacred almost 30,000 Africans in Ethiopia during the 1930s with house burnt to ashes. What have the Italian been thinking of this atrocities and all along other pre-colonial and colonial crimes against humanity? It is true that Italian Fascism and Nazism of Germany committed terrible crimes against humanity in the face of the First and Second World Wars of 1914-18 and 1939-45 respectively. The scrutiny of specialized sources pertaining to this question urged us to use a historical analytical approach to present our argument and the realities of appeasement policy developed by the British and French which granted much opening to such human slaughtering of the 20th Century by frequently yielding to the demands of the aggressors and aggressive statesmen of the 1920s and 1930s whose end results were the two major global wars fought in the World history. In fact, international relations, international affairs, world affairs and international politics become more interesting when going through any study concerning the Italian Benito Mussolini and German Adolf Hitler in the context of international anarchy, aggression and mass killings with references to the blames and war guilt clauses of the Paris Peace Settlement of 1919 and its aftermaths with much bloodshed in the colonial territories for the Italian National Prestige and Aggrandizements in the Overseas Colonies (INPAOC) located in East Africa. Therefore, an attempt of national prestige and consolidation of 3Gs ended up GSA in their quests for 3Es.

The nature of diversion regulation in Indonesian law from the provisions of Article 7 paragraph (2) letter a of the Juvenile Criminal Justice System Law (SPPA) is ambiguous because it only applies to a crime punishable by imprisonment under 7 years and yet it was made to protect children's right when facing the law. This urges the author to research the weaknesses of this law and what legal reconstruction it needed to reach justice value. This research is a Juridical-Empirical type of research that is used to examine the function of a norm that lays the law as an instrument that applied to society. The analysis used in this research is descriptive-qualitative. The result shows that The weakness that arises in the regulation of diversion with the juvenile criminal justice system lies in Law Number 11 of 2012 concerning the Juvenile Criminal Justice System especially in Article 7 Paragraph 2 point a which postulates that the act must be subject to legal sanctions if the arrangement is in the laws and regulations so that the application of legislation becomes rigid and less flexible as the cases must go through Courts and Criminal Implementing Body (Lapas) as required by law, where because these institutions lack synergy, the processing takes time. This condition is also further worsened with the fact that legal awareness in the community is still not good in realizing justice for all parties, even though the term restorative justice has been circulated in the Indonesian Criminal Justice system. In order to solve this, Reconstruction of the diversion regulation is neded to suit the value of justice which is in Law Number 11 of 2012 concerning the Juvenile Criminal Justice System Article 7 Paragraph 2 point a.

Gender-Based Violence (GBV) also known as Violence against Women (VAW), Intimate Partner Violence (IPV), or Domestic Violence (DV) is an age socio-cultural issue deep-rooted in African societies. Globally, Gender-Based Violence accounts for nearly one quarter of all recorded crimes. Gender-Based violence affects women in Africa irrespective of age, class, educational level and place of residence. The African society is inherently patriarchal. This is due to the influence of the various religions and customs practiced. Women are seen as inferior to men, and are regarded as property. This practice and mindset has been ingrained in the subconscious mind of the average African man. Consequently, Gender-Based violence has become entrenched and institutionalized. This paper examines Gender-based Violence in Africa (with emphasis on Nigeria and Botswana in the Sub Saharan African Region) and posits that such violence stems mainly from socio –cultural factors and lack of political will to implement effective laws that prohibit and punish GBV. Other factors that engender Gender-Based violence, like lack of awareness of rights by women, illiteracy, poverty, child/ forced marriage, substance abuse are also examined. Recommendations to curb violence against women in Nigeria, Botswana and Africa as a whole are underscored. This study employs the doctrinal research methodology.

The present paper focuses on Sino- Latin America and the Caribbean, (LAC) radical profitable continental relations of the South-South relations with exploitative agenda based on win-win diplomacy in the aftermath of terrorists attack of a Hyper-Super Power and subsequent recognition of Chinese Global Economic Strength (CGES) from the beginning of the 21st Century. The historical challenges in the contemporary World ended up with the admission of China as a member of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) headquarters in the New York City of the United States of America. The main objective is to bring out specific mechanisms used by China to consolidate her relationship with LAC bringing out the potentials of the thirty three countries of the region perceived by Chinese investors and heavy industries in quest of raw materials and available markets for the final products. Therefore, New Peking Consensus of win-win Going Out policy goals vis-à-vis the outdated Washington Consensus proved to be more realistic in the region than those manifested in the previous Centuries by Western capitalist countries in relations to late 19th Century Monroe Doctrine. The scrutiny of primary and secondary sources with evidences collected from Government documents made available online, specialized research papers and related articles enabled the used of historical analytical approach to illustrate the visibility of new strategy of Sino-LAC during the first two decades of the 20th Century making China an unchallengeable position of a Hyper-Economic Power (HEP) vis-à-vis USA in political economy as one of the most powerful existing Communist World.

The research objective is to find out (1). The process of implementing learning in grade 7. (2). Teacher activities in conducting learning in class (3). The implementation can be felt directly by the students. The research method is (1). Survey directly to the field (2). Interviews with primary sources (3). Documentation and literature study. Conclusion (a). Prepare planning for the learning process during the Covid 19 (b) pandemic. Carry out the learning process and improve weaknesses in learning. (c). Observing and evaluating student learning processes (d). Face-to-face learning reflections that need to be evaluated are analysis, synthesis, and assessment of learning outcomes.

This study was to evaluate the Kenya Government housing policies and strategies for housing the urban poor in Kenya, and how the citizen has benefited from the scheme/plan. Objective of the article was to examine the institutional capacity of ministry of land and settlement, ministry of housing and Kisumu city council towards low-cost housing development. The research question was, how effective are the various Kenya Government Housing Policies and implementation strategies targeting the provisions of low-cost Housing to the urban poor in Kisumu City? The study adopted quantitative survey research design. Primary data was collected through structured interviews/interview guide, self-administered questionnaires (Delivery and collection questionnaires), observation and check list. Secondary data was collected from Kenya government national housing policies, national development plans, research publications, internet among others. Quantitative data was summarized, categorized, interpreted and analyzed using Tables and percentages. Simple random sampling was used in this study. The researchers’ target population of 218,766 and sample size of 384 was ideal for this method of sampling. Statistical package of social sciences (SPSS) was used to analyze the data collected from the field. Correlation analysis was done on both dependent and independent variables with supply of electricity as the control group. Findings revealed that provision of low-cost housing is negatively correlated to provision of adequate road, electricity and water (coefficient = -0.9366059, P = 0.000, 95% C.I = -1.459989 –0.4132226). Recommendations for policy action included review of the current national housing policy and implementation strategies and further research on urban planning, land tenure system, infrastructure and services, housing finance mechanism, small scale construction activities, community participation, municipal budgetary base and experimental pilot projects.

The study examined management of retirees’ skills as correlate of national security and development: a case study of Rivers State. The study utilized simple random sampling method to select 170 retirees in Rivers State. The “Management of Retirees’ Skills Scale (MRSS) and National Security and Development Scale (NSDS) were used for collection of data for the study. The instrument items were designed and validated by the researcher. The reliability coefficients of Management of Retirees’ Skills Scale and National Security and Development Scale are 0.82 and 0.81 respectively. The findings of the study revealed that retirees’ entrepreneurial skills to a high extent contribute to national security and development in Rivers State by 67.8%. Retirees’ in-service training skills contribute to a high extent to national security and development in Rivers State by 65%. Also, the finding revealed that there is a very strong significant relationship between management of retirees’ skills and national security and development in Rivers State. Based on these findings, it was recommended among others that institutions or employers should make a deliberate effort to invest in their employees through entrepreneurship programmes to equip the workers with relevant skill for post-retirement. By so doing, knowledge held by these retirees could be shared and leveraged in a number of key ways to help the local, state and federal government address the root cause of human security such as persistent poverty, unemployment, epidemics, lack of access to basic health care, environmental degradation, terrorism, lack of rule of law and justice.