Background: Suicide is the leading cause of unnatural death worldwide. Over the past five decades, there has been noticeable increase in suicide rates around the globe. The pattern of suicide fatalities in a particular community is reflected in the relationship between an individual's mental health and social status. Suicide is influenced by a wide range of cultural and socio-economic factors, as well as quality of life of an individual. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the demographics and trends of suicidal deaths at a Tertiary Health Center in Bangladesh. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted at The Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Sir Salimullah Medical College and Mitford Hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The study covered all suicidal deaths that occurred between 2022 to 2024. In all cases, a complete post-mortem examination was performed and findings were recorded. Details of all suicidal deaths regarding age, gender, religion, marital status and mode of death were duly documented. Results: A total of 446 cases were evaluated, of them 208 were male and 238 were female. Maximum (44.11%) cases were in 21-30 years age group followed by 42.01% were in 11-20 years age group then 8.82% were in 31-40 years age group. Regarding the marital status majority (65.02%) of the cases were married in both genders. Among the study cases hanging (64.13%) was the most adapted method to commit suicide followed by poisoning (35.87%). Conclusion: The current study demonstrated that suicidal deaths are prevalent among females and married individuals. Adolescent and young adults are vulnerable to suicidal deaths. Hanging is the most adapted method to commit suicide followed by poisoning. To lower suicide rates particularly in adolescent and young adults, a well-designed comprehensive program is required that will identify the causative factors and may aid in suicide prevention.

This paper examines how gender assessment can function as a reparative justice instrument for addressing historical injustices in land governance, using South Sudan and Nigeria as comparative case studies. It argues that women’s exclusion from land ownership, control, and inheritance is not merely a technical policy failure but a historically produced form of structural inequality rooted in colonial legacies, patriarchal customary systems, and weak enforcement of gender-responsive laws. Drawing on feminist theory, intersectionality, and legal pluralism, the study analyses how formal legal equality often coexists with persistent discriminatory practices that undermine women’s land rights in both contexts. In South Sudan, post-conflict instability, displacement, and fragile institutions deepen women’s tenure insecurity, especially for widows, returnees, and female-headed households. In Nigeria, legal pluralism, customary patriarchy, and unequal access to land administration continue to constrain women’s property rights despite statutory reforms. The paper contends that gender assessment should move beyond diagnostic compliance toward a reparative framework centered on recognition, redistribution, restitution, representation, and transformation. It concludes that meaningful land justice in Africa requires not only legal reform, but also institutional accountability, community-level norm change, and gender-responsive governance.

Reverse engineering is a foundational technique in cybersecurity that enables analysts to study executable software without access to its source code in order to understand program logic, functionality, and potential security weaknesses. As malicious software and complex applications continue to evolve rapidly, the ability to accurately analyze binary executables has become essential for malware detection, vulnerability assessment, and incident response. This research presents a comprehensive experimental study of both static and dynamic reverse engineering techniques applied to Linux executables within a controlled Kali Linux environment. A sample executable was deliberately developed to mimic real-world application behavior and security-related scenarios. Static analysis was performed without executing the program, employing file identification tools, string extraction methods, and binary disassembly to investigate the executable’s structure, embedded data, and instruction flow. Dynamic analysis involved running the program in a monitored environment and observing runtime behavior through system call tracing, library function monitoring, and interactive debugging. These approaches facilitated a thorough examination of how the executable interacts with the operating system, processes user input, and manages program execution flow. The experimental results show that static analysis offers quick insights into binary composition and potential indicators of sensitive data, whereas dynamic analysis uncovers real-time behavior, functional logic, and hidden execution paths that may be missed by static review alone. Employing both methods in tandem enhances analytical accuracy, reduces the likelihood of incorrect assumptions, and improves the interpretation of software behavior. This study underscores the practical value of reverse engineering techniques for strengthening cybersecurity operations, advancing malware investigation capabilities, and supporting secure software development practices.

Malocclusion is a highly prevalent developmental condition in children and adolescents and represents one of the most frequent reasons for referral from primary dental care to orthodontic services [1, 2]. General Dental Practitioners (GDPs), particularly newly qualified dentists, often face uncertainty when assessing malocclusion severity, determining the optimal timing of referral, and establishing eligibility for National Health Service (NHS) orthodontic treatment [11, 12]. This uncertainty may result in delayed referral of high-risk cases or inappropriate referral of children with minimal treatment need, placing unnecessary pressure on specialist services [13]. This narrative review proposes a stepwise orthodontic referral ladder, translating the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) into a clinically intuitive and structured decision-making framework. The model classifies malocclusion from mild to severe, incorporates red-flag conditions requiring early or urgent referral, integrates optimal age for referral, and aligns with UK NHS commissioning and British Orthodontic Society guidance [18–20]. The framework aims to provide GDPs and new graduates with a clear, defensible, and patient-centred reference scale to support consistent orthodontic referral decisions and improve outcomes for children.

Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states have embarked on ambitious “Vision”-driven reforms to diversify economies and reframe national security. This paper analyzes how Saudi Arabia, the UAE, and Qatar link economic transformation to security policy, under a theoretical “development-as-security” framework. We review rentier-state dynamics and human-security concepts to contextualize Gulf strategies. Through comparative case studies, we examine each country’s Vision (Saudi Vision 2030, UAE Centennial 2071, Qatar National Vision 2030), focusing on objectives, instruments, and progress in diversification, and how these affect economic, political, and social security. Data indicate rising non oil growth (Saudi non oil GDP ~53–57 % by 2025; UAE non oil GDP >70 %) and targeted reforms (e.g. Saudi defense localization, UAE tech hubs, Qatar education investment). We look at the implications in terms of economic security through the lens of multiple sources of income, political stability in the form of a new foundation for legitimacy, and improvements in human security in the realms of health and education. We also look at the constraints in the form of institutional and demographic pressures, and the geopolitical shifts in the US’s strategic retrenchment and the emergence of new partnerships. What our findings have shown is that, indeed, the Gulf states have benefited from the policy of diversification, but in doing so, a new set of security dynamics has emerged in the realms of cyber and artificial intelligence, and climate. In conclusion are some policy recommendations, but in the context of the Gulf, it is quite evident that the concept of development and security is inextricably linked in the Gulf, and the policies of diversification have both responded to and created a new set of security conditions.

This paper examines the persistent gap between formal recognition and substantive realization of women’s land rights in Nigeria and South Sudan, where legal guarantees remain undermined by patriarchal norms, weak enforcement, and customary authority. In South Sudan, despite progressive frameworks such as the Transitional Constitution (2011), the Land Act (2009), the Local Government Act (2009), and the National Gender Policy (2013), women’s land tenure security remains precarious. Bazugba (2024a) demonstrates that statutory protections are often disconnected from lived realities, with approximately 80% of women lacking effective access to land ownership (IGAD, 2020). Building on this evidence, the paper advances a comparative argument that women’s land exclusion is not merely a legal or economic issue but a performative system of gendered injustice, reproduced through entrenched social scripts within families, customary institutions, and state practices. Employing a comparative feminist dramatic framework, the study analyzes how land governance in Nigeria and South Sudan emerges from the dynamic interplay between statutory law, customary norms, and political power. It integrates feminist theory, gender performativity, and political theory with interpretive insights drawn from Aristotle’s dramatic structure, Brechtian epic theatre, and Boal’s Theatre of the Oppressed. The paper argues that women’s dispossession persists because exclusion is continuously enacted and normalized as part of the social order. Through comparative analysis, it demonstrates that differing political and legal contexts can reproduce similar patterns of inequality when legal reform is not accompanied by effective enforcement and cultural transformation. It concludes by positioning theatre not only as metaphor but as a rigorous critical methodology for exposing systems of domination and reimagining participatory pathways toward feminist social justice.

Introduction: Patients with renal failure undergoing hemodialysis face an increased risk of urinary tract infections due to impaired immunity and altered physiology. Distinguishing asymptomatic bacteriuria from clinically significant infection is vital to combat rising antimicrobial resistance. Objectives: This study aimed to characterize the prevalence and microbial profiles of bacteriuria in hemodialysis dependent patients. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted at a tertiary care center in Gujarat, India. Data was collected from electronic medical record of patients along with urine culture finding and other clinical details to study further for the duration of April 2021 and March 2025. Clinically significant isolates were reviewed while excluding duplicate isolates from same patients. Study was approved by institutional ethics committee. Results: Out of total 17755 various culture samples received from dialysis-patients, 3022 urine cultures were received and from those total 772 urine cultures reported with bacterial growth during the studied duration. The cohort had a mean age of 55.1 years with a female predominance (58.7%). Gram-negative bacteria (≈80%) dominated, primarily Escherichia coli (57.1%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (13.9%). High resistance was observed against cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones. Enterococcus faecium exhibited significant resistance to vancomycin (20.8%). Prior antibiotic exposure was high at 76.9%. Resistance was more frequently associated with patients having no fixed dialysis schedule and those receiving antibiotics within 24 hours of enrolment. Conclusion: Hemodialysis patients frequently harbor multidrug-resistant pathogens. The high prevalence of ESBL producing and MDR strains necessitates robust antibiotic stewardship and reliance on local antibiograms to guide therapy and minimize unnecessary treatment of asymptomatic cases.