Despite growing recognition of English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) in international tourism, a persistent gap remains between how English is used in hospitality workplaces and how English for Specific Purposes (ESP) is conceptualised in tourism education. ESP instruction often prioritises standardised language forms and predefined service scripts, offering limited preparation for multilingual, interactionally dynamic service environments. This article proposes an interaction-oriented, ELF-informed model of ESP needs analysis for hospitality education. Drawing on ELF research, intercultural pragmatics, and service encounter studies, it reconceptualises communicative needs as interactionally emergent and context-sensitive rather than as fixed inventories of linguistic forms or task lists. The model foregrounds intelligibility, adaptability, interactional repair, and relational management as central dimensions of professional competence. Pedagogically, the article links needs analysis to curriculum design, teacher mediation, and programme-level alignment, arguing that ESP courses should reflect multilingual communicative realities rather than native-speaker norms. By reframing needs analysis as a bridge between workplace communication and educational practice, the study provides a conceptual foundation for future empirical research and curriculum development in hospitality ESP.

Candida albicans is a predominant fungal commensal of the oral cavity that normally maintains a balanced relationship with the host without causing tissue damage. However, alterations in local and systemic host conditions can disrupt this equilibrium, enabling C. albicans to transition from a commensal organism to an opportunistic pathogen and cause oral candidiasis. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the major virulence mechanisms that facilitate this commensal-to-pathogen transition, with particular emphasis on adhesion, morphological switching, biofilm formation, epithelial invasion, and host tissue damage. Initial adherence to oral epithelial surfaces is mediated by fungal adhesins, particularly the agglutinin-like sequence proteins and hyphal wall protein 1. Subsequent yeast-to-hyphal transition enhances adhesion, biofilm development, and tissue invasion through highly regulated polarized hyphal growth. Biofilm formation further promotes fungal persistence and resistance to antifungal agents and host immune responses. Epithelial invasion occurs through induced endocytosis and active penetration and is facilitated by fungal invasins and secreted hydrolytic enzymes, particularly secreted aspartyl proteinases. Understanding the coordinated interplay of these virulence mechanisms provides insight into the pathogenesis of oral candidiasis.

Public project abandonment remains one of the most persistent obstacles to sustainable development in oil-producing regions of Nigeria, yet much of the existing literature treats successive government transition as an undifferentiated cause of discontinuity without decomposing the specific political, economic, and institutional mechanisms through which abandonment occurs. This study addressed that gap by examining the joint and relative contribution of political, economic, and institutional factors to the discontinuity of Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC) projects across administrations in Ondo State, Nigeria. A descriptive correlational survey design was adopted, and data were obtained from 360 respondents drawn from NDDC beneficiary communities through a multistage sampling procedure. A three-step hierarchical multiple regression analysis was employed to test the combined and incremental predictive power of the three factor domains. The results showed that political factors accounted for 39 percent of the variance in project discontinuity, economic factors added a further 19 percent, and institutional factors contributed an additional 8 percent, with the full model explaining 64 percent of the variance, F(15, 344) = 43.60, p < .05. Political favoritism and campaign manifesto fulfilment emerged as the strongest individual predictors. The findings are interpreted through institutional theory and public choice theory, and the paper concludes with policy recommendations for insulating public projects from the incentives that drive politically motivated discontinuation.

The increasing generation of electronic waste (e-waste) presents growing environmental and public health challenges, particularly in countries with limited formal waste-management capacity. In Cameroon, e-waste is increasingly managed through informal activities, while existing systems remain inadequate to address its growing volume and complexity. This article examines Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) as a policy option for improving e-waste management in Cameroon. Using an analytical approach, it examines the concept, objectives and mechanisms of EPR and assesses its application in selected jurisdictions, including Ireland, Germany, South Africa and Nigeria. The analysis shows that EPR reallocates responsibility for the management of products at the post-consumer stage, placing primary financial and/or operational responsibility on producers, while defining complementary roles for importers, consumers, government authorities and waste management actors. However, the comparative experience also demonstrates that EPR cannot simply be transferred from one jurisdiction to another without considering institutional capacity, market structure, enforcement mechanisms and informal waste-management practices. The article therefore proposes a context-specific and phased approach to EPR in Cameroon, supported by an appropriate legal and institutional framework. Properly designed and enforced, EPR could complement existing waste-management measures and provide a more sustainable framework for e-waste management in Cameroon. The Cameroonian legislator should therefore establish a clear and sufficiently broad legal framework for EPR to ensure its effective application to e-waste management.

Background: Persistent infection with oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) is the necessary cause of almost all cervical cancers and contributes to several other anogenital and oropharyngeal malignancies. In Morocco, HPV vaccination was introduced into the National Immunization Program in October 2022, making healthcare professional’s key actors in vaccine communication and recommendation. Objective: To assess knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding HPV infection and vaccination among healthcare professionals and healthcare students in Morocco, and to identify factors associated with vaccine recommendation. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among healthcare professionals and healthcare students in Morocco. A systematic questionnaire was used to examine knowledge, attitudes, practices, and perceived barriers to HPV vaccination. A composite knowledge score (0-100) was derived. We studied factors associated with knowledge and systematic recommendation of the HPV vaccine by multivariable linear and logistic regression, respectively. Results: A total of 205 participants were included, among them 67.3% were health care professionals and 32.7% students. The awareness about HPV was quite high (98.5%), while the mean composite knowledge score was 65.8 ± 14.1. There were major gaps in HPV DNA-based screening (19.0%) and knowledge on HPV vaccination in the Moroccan National Immunization Program (52.7%). Only 5.9% reported being vaccinated and 51.2% systematically advocated immunization for girls aged 9–14 years. The most important perceived hurdles were lack of information (87.8%), fear of adverse effects (62.0%) and perceived lack of need (58.0%). Higher knowledge was independently linked with systematic endorsement of vaccination (aOR=1.026, 95% CI 1.005-1.048; p=0.015). Conclusion: Although knowledge and attitudes toward HPV are generally favorable among Moroccan healthcare professionals and students, important gaps persist in practice. Strengthening education on HPV-related diseases, screening strategies, and vaccine safety may improve recommendation practices and support national cervical cancer prevention efforts.

The increasing number of adults receiving orthodontic treatment has made bonding to pre-existing ceramic restorations a routine clinical challenge. The objective of this narrative review is to explain how ceramic composition determines surface conditioning and to translate the available evidence into material-specific protocols for orthodontic attachment bonding. Glass-matrix ceramics contain a silica-rich phase that can be selectively etched with hydrofluoric acid and chemically coupled with silane. Polycrystalline ceramics, particularly zirconia, lack an etchable glass phase; therefore, airborne-particle abrasion or tribochemical silica coating combined with a phosphate-monomer primer is generally more appropriate. Resin-matrix ceramics require a conservative protocol selected according to their ceramic and polymer content. Laser conditioning can increase surface roughness, but results depend strongly on the ceramic, wavelength, energy, and irradiation settings; excessive energy may cause microcracking, thermal damage, or phase transformation. Across ceramic groups, the goal is not to maximize bond strength, but to obtain a durable bond that tolerates orthodontic loading and still permits safe debonding without damaging the restoration. Current evidence remains dominated by laboratory studies with heterogeneous ageing and testing methods. Clinicians should first identify the ceramic, use the least destructive effective pretreatment, add the appropriate chemical coupling agent, and follow material- and manufacturer-specific instructions.

Diabetic foot is a severe complication of diabetes, the management of which depends on the microbiological profile and antibiotic resistance patterns. This study aimed to describe the bacteriological profile and antibiotic susceptibility of the isolated bacteria. A retrospective study conducted from 2019 to 2025 at the Mohamed V Military Training Hospital in Rabat included 100 patients hospitalised for diabetic foot infection. Clinical and bacteriological data, along with antibiograms, were analysed. The study population was predominantly male (80%; M/F sex ratio = 4), with a mean age of 68.2 years. Among the 125 isolates identified, Gram-negative bacilli predominated (50.4%), followed by Gram-positive cocci (46.4%). The main species isolated were Staphylococcus aureus (18.4%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (13.6%), Proteus mirabilis (11.2%), Enterococcus faecalis (9.6%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (8.8%). Among the Staphylococcus aureus strains, 17.4% were methicillin-resistant (MRSA). Among Enterobacteriaceae, 16.0% were producers of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL), and a single isolate was a carbapenemase producer. Multidrug-resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were observed in 27.3% of cases. By documenting the local bacterial flora and resistance burden, this study highlights the high prevalence of multidrug-resistant pathogens in diabetic foot infections, demonstrating the essential need to adapt empirical antibiotic regimens to regional epidemiology and systematically guide targeted therapy using antibiogram results. Keywords: Antibiogram, antibiotic therapy, bacterial resistance, bacteriological profile, diabetic foot, extended-spectrum beta-lactamases, infection, Staphylococcus aureus.