Cognitive radio is an intelligent network which addresses the availability of radio spectrum in order to enable dynamic spectrum access. This paper is based on engineering model for electromagnetic spectrum, which deals with current scarcity-based regulatory model. It is an intelligent platform through which static frequency allocations can done to dynamic, intelligent, and instantaneous frequency negotiations and assignment. Various detection models were discussed to make the radio spectrum abundance model possible, and a brief discussion on the architecture of mobile network. It was identified as a promising solution to the limit less need of spectrum and the main idea behind is for dynamic access of unused spectrum for communication. Its play a vital role for dynamic utilization of idle spectrum without affecting the rights of primary users, so that the services can be available for different or for other services. In this unused spectrum can be share in order to achieve a prominent goal for avoiding the cost of usage of spectrum. It also helps in improving the utilization of spectrum resources. In order to meet the critical requirements of the fifth generation (5G) mobile network, especially the Wider-Coverage, Massive-Capacity, Massive-Connectivity, and Low-Latency four application scenarios, the spectrum range used in 5G will be further expanded into the full spectrum era, possibly from 3 GHz to 300 GHz.

The paper discusses walkability in low-income areas of the small Libyan cities, specifically in the city of Zawiya, which borders the capital, Tripoli. The purpose of this study is to explore executive methods of how to implement the walkability of the city, as an element of urban design that is concerned with city design. The city began preparing a comprehensive development strategy after years of neglect and civil war. The sustainable ways approach is encouraged in the areas of environmental, social and economic development. The municipality pursues the development of the city center and its urban areas such as streets, squares and parks. It also aims to link streets, reduce cars, and promote pedestrians to strengthen social ties and promote culture. The researcher aims to help the municipality and draw up a plan to develop the streets and transform them into more vital places. The study is based on the spatial data analysis approach through the analysis of traditional geographic data.

Assembly line balancing (ALB) is used in many industries to minimize the number of stations, improve the efficiency and work load balance among stations. Enhanced Genetic Algorithm (EGA) is proposed using precedence preservative crossover and scramble mutation techniques, aiming to minimize two objectives; number of stations as a primary objective and smoothing index as a secondary objective. Benchmark problems were selected from the literature, used to test the efficacy of the algorithm and to compare the results with the well-known algorithm SALOME. The results showed high efficacy while handling two objectives. It outperformed SALOME in work load balance and efficiency. On the other, EGA outperformed the Genetic Algorithm (GA) developed by [1] in minimizing the number of stations.

In the scope of this research, the direct liquefaction (DL) of microalgae (Spirulina, Spartina alterniflora) and soy protein was performed in a co-solvent system consisted of water and ethanol (EWCS). We investigated the effect of reaction time, reaction temperature, an alkaline catalyst (Na2CO3), and the Ethanol-Water Co-Solvent system on the liquefaction yields and bio-oil properties. The outcome of the experiments elucidated a bio-oil yield of 49.4 %, 50.2 % and 42.7 % for Spirulina, Spartina alterniflora and Soy protein respectively in which it is much higher than the HTL runs with pure water indicating the positive effect of co-solvent on the liquefaction, and for catalytic runs the bio-oil yields were 53.7%, 50.2%, and 31.6% respectively. When compared to non-catalytic DL, Na2CO3 relatively increased the bio-oil yield of the algae samples and decreased it for the Soy protein samples. The GC-MS and FT-IR analyses displayed that there are some differences in the chemical composition and the content of compounds among the bio-oils, where the significant components were esters, ketones, amides, acids, and nitrogen-containing heterocycles. Apart from its influence on the product yield, the usage of Na2CO3 showed no significant impact on the properties of the bio-oil.

Now day’s children are more likely to use smartphones. They would like to use smartphones more than a textbook. They use smartphones for playing various games and watch the cartoon as well as funny videos and movies also. The addiction to using smartphones through children is increasing day by day. Maximum parents now want to teach their children via smartphones. In that case, they try to find various learning apps and games. From that sense, we decide to make a child learning apps by using Augmented Reality & Virtual Reality. AR & VR is the most powerful way of interaction nowadays. On AR apps we design an alphabets book for the children according to our survey report and we make an android app using unity 3D. When a child opens the apps, then the phone camera will open. And if the child holds the camera in any picture of the book, then the smartphone will tell the name of the alphabet and also tell a word with that particular word and will show a 3D visual model of the object on the mobile display. And on the VR apps, we design some 3d environments according to our survey. Inside the environment, there will some alphabets in some fixed placed according to sequence and the child has to collect them by walking inside the environment. When he/she pick any alphabet than the apps will tell the name of the alphabet.

In this modern world, with continuous rise of vehicle ownership and usage, parking space has become a big challenge in companies, institutions and major cities as a whole. Research is on-going in this area to help solve this ubiquitous problem by the use of smart parking systems. Currently, extensive use of wireless technology applications to help solve the parking issue shows that digital data dissemination is the way to go. Infra-red (IR) technology which is a Wireless Sensor technology has attracted increased attention over the years due to its enormous application potential in diverse fields and also its potential of been an efficient and cost-effective alternative solution. This paper proposes an Authorized car parking alert system which provides advanced features like remote parking monitoring and parking reservation mechanism. The authorised car parking alert system is a typical internet of things (IoT) application that is developed using IR technology to provide services to users and parking owners of a smart institution and city. The paper describes the overall system design to implementation in the view point of sensor networks. Consideration is made of a smart parking infrastructure where sensors are laid down on the parking spots to detect car presence and IR readers are embedded into parking slot to identify cars and help in the arrangement of the parking area. Devices are endowed with wireless communication capabilities for reporting to the ground where the situation recognition is performed and also prevent unauthorized cars from entering or parking at any unassigned area.