Introduction: Community Based Education (CBE) assists students in acquiring professional skills within a community context, emphasizing both population groups and individual challenges they face in their daily lives. In CBE, students are anticipated to cultivate their problem-solving, communication, and critical thinking skills. The execution of the CBE program offers students a chance to enhance these abilities. The aim of this study was to implement the physiotherapy CBE model, to outline the outcomes, as well as to enhance the training of undergraduate physiotherapy students during their placements for the CBE program. Methodology: The researchers employed a qualitative descriptive study method at the Al Gosi Centre located in Omdurman, Sudan. Focus group discussions were conducted with individuals involved in health promotion and awareness programs, key personnel from the center, and patients. These discussions were audio recorded, and the data was subsequently analyzed and organized into tables and themes. All ethical considerations were mentioned. Results: The majority of patients characterize physiotherapy as a conventional treatment method that employs exercises and massages, often utilizing traditional creams and oils. All the patients report a positive experience with the intervention, as they become aware of various inappropriate behaviors, enhance their overall functional level, and some have experienced a reduction in symptoms. Most of the staff possessed knowledge regarding physiotherapy; the specialist was well-informed, with some staff members drawing from their professional experience, while others had learned about it through the experiences of their relatives. Most of the staff assert that both the students and the community will reap benefits. The students will enhance their self-confidence, implement theoretical knowledge, and observe various scenarios. On the other hand, the community will boost its awareness. Conclusion: Physiotherapists at the Al Gosi Centre apply the CBE model of physiotherapy, which includes health promotion and awareness initiatives. They outline the CBE program, detail the feedback received from clients, and discuss the health professionals' understanding of CBE and physiotherapy. Additionally, they share their experiential knowledge across various aspects after being exposed to community education.

Ta-Khoushaba is a traditional spear technique that forms a significant part of the Thang-Ta martial art of Manipur, originating during the reign of King Khagemba (1597-1654), it evolved from the sacred practice of Thengou to make exercises accessible to the general people. Ta-Khoushaba comprises a series of systematic movements and sequences performed with a spear, symbolizing both physical discipline and spiritual realization. It is classified into various types based on regional and stylistic variations as developed by Gurus. Each sequence, ranging from salutation to symbolic combat action embodies deeper philosophical meanings related to self-control, awareness, and moral development. Beyond its cultural and spiritual dimensions, Ta-Khoushaba enhances lower limb strength, coordination, and cardiovascular endurance, offering significant benefits for physical education and sports science. Future research can focus on its physiological, psychological, and biomechanical impacts, positioning Ta-Khoushaba as a bridge between traditional martial arts and holistic human development.

This study investigates various techniques for identifying and categorizing muscle fiber composition, highlighting both invasive and non-invasive methods. Invasive techniques, such as muscle biopsy, provide detailed insights into muscle structure and function, utilizing histochemical staining for myosin ATPase, myosin heavy chain isoform analysis, and biochemical identification of metabolic enzymes. These methods are vital for understanding skeletal muscle fiber diversity and their exercise responses. Alternatively, non-invasive approaches, including Tensiomyography, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy for muscle carnosine content, Ultrasound Imaging for muscle architecture, Genetic Analysis, and the 1-RM Test, offer valuable, less intrusive options to assess muscle function. By integrating invasive and non-invasive techniques, researchers can develop a comprehensive understanding of muscle biology, benefiting fields such as sports science, rehabilitation, and human health. Future research should explore how combining these methods can optimize personalized training and therapeutic interventions.

The global sports industry, long celebrated for its unifying power, has in recent decades emerged as a significant and increasingly visible contributor to environmental degradation, generating substantial greenhouse gas emissions, single-use plastic waste and resource-intensive infrastructure demands. This paper traces the conceptual and operational evolution of sports sustainability through three successive tiers of ambition, charting a trajectory from carbon neutrality toward net-zero decarbonization and ultimately, the circular economy ideal of zero waste. The first tier, carbon neutrality, represents the industry's initial response to climate accountability. Grounded in the logic of measurement and offsetting, this phase saw governing bodies and event organizers quantify emissions and compensate for unavoidable impacts through carbon offset projects, exemplified by FIFA's carbon-neutral World Cup commitments and the United Nations Sports for Climate Action Framework. The second tier, net-zero decarbonization, marks a decisive shift from offsetting to abatement. Here the emphasis moves to absolute emission reductions across scopes, renewable energy procurement and efficiency retrofits, sustainable transport and mobility planning and supply-chain engagement. World Athletics' carbon-reduction guidance and the Seattle Kraken's Climate Pledge Arena illustrate how venues and federations are embedding reduction targets, monitoring, and reporting into bid, tender and contractual processes, signalling a maturation from symbolic neutrality to structural change. The third and most recent tier, zero waste, extends sustainability beyond the carbon lens to embrace the full material metabolism of sport. Rooted in circular-economy principles, this phase prioritizes waste avoidance and source reduction, reuse, recycling, and composting, and responsible disposal of residual waste, alongside plastic neutrality and the elimination of landfill diversion. These three tiers are not merely sequential milestones but a deepening hierarchy of ambition, each expanding the boundary of responsibility from atmospheric carbon to the full life cycle of materials and from organizational accounting to systemic, stakeholder-engaged transformation. In short, the evolution from carbon neutrality to zero waste signals a fundamental reconceptualization of sport's environmental role, positioning the industry not as a passive emitter requiring compensation but as an active agent of regenerative and circular practice, with significant implications for policy, governance, and the long-term resilience of the sector.