The most common known forms of diabetes are type 1, an autoimmune disorder with auto antibodies and type II which is multi-factorial influenced by genetics, environment. Another form of diabetes is MODY (maturity onset diabetes in young), the most common form of monogenic diabetes, seen in non-obese children, adolescents and young adults. MODY a rare condition, accounts for 1–5% of all cases of DM and 1–6% of paediatric diabetes. This is non-ketotic and patients have no antibodies. Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor-1Beta is one of the several genes associated with this disease, causing beta cell dysfunction and extrapancreatic manifestations involving kidney, liver and intestines. In the present case glomerular cystic kidney disease is identified in a young male with diabetes raising clinical strong suspicion of maturity onset diabetes, which later showed Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor-1Beta mutation. A 17-year-old male, presumed type-1 diabetic who was under regular follow up with an endocrinologist, presented with elevated serum creatinine and protein in urine. On referral to our nephrologist, further evaluation was done when cortical kidney cysts were observed on imaging and on biopsy glomerular cystic kidney disease was identified. Genetic analysis revealed heterozygous missense variant of Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor-1Beta on Exon 4, thereby a final diagnosis of maturity onset diabetes in young-hepatocyte nuclear factor-1beta considered. His condition was stable during follow-up, despite the fact that chronic kidney disease is a progressive illness. Interdisciplinary approach helps in accurate typing of diabetes which has a bearing on prognosis and treatment.

Several NPs are being protect plants from various environmental stresses and encourage plant growth. Plant extract-mediated AuNP synthesis has drawn a lot of interest in this field since it can produce AuNPs effective results. AuNPs have better biocompatibility without harboring hazardous chemicals. The physical properties of nanoparticles, such as size, chemical makeup, surface charge, and surface modification, influence the absorption and transportation processes. Applying nanoparticles can assist plants in reducing abiotic stressors. Silver, gold, and other metallic nanoparticles have been produced using a variety of bacterial species. Some strains Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus were used to create AgNPs with antibacterial qualities. The exogenous NP administration allows plants to maintain their photosynthetic efficiency under DS while also stabilizing the ultra-structure of the mitochondria and chloroplasts. The application of SiO2 NPs to the leaves enhanced the elasticity and expansion of the cucumber's cell wall during the growth period and increased the accumulation of nitrogen and phosphorus elements in the leaves, thereby reducing the salt stress on cucumber plants. Silver nanoparticles are formed by natural biomolecules present in plants, including proteins, enzymes, amino acids, polysaccharides, alkaloids, alcoholic chemicals, and vitamins. Additionally, nanoparticles have different effects on seed germination and plant growth as they move throughout the plant body.

The quest for a potent treatment to combat cancer, which has emerged as the primary ailment afflicting mankind, has spurred the advancement of many approaches to investigate this affliction. Researchers and medical professionals have faced significant challenges in developing innovative treatments to overcome obstacles in cancer treatment and uncovering crucial insights into cancer development and progression. Comprehending the fundamental principles of the interaction between the human immune system and tumor cells has facilitated the development of novel and inventive approaches to cancer immunotherapy. The first progress witnessed in immunotherapy sparked enthusiasm among the scientific and clinical communities, since these approaches demonstrated significant potential for cancer treatment. However, there are other obstacles that currently hinder immunotherapy from being recognized as a truly effective treatment in the battle against malignant neoplasms. This review is trying to identify, assess, characterize, and define the main novel trends in immunotherapy and biotechnological therapies for cancer treatment.

Background: Choledochal cysts are rare congenital anomalies of the biliary system, presenting variably across age groups. Early diagnosis is crucial to avoid complications such as cholangitis, pancreatitis, and malignancy. Advancements in diagnostic imaging have significantly improved the detection and management of this condition. Objective: To assess the clinical features and diagnostic strategies for choledochal cysts using improved diagnostic techniques. Methodology: A retrospective observational study was conducted in the Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery (HBPS) department of BIRDEM Hospital, Dhaka, spanning five years from January 2003 to January 2008. Thirty patients diagnosed with choledochal cysts were included based on clinical history, examination, and imaging. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 22, with descriptive statistics and chi-square tests employed to explore associations between variables. Results: The study cohort comprised 21 females (70%) and 9 males (30%), with the majority of cases (49.5%) occurring in the 0–15 years age group. Jaundice (36%), abdominal mass (32%), and right upper quadrant pain (32%) were the most common clinical features. Complications such as cystolithiasis (24%) and pancreatitis (29%) were observed, while cirrhosis and malignancy were rare. Ultrasonography was utilized in all patients as an initial diagnostic tool, while MRCP (33%) and CT scans provided additional insights. ERCP was performed in 42% of cases, but its use has since declined due to associated risks. Conclusion: This study highlights the demographic and clinical features of choledochal cysts, with a focus on the utility of advanced imaging modalities like MRCP for non-invasive and accurate diagnosis. Early detection and intervention are key to reducing complications and improving outcomes.

Accidents are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among under-five children globally. Mothers play a pivotal role in ensuring child safety and preventing accidents within home environments. This descriptive study aimed to assess the knowledge and practice of mothers regarding child safety and accident prevention in selected community areas in Bengaluru, India. A total of 60 mothers of under-five children were selected through Non-Probability Convenient Sampling technique. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire to evaluate their knowledge and a checklist to assess their practice. The findings revealed that while the majority of mothers had an adequate level of knowledge regarding child safety, but there were significant gaps in the practical implementation of safety measures. The vast majority of mothers (86.6%) were categorized as having good practices concerning child safety and accident prevention. Meanwhile, 11.7% exhibited acceptable practices, and 1.66% were found to have poor practices. The correlation analysis, reveals that there was no significant relationship between knowledge and practice regarding child safety and accident prevention among mothers of under-five children. The computed correlation coefficient (r = 0.001) was less than the table value, leading to the acceptance of the null hypothesis, which stated that there is no relationship between knowledge and practice. Factors such as education level, socio-economic status, previous experience of accidents, and other basic variables were found to have no influence on knowledge and practice. The study underscores the need for targeted educational interventions to further more improve maternal knowledge and enhance the practice of safety measures to prevent childhood accidents.

Background: Preeclampsia (PE) affects 2-8% of pregnancies worldwide, leading to maternal and fetal complications such as abruptio placentae, renal failure, and HELLP syndrome. Objective: To investigate the association between plasma D-dimer levels and the severity of preeclampsia, along with its impact on fetomaternal outcomes. Methods: A case-control study was conducted at Dhaka Medical College Hospital from June 2021 to May 2022, enrolling 100 preeclamptic patients (50 with severe features and 50 without severe features). Participants were between 29-40 weeks of gestation. Exclusion criteria included chronic hypertension, renal/hepatic disorders, diabetes, and fetal anomalies. D-dimer levels were measured from 3 mL venous blood samples. Maternal and fetal outcomes were documented and analyzed using SPSS software. Results: The mean age of patients was 26.62 ± 3.99 years (PE without severe feature) and 27.26 ± 5.45 years (PE with severe feature). D-dimer levels were significantly higher in the severe feature group (2.91 ± 2.14 μg/mL) compared to the non-severe feature group (0.79 ± 0.45 μg/mL; p<0.005). Severe PE was associated with higher rates of postpartum hemorrhage (58.0%), HELLP syndrome (12.0%), abruptio placentae (44.0%), and fetal growth restriction (46.0%). The severe PE group also had significantly lower APGAR scores and higher NICU admissions (42.0%). Elevated D-dimer levels were significantly correlated with maternal and fetal complications, including eclampsia (p=0.020), HELLP syndrome (p=0.011), and fetal growth restriction (p=0.022). Conclusion: Elevated plasma D-dimer levels are significantly associated with the severity of preeclampsia and adverse maternal and fetal outcomes.

Mononuclear Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) and Zr(IV) complexes with new bidentate Schiff base ligand 2-hydroxy-N’-(2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)benzohydrazide (LH2) were synthesized and the complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, FAB-mass, molar conductivities, magnetic measurements, electronic spectra and thermal analysis. The Cu(II) complex was additionally characterized by ESR study. The ligand behaves as a monobasic bidentate ligand, coordinating through azomethine Nitrogen and the deprotonated Oxygen atom. Analytical data suggested 1:2 (metal: ligand) mole ratio for all the complexes. The low molar conductance values of the all metal complexes in DMSO reveal their non-electrolytic nature. The physicochemical data suggested an octahedral geometry for Zn(II) and Zr(IV) complexes, distorted octahedral geometry for Cu(II), whereas square planar geometry for Co(II) and Ni(II) complexes. The thermodynamic analysis showed that the complexes loose hydrated and/or coordinated water molecules in the first step followed by decomposition of ligand moiety in the further steps leading to formation of stable metal oxide. The antibacterial as well as antifungal activities of the ligand and its metal complexes were evaluated.

Background: Chalazion, a common benign eyelid lesion caused by chronic inflammation of a blocked meibomian gland, often requires intervention for larger or recurrent lesions. Incision and curettage (I&C) and intralesional steroid injections are common treatment methods, each with distinct advantages and challenges. This study aims to compare the efficacy, safety, and patient satisfaction of these treatments to guide clinical decision-making. Objective: To evaluate and compare the effectiveness and safety of triamcinolone acetonide (TA) injection, methylprednisolone acetate (Depo) injection, and I&C in the treatment of large chalazia. Methodology: A total of 60 patients with recurrent chalazia were randomly assigned to three treatment groups: TA injection, Depo injection, or I&C. Patients were followed up at 1, 2, and 6 weeks post-treatment. The primary outcome was the complete resolution of the chalazion, defined as an 80% reduction in size with no recurrence. Results: The demographic characteristics, including age and gender, showed no significant differences between groups. The overall success rate for all treatments was 95%, with only 5% of patients in each group experiencing incomplete resolution. A single injection group showed higher success rates (27 successful cases) compared to the two-injection group (13 successful cases), with a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05). Resolution rates improved over time, with 95% complete resolution achieved by 6 weeks in all groups. However, there were no significant differences in resolution rates between groups at any time point (p > 0.05). Conclusion: This study supports that both steroid injections and I&C are highly effective treatments for recurrent chalazions, achieving a 95% success rate. Single injections were more effective than multiple injections. While the resolution rates improved over time, no significant differences were observed between treatment groups. These findings suggest that either treatment option can be selected based on patient preference, with I&C remaining an effective choice for more persistent cases.

The concept of blood circulation, a cornerstone of modern physiology, is often attributed to William Harvey’s work in the 17th century. However, the historical origins and philosophical underpinnings of circulatory theory can also be traced to earlier traditions, notably the Unani system of medicine. Unani medicine, which has its roots in Greco-Arabic science, offers a profound comprehension of the human body, with blood (Dam) being one of the four essential humors. Foundational ideas on the heart, vessels, and blood flow were created by notable Unani scholars including Buqrāt (Hippocrates), Jalinūs (Galen), Ibn Sīnā (Avicenna), Abū Bakr Moḥammad Ibn Zakriyā Al-Rāzī (Rhazes), and Ibn Al-Nafīs. In alignment with the contemporary understanding of pulmonary circulation, Ibn Nafis, who is widely regarded as a prominent and highly influential figure within the traditional Unani medical framework, put forth a significant hypothesis regarding the journey of blood circulation. Specifically, he suggested that blood circulates from the right heart chambers to the left heart chambers through the intermediary of the lungs. This ground-breaking theory, which notably predates the discoveries of William Harvey, stands as a remarkable testament to the expansive breadth and depth of Islamic medical knowledge during that era. Ibn Nafis's pioneering work not only sheds light on the complexities of blood circulation but also serves as a crucial element in acknowledging the valuable intellectual contributions of Unani medicine to the field of anatomical sciences. Furthermore, it is imperative to incorporate his unique and insightful perspectives into the broader narrative of medical history on a global scale, recognizing the lasting impact of such contributions on the evolution of medical understanding and practices across diverse cultures. This research explores the original insights on blood circulation found in classical Unani texts, with a focus on the synthesis of anatomical, physiological, and philosophical knowledge that anticipated several principles of modern circulatory science. With the revival of anatomical dissection in European universities it laid the groundwork for later scientific breakthroughs.

A relation is not someone another is acquainted with it. The dominant assumption which occupies the minds of each individual is the bloodline factor. It left many people to commit to undertakings within their capabilities. It is thus a common identity that unifies. It had made people secure. It conveyed the message that they were protected by their common ancestry. It gave people access to the opportunities of the vastness of its space. It was a force that held people together. Everything was set aside to honor its causes. As people started moving in different directions, people’s perceptions of one another changed. The colonial cultures also diluted the cohesion among the people. Present realities have even weakened the entire structure. The new beliefs have worn away the essential elements that held the people together. The writer is experiencing quite a departure of what transpired in the past. Caught between two worlds, he can evaluate the past and the present, believing that the past can be partly restored. This is cultural studies that examines the size of the blood relations now and in the past. Guidelines are provided how relationships can be improved. Obviously, DNA can be used to detect how an individual relates to a group. It is a welcome development, but we keep this study within the traditional method of accounting for groups and subgroups in the large family tree.

Objectives: To analyze the clinical characteristics, management approaches, and outcomes of revascularization for symptomatic subclavian artery stenosis in 6 patients treated at the vascular surgery department of Moulay Ismail Military Hospital in Meknes between December 2021 and December 2024. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 6 patients who underwent percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) with or without stent placement. Clinical, radiological, and procedural data were collected and analyzed. Results: All patients had cardiovascular risk factors. Technical success was achieved in all patients with an average stenosis reduction of 87%. Complete symptom resolution was observed in 80% of patients. Minor complications, including hematoma at the puncture site, were reported in 1 case. Conclusion: PTA with or without stenting is a safe and effective treatment option for symptomatic subclavian artery stenosis, providing significant clinical improvement.

The COVID-19 pandemic opened the way for innovative medical education since the face-to-face teaching method for orthodontics before the pandemic was impracticable. This study assessed the acceptability of the learning strategies adopted for teaching orthodontics in the Southern Nigerian Dental schools during the COVID-19 pandemic by the students, the associated challenges faced by them, and their coping strategies. This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted among Southern Nigerian dental students using a semi-structured Google form questionnaire. Information on socio-demographic data, learning platforms adopted for teaching Orthodontics during the COVID-19 pandemic, acceptability of these platforms, possible challenges faced by the students, and their coping strategies were collected. Data was inputted and analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean and frequency) and inferential statistics (Z-test). The test of significance was set at P< 0.05. There were 118 participants, 64 (54.2%) males and 54 (45.8%) females with a mean age of 25.738+/- 2.94 yrs. The platforms adopted mostly include Zoom, WhatsApp, and Google Meet. Seventy-two (61.0%) respondents accepted the teaching platforms adopted during the pandemic and the challenges faced by the respondents were mainly lack of hands-on clinical sessions and network problems. Forty-seven (40%) of the participants coped by using self-directed learning, 20 (17.2%) used YouTube videos. Most of the students accepted the innovative teaching platforms adopted for teaching Orthodontics during the COVID-19 pandemic. Lack of hands-on clinical sessions was the major challenge faced by the students then and they coped well by using self-directed learning and YouTube videos.

Prosecutors have an important role in law enforcement in society that has a strategic role and position, because they act as a filter in the investigation and examination process in court. The purpose of this study is to find and analyze the regulation of the authority of state attorneys in handling civil and state administrative cases today, to find and analyze the weaknesses of the regulation of the authority of state attorneys in handling civil and state administrative cases today, to find a reconstruction of the regulation of the authority of state attorneys in handling civil and state administrative cases based on the value of justice. The research method uses the constructivism paradigm, with a sociological legal approach method, and a descriptive research type. The types and sources of data use secondary data in the form of primary legal materials, secondary legal materials, and tertiary legal materials. The data collection method uses literature, and qualitative analysis methods. The results of the study are: 1). The regulation of the authority of state attorneys in handling civil and State Administrative cases is not yet fair, namely in the current era, there will be many activities that involve the active role of the government, both legal entities and State Administrative officials, in relations with the community. It is not uncommon for the authority of the government to be disturbed so that efforts are needed to protect and uphold the authority of the government; 2). The weaknesses of the regulation of the authority of state attorneys in handling civil and State Administrative cases currently consist of weaknesses in the aspects of legal substance, legal structure and legal culture. The weakness of the legal substance aspect is the absence of a legal statue that specifically and firmly regulates state attorneys, considering that the authority of the Prosecutor as a State Attorney in the civil field is increasingly important. The weakness of the legal structure aspect is the lack of synergy that causes overlapping authority. The weakness of the legal culture aspect is that in the current technological era, crimes can be committed through technology/electronics.

The increasing digitization of medical records and the concurrent rise in cyber threats pose significant challenges to the security and integrity of health data globally. This article reviews contemporary challenges and solutions for enhancing the protection of medical records against potential cyber-attacks and inadvertent breaches. It addresses the current vulnerabilities that exist within systems handling medical records, outlines advanced technological solutions such as encryption, blockchain, AI, and multi-factor authentication, and discusses comprehensive policy measures that include regular audits, privacy by design concepts, and training programs. The article also explores critical legal and ethical considerations, emphasizing the need to balance accessibility and privacy. Finally, it proposes long-term strategic approaches to foster innovation in healthcare cybersecurity. Through this comprehensive review, the article aims to delineate effective strategies for securing medical records in the age of cyber threats, contributing to the safeguarding of patient privacy and the trust integrity of healthcare systems.

Bryophytes are prevalent constituents of both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, contributing significantly to the overall biomass in certain environments. This investigation has specifically focused on endophytic fungi within terrestrial bryophytes that grew in winter conditions on surfaces, such as house walls, bricks, or soil. During these periods, species such as Bryum capillare, Polytrichum commune, and Riccia bifurca are commonly observed. These kinds of bryophyte plants during the monsoons do come alive again. These examine the distribution of fungi associated with these bryophyte species. We collected three bryophyte samples from the delta region. Twenty-seven fungal species and 108 endophyte isolates were obtained from 450 tissue segments from three plants. Endophyte isolates belonging to Ascomycetes, Coeleomycetes, Hyphomycetes, Sterile forms, Yeast-like strains and Zygomycetes were recorded. Thus, its diversity was found to be based on the fungi it isolated. The endophyte species were calculated using the method of diversity index, CF%, RPO, species index, and species richness index. We have suggested that even in a relatively small region, the diversity of fungal species can be found in desiccation-tolerant environments.