Background: Ovarian tumour preferably malignant one is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality of women. Despite of advancement in surgical and chemotherapeutic treatment during the last decade, still survival rates are poor mainly due to late and incidental diagnosis. Objective: To find out correlation of raised serum CA -125 level with laparotomy and histopathological findings of ovarian tumours. Methodology: This observational descriptive study was conducted in the department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology in Combined Military Hospital, CMH Dhaka from January 2023 to December 2023 and data collection period of 6 months. Total 30 patients having ovarian tumour diagnosed clinically, by ultrasonography and with raised serum CA125 level were included in the study who underwent laparotomy and diagnosis confirmed by histopathology. Results: Total 30 cases of ovarian tumour with raised serum CA-125 were enrolled in the study. Patient presented with lump in the abdomen 26(86.7%) as the commonest presentation. The commonest tumour was epithelial tumour 22 (73.3%) followed by germ cell tumour 8(26.7%). Serous cyst adenoma (47.4%) was common benign tumour& serous cyst adenocarcinoma was the commonest malignant variety (36.3%). Serum CA-125 level was raised in all cases but highly raised in almost all the malignant ovarian tumour 10(90.9%), among them in poorly differntiated 2(18.2%) cases CA-125 level is markdly raised average is 433.5U/ml, then in moderately differentiated cases CA-125 level is highly raised avgerage is 221.5U/ml. In undifferentiated variety average level of CA-125 is 272.5U/ml. In well differentiated case CA-125 level raised to 69U/ml. And on laparotomy, tumours with malignant features has high serum level of CA-125 (>100U/ml). Conclusion: As serum CA-125 is highly raised in most of malignant ovarian tumour, mainly of epithelial variety and moreover makdly raised in poorly differented ones as well as these tumours are found to have features of malignancy on laparotomy, so we can conclude that raised serum CA-125 is a useful tumour marker for early screening, and as well as it can be used as a marker for assumption of the nature and aggresiveness of ovarian malingnancies. Thus, serum level of CA-125 can be used as a tool for detection of ovarian malignancy at early stage, to reduce the morbidity and mortality of patients, as well as to improve the survivility also to reduce the disease burden of the patient with ovarian tumour.

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an endocrine disorder marked by insufficient insulin production, disrupting glucose metabolism and regulation. DM is classified into type I (DM I) and type 2 (DM II). Glycated haemoglobin (Hba1c) is a marker for long-term blood glucose levels. Benign tongue abnormalities (BTAs) associated with (DM II) include the fissured tongue (FT), benign migratory glossitis (BMG), black hairy tongue (BHT), median rhomboid glossitis (MRG), and oral lichen planus (OLP). Aim of the work: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of BTAs among Libyan patients with controlled and uncontrolled DM II. The study also evaluates the potential correlation between BTA and factors such as age and gender. Materials and Method: This study included 426 Libyan patients with DM II. Disease duration and complications were obtained from the patient's medical records. Dependent binary variables (BTAs) and independent variables (age, gender, glycemic control in controlled and uncontrolled DM II) were calculated using IBM-SPSS 26. Result: 77.2% of the 426 patients with type 2 DM exhibited BTAs. FT 96.2% was the most common BTA, followed by MRG 2.1%. BMG 0.9%. BHT 0.6%, and LP 0.3%. 79.3% were glucose-uncontrolled diabetic patients (GUCDPs) and 20.7% were glucose-controlled diabetic patients (GCDPs). Conclusion: BTAs such as FT, MRG, BMG, BHT and LP were the most frequent conditions. BTA have a high prevalence rate in GUCDPs. BTAs are equally observed in both genders.

Global warming is currently one of the world's most pressing issues. It has been a reason behind the proliferation of renewable energy (RE) systems. The majority of renewable energy sources are sustainable and release less carbon, in contrast to fossil fuels, which is why they have recently gained favour. Solar, wind, and geothermal energy have the potential to be employed in these Gulf countries to meet the region's power production needs. This is due to the Gulf country's strategic location as well as its immense oil and natural resource richness. According to previous researchers, the primary source of economic benefits for Gulf countries is global energy consumption by using crude oil and fossil fuels. The GCC is a major player in the global energy market. It is home to some of the world's largest oil and gas reserves and plays a significant role in producing and exporting energy resources. In future, as the world's energy needs shift towards renewable sources, the demand for traditional energy sources like oil and gas may decline. This could reduce the GCC's importance as a global energy supplier. Hence Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates have made efforts to diversify their economies away from dependence on oil and gas exports. Saudi Arabia has launched several initiatives aimed at diversifying its economy. The most notable of these is the Vision 2030 program, which seeks to reduce the country's dependence on oil and create new economic sectors, such as tourism, entertainment, and technology. The government has also invested heavily in infrastructure projects, such as the construction of the NEOM megacity and the Red Sea Project, which are aimed at attracting foreign investment and creating new jobs. Similarly, the United Arab Emirates has been at the forefront of economic diversification, with its government launching several initiatives aimed at promoting innovation, entrepreneurship, and knowledge-based industries. One of the most notable initiatives is the Dubai Future Accelerators Programme, which brings together startups and government agencies to work on cutting-edge technologies and solutions. Additionally, the United Arab Emirates is investing heavily in renewable energy to generate 50% of its electricity from clean sources by 2050. Both Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates are working towards building more diversified, knowledge-based economies that can compete in the global marketplace. At the same time, the road ahead may be challenging because of technical challenges, Economic challenges, lack of infrastructure, Regulatory challenges, Heavy Dependence on oil, Skilled labour shortage, and Regulatory environment. While taking the above as the context, the paper shall look at renewable energy development in Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. The following are major research questions which shall be explored and analysed: • How has the development of renewable energy technologies and infrastructure in Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates progressed over time, and what factors have influenced this development? • What are the future plans and potential for continued growth and expansion of renewable energy in these countries? • What will be the future and potential renewable energy sources and policies in Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, and what are the barriers and opportunities for their adoption and integration into the energy mix? • How successful have Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates' economic diversification efforts been in reducing reliance on oil revenues? • What are the similarities and differences between the development of renewable energy technologies and policies in Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates compared to the rest of the world? • What are the factors that have contributed to the similarities and differences, and how do they impact the potential for further growth and expansion of renewable energy in these countries relative to the rest of the world? This paper presents a literature-based study. The study covers capacities, projects, policies, and frameworks in Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. In this study, we would make use of secondary data that has been gathered from previously published statistics and relevant literature.

Agriculture and rural areas play an important role in the economy and the stable development of society. Along with the country's innovation process after the mistakes and limitations of the planning mechanism and centralized subsidies, our country has entered a period of stability, development and integration with the world. An Giang is a key province in agricultural production in the Mekong Delta and the whole country. The achievements of the renovation process have promoted positivity and created personal motivation for people to promote creativity in agricultural production, contributing to raising and improving life, escaping the situation of food shortage, abandoned land and damaged agricultural tools. However, An Giang in particular and the Mekong Delta provinces in general are facing challenges due to climate change, water scarcity and saline intrusionex, cessive crop growth, along with flood control dykes, has made the land inhospitable, excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides has led to serious environmental pollution, ecosystem destruction, and biodiversity changes over hundreds of years, affecting people's health and causing many new diseases, especially cancer. Therefore, changing the way of production, following nature, towards ecological and sustainable agriculture for a clean environment and public health is an urgent issue that needs to be changed.

Assessment literacies for both teachers and students matter because assessment is central to learning and influences behaviours and practices of both. Student assessment literacies have largely been ignored, which is surprising given discourses supporting students taking responsibility for their own learning. Here we investigate the understandings of assessment literacies, especially summative assessment (SA) and formative assessment (FA), of a group of 83 year-three health sciences undergraduates. We found limited and ineffective dialogue between students and teachers about assessment. Even after more than two years at university, students show a lack of common understanding, or no understanding, of the terms SA and FA despite them having become common parlance in academic discourses. From their responses we concluded that 29% of students understood SA, 29% understood FA, and 18% understood both. This lack of understanding is worrying since it counters somewhat the notion that students are central to their own learning. The lack is mirrored by teachers, and to some extent by the literature in general. We contend that a lack of common understanding and theoretical framework has potential to hinder the engagement and progress of students and we call for remedy, starting from a student perspective.

The presence of secondary metabolite, particularly aflatoxin produced by fungi, poses economic challenges in food and feed industries. This study aimed to identify aflatoxigenic Aspergillus species inedible oil and quantify total aflatoxins levels. We collected thirty sample of edible oil from various local market in Karachi and tested them for presence of Aspergillus flavus and total aflatoxin levels. Out of thirty, four samples tested positive for Aspergillus flavus using culture-based methods, which were subsequently confirmed by amplification of partial transcribed (ITS) region. Aflatoxin production was assessed using colorimetric methods, revealing that all A. flavus positive isolates (JB2, MGM4, LMM1, and RLM2) exhibited a plum red change upon exposure to ammonium hydroxide vapors on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar. Notably, JB2 also demonstrated color change on Yeast extract Sucrose and Coconut Agar medium, and exhibited blue fluorescence under UV light on coconut Agar medium. Aflatoxins were extracted from edible oil sample using solvent extraction method and quantified using a VICAM fluorometer. Among samples one exhibited total aflatoxin levels between 20-30ppb, five samples had levels below 20ppb, while 24 samples were negative for aflatoxin. These finding underscore the need of continued monitoring of aflatoxin contamination in edible oil.

This study evaluates student participation in field and laboratory components of geoscience and environmental education courses in Southeast Nigeria. Given the critical role of experiential learning in geoscience education, this research aims to assess how effectively students engage with hands-on activities that enhance their understanding of geological and environmental processes. The evaluation involved a mixed-methods approach, incorporating quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews with students and instructors across multiple institutions. Key metrics included attendance, active participation, and student perceptions of the relevance of field and laboratory experiences to their academic and professional aspirations. Findings indicate that while students demonstrate high levels of enthusiasm and engagement during field excursions, participation in laboratory sessions is often limited due to resource constraints and logistical challenges. Moreover, students reported that field experiences significantly enhanced their practical skills and contextual understanding of theoretical concepts, whereas laboratory activities were sometimes perceived as less impactful. The study highlights the need for improved resources and infrastructure to foster deeper engagement in laboratory settings and underscores the importance of integrating field-based learning into the geoscience curriculum to better prepare students for future careers in environmental science and related fields. Recommendations for enhancing student participation and overall educational outcomes are provided, including the development of partnerships with local industries and environmental organizations to create more immersive learning opportunities.

Malaria is a serious and potentially fatal parasitic infectious disease caused by several species of parasite belonging to the Plasmodium genus. The female Anopheles injects the parasite into humans in the form of a "sporozoite". This rapidly migrates via the bloodstream to the liver. Transmission can occur through mother-to-child transmission and transfusion of infected blood products. Objective: To study the prevalence of malaria among newborn babies in the paediatric ward of the CSRéf in Markala. Methodology: Cross-sectional, retrospective, descriptive study from 1st January to 30th December 2023. Results: The mean age at admission was 03 to 07 days and 08 to 14 days of life. The sex ratio was in favour of males (51%). The overall result for the prevalence of malaria according to the means of biological diagnosisused was 0.62% for the RDT compared with 56.52% for the GE. The weight range where the RDT was positive was weights over 3.5kg. The results for congenital malaria were 0% for RDT and 60% for GE. The sex-ratio was in favour of males (51%). The age range at admission was 3 to14 days. The highest number of cases was observed in the month of May. The overall prevalence of congenital malaria including the total number of babies with cord blood parasitaemia and peripheral blood parasitaemia was 18.6% and 56.8% respectively using microscopy and real-time PCR. The frequency of cases of submicroscopic congenital malaria (negative on thick blood smear and positive on PCR) was 12.2%). Theaverageadmissionweightofnewbornswas2.9kg+/-0.9andtheaveragebirthweightwas2,319g(160.03)and 83 (81.4%). Conclusion: Congenital and neonatal malaria is a public health problem in a malaria-endemic country such as Mali. We note a difference in diagnosis according to the different biological means of diagnosis (RDT and EW). Newborns showing signs of suspected sepsis should be screened and treated early.

Background: Hypertension is a major cardiovascular risk factor, yet its control remains a global challenge. Effective management, through adherence to antihypertensive medications and lifestyle modifications, can significantly reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to explore factors influencing treatment compliance among hypertensive patients using the Health Belief Model (HBM) framework. Objective: The study sought to assess treatment compliance among hypertensive patients and identify the influence of sociodemographic factors and HBM variables on adherence to antihypertensive therapy. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted at Dhaka Medical College Hospital from January to July 2014, involving 200 hypertensive patients. Participants were selected using simple random sampling. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS. Bivariate analyses (Chi-square and Pearson correlation) and multivariate linear regression were performed, with statistical significance set at P ≤ 0.05. Results: The mean age of participants was 56.3 (±13.1) years, with 56% showing treatment compliance. Among the participants, 56.5% were female, and 43.5% were male. Most had at least primary education, and 33% had no formal education. Regarding employment, 55.5% were unemployed. The bivariate analysis revealed significant associations between treatment compliance and HBM variables: perceived susceptibility, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, and cues to action. However, perceived severity did not show a significant association. Multivariate analysis indicated that perceived barriers were the strongest predictor of treatment compliance. Conclusion: The study found suboptimal treatment compliance among hypertensive patients, with perceived barriers being the most significant factor influencing adherence. Healthcare providers should emphasize health education on the lifelong need for antihypertensive treatment, and policies promoting free or subsidized medication could help improve compliance.

Background: Preeclampsia is a major public health problem especially in low- and middle-income countries. It is associated with a serious burden on the health care system and the economy of the family. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of preeclampsia and feto - maternal outcome of women diagnosed with preeclampsia in a secondary health facility in North central Nigeria. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study carried out among women diagnosed with preeclampsia at Nigeria Customs Hospital KaruAbujaover a seven-month period from 1st of January 2022 to 31st July 2022.Case notes were identified from records in the labour ward, antenatal clinic, theatre, gynaecological emergency and the intensive care unit. The case notes were retrieved from the Central Medical Record’s library. Data was entered and analyzed using the IBM Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS Statistics) Version 27. Armonk, NY: IBM CorpA. Results: The total of 420 deliveries were reported during the study period of which 56 cases developed preeclampsia and only 47 has the complete information and were included in the statistical analysis. The retrieval rate was 83.9%. The prevalence of preeclampsia among the study participants was 13.0%. The mean age of the study participants were 31.04 (5.01) years, The mean gestational age at the booking was 23.86 (4.73) weeks. The mean gestational age at the diagnosis preeclampsia was 35.60(4.87) Only12 (25.5%) participants had severe preeclampsia. Perinatal mortality was 8.5 per 1000, Thirty-three (77.0%) of the neonate were born prematurely, and 2 (4.6%) had birth asphyxia. No maternal death or stroke were reported among the study participants. Only six (12,8) of the women sustained acute kidney injury. Conclusion: The prevalence of preeclampsia was high in the rural community of Karu Abuja. No maternal death was reported among the study participants. The perinatal mortality was 8.5 per 1000 birth.

Background: Dengue fever, a major public health challenge in tropical regions, shows increasing incidence and severity worldwide, with frequent outbreaks in Bangladesh. Vitamin D, known for its immune-modulating properties, has been suggested to influence outcomes in viral infections, including dengue. This study aimed to evaluate the vitamin D status among dengue patients and examine its association with disease severity and recovery outcomes. Methods: This hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2022 to December 2022 in the Dengue cell of Bangabandhu Shekh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Vitamin D was measured in the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. A total of 130 dengue patients, aged 18 to 60, were enrolled. Serum vitamin D levels were measured and analyzed alongside demographic, clinical, and biochemical parameters to assess the correlation between vitamin D status and dengue severity. Results: The mean age of patients was 35.6 years, with a predominance of males (57.7%). Vitamin D deficiency (levels <20 ng/mL) was observed in 69.2% of patients, with mean levels significantly decreasing with increased dengue severity (18.5 ng/mL in mild cases vs. 9.8 ng/mL in severe cases, p < 0.01). Patients with lower vitamin D levels had prolonged hospital stays and recovery times. A significant decrease in vitamin D levels from pre- to post-diagnosis (20.0 ng/mL to 15.2 ng/mL) was also noted, underscoring the potential impact of dengue infection on vitamin D status. Conclusions: This study highlights a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among dengue patients, with lower levels associated with increased disease severity and slower recovery. Targeted interventions, including vitamin D supplementation, may improve patient outcomes and warrant further investigation.

Introduction: Clinical trials are essential in the advancement of global scientific knowledge. The role of nurses at SQCCCRC-UMC has become more significant because of their direct role in caring for clinical trial participants. This necessitated building their capacity through training to care for trial participants as per the International Council of Harmonization- Good Clinical Practice (ICH- GCP). Objectives: This study aims to investigate the effect of a capacity-building initiative that includes conducting Clinical Trial Workshops (CTW) and getting nurses certified in online ICH-GCP. Method: 21 CTW were conducted. Pretest and posttest scores to check knowledge were collected from 2022 to 2024 and analyzed using paired t-tests to compare averages. Nurses were also asked to submit ICH-GCP certification to the clinical trials department (CTD) for record keeping. Results: CTW had a total of 171 participants composing of 96% of nurses (n=165). Those nurses accounted for 50.6% of the total nursing workforce (n=326). 88.5% (n=146) of those nurses completed both the pretest and posttest. The mean posttest score (87.2%) was compared with the mean pretest score (68.5%) showing an average increase of 19 %, which indicated statistical significance. (CI=95%, t=0.05). 86 nurses have completed ICH-GCP certification during the same period. (26.4 % of all nurses, n=326). Conclusion: The capacity building approach significantly improved nurses’ knowledge about clinical trials which can potentially aid in caring for patients in clinical trials. Additional research is needed to assess the long-term impact of this approach on nurses’ attitude in caring for those patients.

Background: Acne Conglobata (AC) is a rare and severe form of nodulocystic acne, primarily affecting adolescents and young adults. Characterized by deep nodules, abscesses, and interconnected sinus tracts, AC often leads to significant scarring and psychological distress. Despite its rarity, it presents a unique challenge in resource-limited settings like Bangladesh, where awareness and specialized dermatological care are insufficient. The multifactorial etiology includes hormonal imbalances, genetic predisposition, and environmental factors, complicating both diagnosis and treatment. Objective: This study aims to provide comprehensive insights into the clinical characteristics, risk factors, comorbidities, and treatment outcomes of Acne Conglobata in Bangladesh, with a focus on emerging therapeutic modalities. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted at a tertiary hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh, from January to December 2024. A total of 50 patients diagnosed with Acne Conglobata were included, with data collected through clinical evaluations, patient interviews, and medical records. Descriptive statistics were employed to analyze demographic variables, risk factors, comorbidities, and treatment outcomes. Results: The majority of patients were aged 17-30 years, with a higher prevalence in males (70%). Hormonal imbalances (especially during puberty) and a family history of acne were the most common risk factors. Comorbidities such as depression/anxiety (40%), obesity (30%), and insulin resistance (20%) were prevalent. Treatment regimens primarily involved oral isotretinoin (80%), oral antibiotics (60%), and steroids (50%). Scar revision procedures were used in 30% of cases. Conclusion: Acne Conglobata significantly impacts young adults in Bangladesh, with genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors playing key roles in its pathogenesis. Depression, obesity, and insulin resistance were common comorbidities. Oral isotretinoin remains the most effective treatment, but a multimodal approach, including psychological support and scar revision, is essential. This study highlights the need for increased awareness and access to advanced therapies, especially in resource-limited settings like Bangladesh.

Background: Sleep is vital, but issues are mounting. Sleep deprivation is dangerous for hospital nurses. This reduces nurse productivity and increases patient-harming medical mistakes. Shift work affects sleep and circadian rhythms; therefore, night shift female nurses' sleep is important. Nurses and patients lose sleep amid disturbances. Objectives: The study examined night-shift female nurses' sleep quality. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Dhaka Medical College's Physiology Department from January to December 2019 among 160 female nurses aged 24-50 who work night shifts from 8 p.m. to 8 a.m. in In-patient department of Medicine, Surgery, Obstetrics, and Gynecology. Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index and nurse demographics were obtained. After informed consent was signed, the individual was thoroughly questioned and recorded in the predesigned data form. Statistics were done with Excel and SPSS-26. Results: Mean BMI was 23.91 ± 1.64 kg/m², and systolic and diastolic blood pressures were 105.63 ± 11.10 and 69.94 ± 6.68 mmHg, respectively, without statistical significance (p > 0.05). The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) components showed significant results (p < 0.001), with mean scores for subjective sleep quality (1.09 ± 0.35), latency (1.95 ± 0.84), duration (1.77 ± 0.72), and additional parameters resulting in a mean global PSQI score of 7.94 ± 1.76. Highest number of respondents were belonging to age group 31–40 and 68.75% were married and in medical wards (42.50%). The lowest sleep quality was seen in Obstetrics & Gynecological wards, with 54 nurses scoring over 5 on the global PSQI (p < 0.001). About 69% of nurses had a PSQI score > 5, suggesting poor sleep quality, associated with age, marital status, and ward type (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Female nurses need sleep hygiene instruction, shift schedule adjustments, and stress management to sleep better. These obstacles affect nurses' well-being and care quality.

Study aims to evaluate the evolution of anthropometric and hematological parameters in anemic rats treated with an aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera leaves. Seventy rats aged 8 to 16 weeks were divided into seven groups of ten rats each, including five males and five females. Various doses of the aqueous extract (200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg, 800 mg/kg, and 1600 mg/kg) were administered in comparison with a positive control group and a group treated with Ranferon®. Treatments were administered from day 3 to day 14, with blood samples taken on days 1, 3, 7, and 14. Anemia was induced by injecting 40 mg/kg of phenylhydrazine twice a day for two days. The samples allowed for the determination of red blood cell count, hemoglobin levels, hematocrit levels, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, and platelet count. The results showed a correction of anemia by the aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera leaves from the seventh day of the experiment, unlike the positive control group.