Early Childhood Caries (ECC) remains a global public health challenge, particularly in underserved populations where access to conventional dental care is limited. Silver Diamine Fluoride (SDF) has emerged as a transformative approach in the management of ECC, offering a minimally invasive, cost-effective solution to arrest caries progression and prevent new lesions. This review provides a comprehensive evaluation of SDF, focusing on its mechanism of action, clinical efficacy, advantages, and limitations in pediatric dentistry. Evidence from recent studies demonstrates that SDF is highly effective in halting caries progression, significantly reducing the need for more invasive treatments, particularly in young or uncooperative patients. However, aesthetic concerns, primarily the black staining of treated lesions, and the need for informed parental consent remain key barriers to its widespread adoption. The article also explores the integration of SDF into broader public health strategies for ECC prevention and treatment, emphasizing its role in resource-constrained settings. Ethical and legal considerations, along with future research directions, are discussed to address gaps in understanding its long-term safety and efficacy. By advancing the use of SDF, this review highlights its potential to revolutionize the management of ECC, aligning with global goals of equitable access to essential health care.

Data shows sudden cardiac arrest is still one of the leading causes of death in Europe and the United States (Berdowski et al., 2010). Healthcare professionals must provide immediate and proper resuscitation, which directly impacts the patient likelihood of survival. Mock code drills play a pivotal role in healthcare education and training, by enhancing the participants' confidence levels. This increased confidence, in turn, contributes to improved clinical performance and patient outcomes. Within the hospital setting, resources and personnel are readily available in the event of a medical emergency, however in the outpatient setting the stakes may be higher due to lessened resources and manpower (Urman, Punwani and Shapiro, 2012). To date, there is very little research surrounding medical emergencies in the outpatient settings, this highlights the need for further investigation as cardiac arrest is a high risk low volume emergency that many healthcare professionals feel unprepared and ill equipped for (Monachino et al., 2019). This Quality Improvement (QI) project explored the impact of mock code blue drills on healthcare professional’s confidence levels in the outpatient setting. Over three months, monthly code blue drills were conducted in two separate outpatient locations. Staff involved in this QI completed a pre and post drill survey consisting of nine statement with five-point Likert scaling assessing their confidence levels. Results in this QI showed an overall improvement in the confidence of clinical staff after taking part in mock code blue drills. There were limitations to this QI including a low response rate, small sample size, as well as external factors such as a faulty public announcement system impacting the drills. Future recommendations include increased frequency of drills, qualitative research to explore staff’s perceptions and high-quality simulation equipment. Code blue drills should be completed every three months to safeguard patient safety and promote staff responsiveness in a true cardiac arrest event.

The global climate continues to deteriorate, resulting in excessive carbon emissions, heavy metal pollution possesses serious threats to human life and modern civilization. The concentration of Zn, Fe, Cr, Pb, Cu and Cd in soil and rice grown in two locations (A and B) AROUND Edozhigi river were determined using standard methods og analysis. Results obtained for location A, indicate high concentration of Zn 9.75±0.55, 9.61±0.54, 1.03±0.58 and 1.69±0.66 mg/kg in soil, root, stem and seed of rice plant respectively. The order of Zn concentration of Zn metal in location B is 2.07±0.55 (soil) > 1.70±0.54 (root) > 1.67±0.58 (stem) > 1.27±0.66 (seed). Concentration of Fe (mg/kg) in soil (25.50±0.00) and root (26.32±0.00) from location B were significantly higher than those of stem (8.46±0.00 mg/kg) and seed (6.98±0.00 mg/kg) respectively. Concentration of Cu (mg/kg) in soil, root, stem and seed from location A and B were between 0.00±0.00 - 0.03±0.40 mg/kg respectively. The low concentration of these metals in soil around Edozhigi river makes the soil fit for growing crops.

The civil service played a critical role in fostering socio-economic development, particularly in developing countries like Nigeria. This paper examined the role of the civil service in driving socio-economic progress, with a focus on Akwa Ibom State. The study assessed how civil service structures and policies influenced key areas such as employment generation, economic growth, infrastructure development, and public service delivery. To achieve the study objectives, the researcher utilized both descriptive and ex post facto research designs to analyze civil service operations and their impact on socio-economic development. The descriptive design provided a detailed overview of the current state of civil service practices, while the ex post facto design allowed for the examination of past policies and their outcomes without manipulating variables. Data were collected from a variety of secondary sources, including textbooks that offered foundational knowledge, journals with empirical studies, civil service information handbooks detailing regulations, and government bulletins providing insights on policies and challenges. The findings revealed that inadequate allocation of resources; bureaucratic delays, corruption, and ineffective human resource management were major factors that hindered the civil service's ability to achieve socio-economic development. The paper concluded with recommendations for enhancing the efficiency of the civil service, including policy reforms, capacity building, and strategic leadership, to better align with national development goals in Akwa Ibom State.

Background: Management of IUFD has immense significance in today’s obstetric practice. To summarize, dinoprostone gel, misoprostol and intra cervical catheter can be used for induction of labour in second and third trimester IUFD. Mechanical methods, i.e. the use of Foley’s catheter balloon, though effective have not gained much popularity because of the fear of infection. Objective: To observed the complications of induction of labor with Foley's catheter in patients with a previous cesarean section. Materials and Methods: The observational study was carried out in the Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Dhaka Medical College Hospital. Dhaka, Bangladesh. Total 52 patients with singleton pregnancy with IUFD, at ≥28 weeks of gestation was attending in the Department of Obstetrics & Gynae were included in this study. Details of history, general physical and systemic examination, ultrasonography, basic laboratory investigations like haemoglobin level, and DIC profile were recorded. Results: Forty three (82.7%) received augmentation with oxytocin, 3(5.8%) developed scar tenderness and 8(15.4%) had failed induction. Failed ICC was found 8 cases, among them 5(62.5%) had dinoprostone gel used followed by vaginal birth, 2(25.0%) had LUCS and 1(12.5%) had laparotomy. Induction delivery interval was found 16.3±5.5 hours. Regarding maternal outcome 49(94.2%) patients had normal vaginal delivery, 4(7.7%) had PPH, 3(5.8%) had fever, 2(3.8%) were ICU admission, 1(1.9%) had laparotomy and 1(1.9%) had rupture uterus. Conclusion: Common maternal complications were PPH, fever, ICU admission, laparotomy and rupture uterus. Induction can be done safely in carefully selected cases of previous LSCS with Foley’s Balloon.

The halal lifestyle is now widely adopted in Muslims' lives, including medical practice. The study aims to determine the level and correlation of knowledge, perception, and attitude of doctors toward readiness to enter the era of mandatory halal certification of drugs and the demographic factors that influence it. A cross-sectional study was conducted online using a questionnaire validated by experts and previous validation and reliability tests. This study was attended by 400 respondents from five provinces in Java, using purposive sampling. The results of the study showed that doctors had sufficient knowledge (mean 38.50 ± 2.293), sufficient perception (mean 40.92 ± 5.076), and sufficient attitude (mean 39.14 ± 4.523) towards halal drugs. There is a weak correlation between knowledge perception (r=0.306, p<0.05), a very weak correlation between knowledge attitude (r=0.297, p<0.05), and a robust correlation between perception attitude (r=0.828, p<0.05). Doctors' knowledge, perception, and attitudes about halal medicine influence each other (p value<0.05). Factors such as workplace, position, and length of service influence knowledge (p value<0.05), and age, workplace, position, and length of service influence perception and attitude (p value<0.05.) of doctors about halal medicine. It is concluded that doctors have sufficient knowledge, perception, and attitude and influence each other; the correlation between knowledge-perception is weak, knowledge-attitude is very weak, and perception-attitude is very strong. Age has a relationship with knowledge, perception, and attitude, education has a relationship with knowledge, and the workplace has a relationship with doctors' perception of halal medicine.

This article analyzes the famous soliloquies in Shakespeare’s play Hamlet through the concept of ideational function in Halliday’s systemic functional grammar theory. The focus is on how this theory reveals the deep structure of the text and the complex psychology of the characters, particularly through six processes of ideational function. The analysis demonstrates that these processes not only enhance the understanding of Hamlet’s inner conflicts but also highlight the philosophical reflections embedded in the text. The article emphasizes that while systemic functional grammar theory provides rich perspectives and profound insights for literary text analysis. Overall, this theory offers a structured analytical framework for understanding Hamlet and deepens the appreciation of this classic text.

Abrus precatorius, Linn commonly known as jequirity bean or rosary pea, is a herbaceous flowering plant in the bean family Fabaceae. The plant is best known for its leaves and seeds, which are used as beads and in percussion instruments, and which are toxic because of the presence of abrin. The phytochemical evaluation of the different extract of the Abrus precatorius leaves shows the presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, steroids, sterols, flavanoids, tannins, phenolic compounds proteins and amino acids, fixed oil, and the absence of glycoside, saponin, and anthraquinone. This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of extracts and fractions from leaves on the growth of Staphylococcus, E.coli, and Pseudomonas. The leaf powder was macerated using 96% ethanol, chloroform, petroleum ether, and aguish then fractionated using as solvent. The antibacterial activity test using the diffusion method showed that the extract of leaves had antibacterial activity against Staphyloococcus E.coli and Pseudomonas. The most active fraction was the ethanol fraction, with a concentration of 50% with an average inhibition zone diameter of 12.2 mm.

Background: Hemorrhoids are a prevalent condition affecting the anal and rectal area, often resulting in symptoms such as bleeding, pain, and prolapse. While typically benign, they can coexist with other anorectal issues, including anal fissures and polyps. Rarely, neuroendocrine tumors may be discovered in patients with hemorrhoids, underscoring the necessity for thorough evaluation and histopathological examination to identify and address any significant underlying conditions. Case Presentation: This case describes a 39-year-old male presenting to the clinic on August 13, 2024. He reported a one-year history of rectal bleeding, pain, burning, and prolapse during defecation, along with occasional constipation. Physical examination revealed third-degree hemorrhoids, a chronic anal fissure, and an anal polyp. The primary diagnosis was third-degree hemorrhoids, with secondary diagnoses of chronic anal fissure, anal polyp, and constipation. The patient underwent elective surgical interventions, including stapler hemorrhoidopexy, fissurectomy, sphincterotomy, and excision of the anal polyp, all performed under general anesthesia without complications. Histopathological analysis of the excised hemorrhoidal tissue revealed a Grade 1 neuroendocrine tumor measuring 3 mm, with no evidence of malignancy elsewhere. Postoperative recovery was stable, with the patient reporting no significant complications during follow-up. Conclusion: This case illustrates the complexity of managing hemorrhoidal disease and its potential associations with other anorectal conditions, such as anal fissures and polyps. The identification of Grade 1 neuroendocrine tumors emphasizes the importance of thorough evaluation in patients presenting with rectal symptoms, even when benign conditions are suspected.

To support sustainable environmental management and agricultural practices, this study examines the sophisticated uses of nanoparticles and nanotubes in the remediation of industrial, farming, and sewage wastes and their function in creating biofertilizers. Because of their unique qualities, which include a large surface area, reactivity, and adjustable features, nanoparticles are very good at adsorbing, breaking down, and eliminating contaminants from wastewater. Because of their conductivity and structural robustness, nanotubes further improve cleanup procedures by enabling quick pollutant absorption and destruction, particularly for complex pollutants, including organic compounds, heavy metals, and pesticides. The efficacy, stability, and possible environmental hazards of several nanomaterial types, such as metal oxides, carbon-based nanoparticles, and functionalized nanotubes, are examined in this study. The article also emphasizes the dual use of these nanotechnologies in creating biofertilizers, which can support agricultural yield increase, soil health improvement, and nutrient cycling. This strategy offers a viable technique to lower environmental pollutants and promote sustainable farming methods using nanotechnology in wastewater treatment and agriculture. The paper also discusses the obstacles and restrictions to widespread use, including expense, possible toxicity, and regulatory issues. This article sheds light on nanotechnology's present and potential agricultural and environmental management applications, thoroughly examining its contribution to developing sustainable and environmentally friendly solutions.

Epilepsy requires a constant medication during pregnancy. Maintaining, monitoring and a stability of pregnant women with epilepsy between restricting seizures and reducing fetal exposure to the antiepileptic drugs are essential. Major and minor malformations were presented in children subjected to the antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy. This review article aimed to highlight some of antiepileptic drugs as potential teratogen to understand the associated congenital malformation risks with these drugs, differences in hazards between several selection treatment are essential to safe both mother and fetus.

Bangladesh is a creating and Child Labour is one of the fundamental issues of this country. The fundamental points of this study discover the essential reasons for kids are perceived as kid work and attempt to know the causes behind presence a negative connection between youngster training and kid work. This paper means to recognize Health and Safety issues of Child Labour in Bangladesh. Kid work is step by step being perceived as a multi-faceted social issue in our country. Consequently, youngsters regularly have 'no voice' to communicate their own necessities. The state, society, guardians and worldwide organizations need to assume reciprocal parts in disposing of kid work. This infers that all gatherings should be ready to compromise - a cycle that should be monetarily reasonable and at last in light of a legitimate concern for the youngsters who don't have the development to choose for themselves. Specialized collaboration to legislatures, non-administrative associations and different offices in this attempt should be emphatically advanced. This paper audits investigates the kid work circumstance in Bangladesh and the current legitimate structure for youngster work and shows that there remain holes in the lawful and strategy system of Bangladesh.

The cost of Block production which largely depends on the cost of the constituent materials, affects the overall cost of construction. In this paper, a model based on mixture experiment was formulated to optimize cost of block (in Naira). Using the model, one can predict the cost per cubic meter of block if the mix ratios are given. The model can also give possible mix ratios for a specified cost. The model is tested for lack of fit using statically tool and found adequate.

The present study was carried out on Safari Park, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. The sampling was carried out randomly in different seasons from different water bodies of the park especially from Lake. Thirty-seven species belonging to six genera i.e., Pediastrum (4 species & 11% abundance), Trachelomonas (4 species & 11% abundance), Euglena (11 species & 30% abundance), Phacus (12 species & 32% abundance), Lepocinclis (1 species & 3% abundance) and (5 species & 13% abundance). All genera belong to kingdom Protista, two phyla i.e., Volvocophycota and Euglenophycota, two classes i.e., Volvocophyceae & Euglenophyceae, two orders chlorocoocales and Euglenales and three families i.e., Hydrodictyaceae, Euglenaceae and Naviculaceae.

The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of the spread of coronavirus disease-19 on physical activity and mental health of students. Coronavirus-19 (Covid-19) is a new disease that can cause respiratory problems and pneumonia. The spread of an infectious disease called COVID-19 in Indonesia has changed the joints of social life. The population in this study was (n=43) and all were used as a whole research sample (total sampling), students at the Faculty of Sports Science, State University of Malang, research instrument data collection using Google forms and then disseminated through WhatsApp social. The types of data in this study are in the qualitative category analyzed by percentage with windows excel 2010. The results of the study, most respondents considered it very important to do physical activity, and at least 3 to 7 times per week, with a duration of time mostly under 60 minutes. Meanwhile, the intensity of physical activity is in the medium level category. The level of boredom reaches 90.5% of respondents. Respondents have activities to reduce boredom such as playing games and doing daily chores at home as many as 18 students (48%), while 6 respondents (16%) work on college assignments, and 5 respondents (13%) do sports activities. A total of 8 respondents (21%) helped the entrepreneurial parents. Various activities aimed at reducing boredom so as not to cause more serious mental health disorders such as feelings of stress and depression.