Cleome rutidosperma DC. (commonly known as Nil Hurhure) and Pouzolzia zeylanica (L.) Benn. (locally referred to as Kulluruki) are two medicinal plants widely found in various regions of Bangladesh. Cleome rutidosperma, a low-growing herb of the Capparidaceae family, typically reaches a height of up to 70 cm and is found in areas such as Chittagong. Pouzolzia zeylanica, a perennial herb from the Urticaceae family, is widely distributed across Bangladesh, particularly in tribal regions like Bandarban, Chattogram, Cox's Bazar, Khagrachhari, and Rangamati. Both plants have been used in traditional herbal medicine for their wide range of pharmacological benefits in treating various diseases. In this study, the methanolic extracts of powdered leaves of Cleome rutidosperma and Pouzolzia zeylanica were tested for their thrombolytic potential using human erythrocytes. The results revealed that Cleome rutidosperma exhibited a clot lysis of 22.96±2.12%, while Pouzolzia zeylanica showed 36.15±1.51% clot lysis. Whereas, the sterile distilled water (negative control) and streptokinase (positive control) demonstrated clot lysis of 4.9±0.59% and 81.67±2.62%, respectively. The observed thrombolytic activity may be attributed to the presence of phytochemical compounds, such as tannins, alkaloids, and saponins, in the plant extracts. Although no previous research has specifically examined the thrombolytic potential of Cleome rutidosperma and Pouzolzia zeylanica, our findings suggest that the clot lysis effect of both plants is noteworthy when compared to the positive control and negative control. Based on these results, we propose that the methanolic leaf extracts of Cleome rutidosperma and Pouzolzia zeylanica possess moderate thrombolytic potential, making them promising candidates for future drug development.

Cleome rutidosperma DC. (commonly known as Nil Hurhure) and Pouzolzia zeylanica (L.) Benn. (locally referred to as Kulluruki) are two medicinal plants widely found in various regions of Bangladesh. Cleome rutidosperma, a low-growing herb of the Capparidaceae family, typically reaches a height of up to 70 cm and is found in areas such as Chittagong. Pouzolzia zeylanica, a perennial herb from the Urticaceae family, is widely distributed across Bangladesh, particularly in tribal regions like Bandarban, Chattogram, Cox's Bazar, Khagrachhari, and Rangamati. Both plants have been used in traditional herbal medicine for their wide range of pharmacological benefits in treating various diseases. In this study, the methanolic extracts of powdered leaves of Cleome rutidosperma and Pouzolzia zeylanica were tested for their thrombolytic potential using human erythrocytes. The results revealed that Cleome rutidosperma exhibited a clot lysis of 22.96±2.12%, while Pouzolzia zeylanica showed 36.15±1.51% clot lysis. Whereas, the sterile distilled water (negative control) and streptokinase (positive control) demonstrated clot lysis of 4.9±0.59% and 81.67±2.62%, respectively. The observed thrombolytic activity may be attributed to the presence of phytochemical compounds, such as tannins, alkaloids, and saponins, in the plant extracts. Although no previous research has specifically examined the thrombolytic potential of Cleome rutidosperma and Pouzolzia zeylanica, our findings suggest that the clot lysis effect of both plants is noteworthy when compared to the positive control and negative control. Based on these results, we propose that the methanolic leaf extracts of Cleome rutidosperma and Pouzolzia zeylanica possess moderate thrombolytic potential, making them promising candidates for future drug development.

This review reviews techniques to enhance immunity and productivity in broilers, explicitly highlighting the effects of vaccination on poultry health. The grill business is integral to the global food supply, and improving grill health and productivity is vital to satisfy the increasing demand for poultry meat. Vaccination is essential for safeguarding poultry from viral illnesses, augmenting their immunological responses, and raising overall production efficiency. The main aim of this review is to analyze the many vaccination procedures utilized in grill production, evaluate their efficacy, and pinpoint research deficiencies. The review consolidates the latest discoveries about vaccine classifications, administration methods, and ideal vaccination timelines. It underscores the correlation between vaccination and immunity, the impact on growth performance and feed conversion efficiency, and the economic advantages of vaccination initiatives. The review also examines problems in vaccination, including vaccine failure, resistance, and environmental factors that affect vaccine efficacy. Furthermore, it examines novel trends in vaccine creation, encompassing the utilization of next-generation vaccines and adjuvants alongside the amalgamation of vaccination with alternative management strategies to enhance health outcomes. The results indicate that vaccination markedly decreases illness prevalence, improves production, and promotes the sustainability of poultry husbandry. It highlights multiple research deficiencies, especially regarding the prolonged impacts of vaccination on immunity and productivity, alongside the obstacles presented by developing diseases and vaccine resistance. Future research should focus on advancing more efficacious vaccines and investigating integrated vaccination techniques that account for environmental and genetic variables. It provides significant insights into contemporary vaccination techniques, their effects on broiler health, and prospective advancements in vaccination strategies within chicken production.

This study attempted to revalidate the Keynes Absolute Income Hypothesis among households in Choba Community in Obio/Akpor Local Government Area in Rivers State. This was done by examining the consumption expenditure pattern of clothing in households and communication. The study adopted the cross-sectional survey design with an estimated population of 48,081 inhabitants of Choba community. The sample size consisted of 100 samples drawn from the total population using the Taro Yamane technique. The data collected were analyzed via descriptive methods. The findings revealed that households' expenditure on communication is high in comparison to their expenditure on clothing. Communication expenditure, though less variable than clothing, emerged as a growing necessity for households. The study, therefore, recommends among others that the Government should strengthen fiscal and monetary policies to curb inflation and stabilize the naira.

Maxillary lateral incisors agenesis (MLIA) is a common dental anomaly often managed through space opening to accommodate prosthetic replacement. This approach integrates orthodontic and prosthodontic techniques to restore function and aesthetics. This article explores advancements in space opening treatment, with an emphasis on prosthetic rehabilitation using implant and bridge, and highlights the role of digital dentistry in improving outcomes. Recent evidence-based studies provide insights into the clinical decision-making process and long-term success rates.

Flunitrazepam (FPAM), a sedative and anxiolytic drug, is abused as a recreational substance. However, it is known to be neurotoxic, affecting diverse brain regions. This study examined its histological effect on the cerebellar cortex. Twenty male Wistar rats, divided into four groups of five, consisting of a control and three FPAM-treated groups, were employed. After 14 days of administration of 2 mg, 4 mg, and 8 mg per kg body weight, respectively, of FPAM. Histological results showed a dose-dependent degeneration of Purkinje cells (Pn) characterised by vacuolation and nuclei shrinkage. With a Pn-based scale, a semi-quantitative evaluation revealed the proportion of degenerating Pn using a microscope with 15 mm (eyepiece number) and an objective of x 40, per 10-1mm 2 were 4, 6, and 9 respectively, which were significantly different from control (p< 0.05, P< 0.001, and p< 0.001, respectively). The findings revealed that FPAM use had a twofold degenerative tendency in the cerebellar cortex between low and high dosages, indicating potentially harmful implications in FPAM addiction.

Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the most common cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide and are a significant public health problem in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), including Bangladesh. The prescribed cardiovascular rehabilitation (CR) has well-known survival benefits, but uptake has remained low with numerous barriers to access, such as a lack of awareness. This study aimed to evaluate patients’ insights, understanding, and perception of obstacles to CR in a tertiary healthcare hospital in Bangladesh. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted at Bangladesh Medical University from June to December 2023. Convenience sampling was used to recruit 90 adult patients with cardiovascular conditions. A structured questionnaire on CR awareness, perceived benefits, and barriers to participation was used to collect the data. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze the demographic variables, knowledge, and response patterns. Results: Only 45.6% of participants were aware of the CR program, whereas healthcare providers were a significant source of information (45.6%). The most frequently recognized benefit was improved quality of life (67.8%), followed by decreased risk of recurrent cardiac events (65.6%). The primary barriers to CR participation were financial (30.0%), time (27.8%), and family support (23.3%) constraints. Conclusions: Limited knowledge and numerous barriers stand in the way of CR in Bangladesh. Strategies to improve CR utilization and cardiovascular health outcomes include enhancing patient education, increasing accessibility, and implementing financial and social support strategies.

Six Sigma has developed as a powerful methodology in industrial engineering for improving process efficiency, reducing defects, and enhancing overall productivity. Established in statistical analysis and continuous improvement principles, Six Sigma provides a structured framework for identifying process variations and reducing inefficiencies. This research paper explores the application of Six Sigma methodologies in industrial engineering, focusing on its impact on quality control, cost reduction, and operational excellence. The study examines real-world case studies from manufacturing industries, highlighting successful implementations of Six Sigma tools such as DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control) and DMADV (Define, Measure, Analyze, Design, Verify). Additionally, it discusses the integration of Six Sigma with lean manufacturing principles to optimize workflows and reduce waste. The findings emphasize the significance of Six Sigma in fostering a culture of continuous improvement, driving competitive advantage, and ensuring sustainable growth in industrial engineering. This paper determines with recommendations for industries aiming to implement Six Sigma for long-term operational success.

This study evaluated the reliability of natural gas compressing system at Soku and Obigbo gas stations over a period of 4 years. Historical failure data of the compressing system at the gas stations were evaluated using exponential cumulative distribution function (ECDF) and Weibull cumulative distribution function (WCDF) to analyze the compressors reliability. The mean time between successive maintenance at the gas stations occurred within a short interval. This implies a high frequency of failures of the compressing system. The WCDF and ECDF established that the reliability of the gas compressing systems reduced with time. Within the investigation period, the probability of failure of the compressor components at Soku gas station ranged from 0.5301 to 0.6959 for WCDF and 0.3533 to 0.8251 for ECDF, while the reliability ranged from 0.4699 to 0.3041 for WCDF and 0.6467 to 0.1749 for ECDF. Similarly, the probability of failure of the compressor components at Obigbo gas station ranged from 0.5596 to 0.6818 for WCDF and 0.3986 to 0.8101 for ECDF, while the reliability ranged from 0.4404 to 0.3182 for WCDF and 0.6014 to 0.1899 for ECDF. The results indicated that the mean time between consecutive failures reduced the reliability of the compressors at the gas stations. Generally, the analysis revealed that effective maintenance practices are crucial for optimal performance and reliability of the compressing systems at Soku and Obigbo natural gas stations. Hence, WCDF or ECDF can be applied to improve the performance of the compressing system through evaluation of failure that will result in useful information on the system reliability.

The ethical considerability of nonhuman animals remains a central debate in moral philosophy, often constrained by anthropocentric frameworks that prioritize human interests and rationality. Traditional ethical theories, particularly Kantian deontology and classical utilitarianism, have historically relegated animals to mere instrumental value, denying them intrinsic worth. This paper addresses a critical gap in value theory—the absence of a rigorous philosophical foundation for recognizing nonhuman animals as moral subjects in their own right. Employing the conceptual analysis method, this study critically examines the distinction between intrinsic/inherent and extrinsic value, exploring how a value-theoretic approach can redefine our ethical obligations toward animals. Drawing on the works of Tom Regan, Peter Singer, and Paul Taylor, the paper challenges speciesist assumptions and advocates for an ethical model that extends moral status beyond human boundaries. Through insights from environmental ethics, virtue ethics, and contemporary debates on sentience, this study highlights the philosophical and practical implications of acknowledging nonhuman animals as ends in themselves. The paper concludes that embracing a non-anthropocentric perspective in moral philosophy is essential for fostering a more inclusive and just ethical order.

The external nose, as a central anatomical feature of the face, carries significant aesthetic weight in the perception of facial harmony. The external structure of the nose, which is divided into nine aesthetic nasal subunits and six aesthetic nasal segments, presents a complex interplay of shapes and proportions that are critical to the overall appearance of the face. Given the significant role that the nose plays in facial aesthetics, it is important to understand how variations in nasal anatomy influence perceptions of beauty. The anatomical complexity of the nose is highlighted by the division into upper bony, middle, and lower cartilaginous vaults, each supplied by the facial artery and contributing uniquely to its appearance. For instance, the lower nasal base, lacking cartilaginous support, relies on skin, subcutaneous tissue, and nasal muscles to maintain its shape, highlighting the importance of a surgeon's understanding of these soft tissue components during aesthetic procedures. In the clinical or cosmetic evaluation of the external nose, palpation serves as a critical component, providing insight into underlying structural integrity and abnormalities that may not be immediately apparent through visual inspection alone. This tactile examination commences with an assessment of tip support, where the surgeon carefully applies pressure to determine the resilience and strength of the nasal tip, which plays a pivotal role in the overall appearance and function of the nose. In the meticulous analysis of the external nose, particularly when assessing the functional aspect, computer-assisted rhinomanometry has emerged as a critical tool. This technique, which is reliant on the recording of pressure differential and airflow, is essential in quantifying the degree of nasal obstruction, contributing significantly to the decision-making process in managing nasal deformities. This paper aims to explore the anatomical features of the external nose and their relationship to beauty standards, with a particular focus on understanding how variations in nasal shape and size influence perceptions of beauty. By examining the key anatomical structures of the external nose, we can gain a deeper understanding of the factors that contribute to facial aesthetics and how these standards vary across different cultures.

Colorectal carcinoma is one of the most common cancers inspite of the improvement in treatment modalities, colorectal carcinoma remains as a leading cause of cancer mortality. In most of the individuals with colorectal carcinoma, cancer development is mainly due to complex interaction between the genetic factors and environmental factors Various prognostic factors have influenced the outcome of patient with colorectal carcinoma. In this study, immunohistochemical expression of Her2/neu marker is correlated to various clinicopathological variables like age, gender, tumor size, grade, stage of the tumor.

This study successfully synthesized SnO2 nanoparticles via co-precipitation and subsequently loaded them with varying weight percentages (1-4%) of graphene oxide (GO) using a hydrothermal method. The resulting GO/SnO2 nanocomposites were comprehensively characterized using a suite of spectroscopic techniques, including SEM, TEM, XRD, elemental mapping, EDX, FT-IR, BET, PL, UV-Vis, and DRS. These analyses confirmed the successful formation of the desired nanostructures. Furthermore, the photocatalytic performance of the nanocomposites and pure SnO2 was evaluated by monitoring the photodegradation of methylene blue under visible light irradiation, demonstrating the impact of GO loading on photocatalytic activity. The degradation efficiencies of the GO/SnO2 were much higher than that of pure SnO2. From the results obtained, we believe that this current study will provide relevant views for further fabrication of other novel nanostructures and exploration of their potential carcinogenic and environmental consequences.

Background: Adolescence is a critical transitional phase marked by developmental and social changes, often accompanied by behavioral challenges. Aggressive behavior during this period poses significant risks, including academic failure, social maladjustment, and long-term negative behavioral patterns. The study aimed to assess the risk factors which are associated with aggressive behavior among adolescents in Bangladesh. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 103 adolescents from Shahid Abdur Rab Serniabat Government Secondary School, Rupatoli, Barishal, using a convenient sampling technique. Data collection involved a self-reported questionnaire comprising two sections: 1) Demographic Information and 2) the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ). Statistical analyses, including descriptive and inferential statistics, were performed using SPSS 25. Results: The mean aggression score among adolescents was (M = 2.70, SD = 0.62), reflecting average levels of aggression. Significant relationships were found between monthly family income (r = 0.19, p = 0.04) and the number of siblings (r = -0.62, p = 0.04) and aggressive behavior. Adolescents from families with higher monthly incomes exhibited higher aggression scores, whereas those with a greater number of siblings demonstrated lower aggression scores. Conclusion: The findings of this study provide insights into the risk factors associated with aggressive behavior among adolescents. These results can inform the development of targeted strategies to mitigate behavioral problems and support health education initiatives aimed at addressing the impact of aggression in this vulnerable age group.

Background: Abruptio placenta is a major cause of massive obstetric hemorrhage and significant cause of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide and in developing countries including India. This study aimed to determine risk factors for abruptio placenta and subsequent feto-maternal outcome at a tertiary care center (hospital). Methods: A prospective study was conducted at department of obstetrics and gynaecology, RIMS Adilabad. All patients diagnosed with abruptio placenta clinically and/or sonographically were included in the study. The maternal complications and fetal outcome were analyzed in detail. Results: In this study, 82 women were diagnosed with abruption placenta. Incidence of abruptio placenta is 1.4% at our institute. Most patients in our study are multiparous (64.6%), un booked (31.7%) and are in the age group of 20-30 years (58.5%). In our study abruption placenta was mostly associated with PIH/Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (56.09%). H/o abruption placenta in previous pregnancy (12.19%), Idiopathic (23.17%), Trauma (2.4%), PROM (2.4%) are other risk factors associated with abruptio placenta. Anemia is associated with 58% of cases. Majority (54.8%) of cases delivered vaginally, 45.12% patients were delivered by LSCS. 63.14% babies were live born, 23.17% were IUD, 13.4% were stillborn. Post partum hemorrhage (19.5%), Acute renal failure (17.7%), disseminated intravascular coagulation (15.8%) are important maternal complications. Maternal mortality rate is 2.4%. Perinatal mortality is 25.6%. Conclusion: Abruption placenta is associated with poor maternal and fetal outcome. There is need to spread awareness regarding taking adequate antenatal care so that associated risk factors could be diagnosed early and treated adequately. Prompt resuscitative measures and expedition of delivery process after abruption favours good fetomaternal outcome.