Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a growing public health concern in Bangladesh, driven by urbanization, lifestyle changes, and dietary habits. Poor glycemic control contributes to complications and imposes a financial burden on the healthcare system. Understanding the clinical factors influencing glycemic control is essential for developing targeted interventions. Objective: To assess the clinical status of T2DM patients with a focus on glycemic control and its association with demographic and clinical variables. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, from March 2022 to February 2023. Eighty T2DM patients were recruited based on ADA diagnostic criteria. Glycemic control was classified using HbA1c levels (<7% for adequately controlled, ≥7% for inadequately controlled). Data collection included anthropometric measurements, saliva and blood sampling, and laboratory analyses for HbA1c and salivary A2MG. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 26.0, with significance set at p<0.05. Results: The mean age of participants was 44.1 ± 9.97 years, with no significant age-related difference in glycemic control (p=0.513). Gender (p=0.194), residence (p=0.900), and family history of diabetes (p=0.637) showed no significant association with glycemic control. However, BMI was significantly higher in the inadequately controlled group (27.6 ± 3.44 kg/m²) compared to the adequately controlled group (25.2 ± 2.76 kg/m²) (p=0.002), highlighting the influence of obesity on glycemic outcomes. Conclusion: Glycemic control in T2DM patients in Bangladesh is influenced more by clinical factors like BMI than demographic variables. Targeted interventions focusing on weight management and lifestyle modifications are critical for improving glycemic outcomes and reducing diabetes-related complications.

Oil and gas pollution poses significant environmental and health risks to communities in Nigeria, particularly in the Niger Delta region. Despite the devastating impacts of pollution, Nigeria's legal framework for controlling oil and gas pollution has been criticized for being inadequate and ineffective. This article undertook a critical appraisal of the legal measures for the control of oil and gas pollution in Nigeria. The article examined the relevant international, regional, and national laws and policies governing oil and gas pollution in Nigeria, including the International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Cooperation, the African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, and the Nigerian Oil and Gas Industry Content Development Act. The article critiques the strengths and weaknesses of these laws and policies, highlighting gaps and inconsistencies that hinder effective pollution control. The article also analyzed the institutional framework for pollution control in Nigeria, including the roles and responsibilities of regulatory agencies such as the National Oil Spill Detection and Response Agency and the Department of Petroleum Resources. The article argued that while these agencies have made efforts to control pollution, they are often hindered by inadequate funding, lack of capacity, and conflicting mandates. Furthermore, the article examined the impact of oil and gas pollution on local communities in Nigeria, highlighting the human rights implications of pollution and the need for effective remedies and compensation. The article concluded by proposing recommendations for strengthening the legal framework for pollution control in Nigeria, including the adoption of more stringent regulations, the enhancement of institutional capacity, and the provision of effective remedies for affected communities.

Food security means all people at all times have economic and physical access to food for dietary needs and healthy life. Ensuring food security for all is a challenge at the global level. Developing nations need help with food security. Developing countries like India are facing a severe challenge in ensuring food security. Various international and national factors contribute to food security. Global factors such as climate change affect agriculture production and productivity. Rising temperatures, increasing greenhouse gas emissions, erratic rainfall, and increasing flood and drought events affect food security adversely. The declining proportion of millet in total food production is another severe issue for physical and economic access to healthy food. Millet's crop is a consumer, environment, and farmer's friend. Several factors, such as increasing population, urbanization, food waste, reducing land for cultivation, and unhealthy change in crop patterns, are making the problem of food security more difficult. The increasing population and resulting anthropogenic activities are putting pressure on natural resources. This article discusses the food security problem and the factors contributing to this problem in the Indian case. We need to work on several fronts to ensure physical and economic access to healthy food security for the increasing population.

Hydatidosis can affect up to 5% of the population in areas of high endemicity. Its preferred location is the liver. It is a disease considered benign but can become serious due to its complications. The fistulization of a hydatid cyst (HC) into the abdominal wall is a rare complication. We report the case of a hydatid cyst of the liver fistulized into the abdominal wall.

Introduction: Uterine rupture occurs in many pregnancies. The risk is higher for women who plan to have a normal birth after a previous cesarean section than for those who have another cesarean section. Objectives: This study aimed to predict the thickness of the lower uterine segment (LUS) by comparing a 2D transvaginal ultrasound with the findings during a cesarean section (C/S) in pregnant women with a history of previous cesarean sections. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was done at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, at the Institute of Child and Mother Health, Bangladesh from June 2023 to May 2024. A well-structured questionnaire was used for data collection. 100 women underwent transvaginal ultrasound followed by cesarean section (C/S) within a maximum of one week later. Also, an expert gynaecologist classified LUS thickness into four grades in the operation room. Result: The mean age of the women in the study was 30.7 years (±9.62), while the mean thickness of the lower uterine segment (LUS) was 2.25 cm (± 0.55). Among the participants, 43 were classified as grade I for the LUS based on intraoperative findings. The results indicated a significant difference in the mean thickness of the LUS measured by ultrasound across the three grades identified by the gynaecologist (P = 0.04). However, there were no significant differences in maternal age, gestational age, parity, or the time since the last cesarean section among women with different LUS grades (P > 0.05). Transvaginal ultrasound may be useful in assessing the risk of scar dehiscence and uterine rupture in women with LUS grades I and II who have a history of previous cesarean sections. Conclusion: Sonographic lower uterine segment thickness prediction is very important in the study of lower uterine segment thickness after a prior cesarean section to predict uterine rupture. 2D vaginal ultrasonography can be used to assess the risk of uterine scar dehiscence of grades I and II.

Background: Quality of education is not just referring to as imparting good knowledge but it also includes availability of potable water and sanitary services. Clean and continuous availability of water and right sanitation practices in schools are prerequisites to school children's entitlement to a basic education. Aim: Therefore, in the current survey study, the main objective was to assess the water supply, sanitation and hygiene practices in schools and colleges of Jammu District. Method: A simple random sampling technique was used to gather 100 school/college students studying in the Jammu region of the Jammu district of Jammu & Kashmir (UT), India. Data were retrieved using a self-constructed questionnaire assessing sanitation & hygiene practices using Google form format and E-based method. Result: The findings of the study revealed that the major water drinking facility in the educational institutions was in the form of water cooler (46%) and tap water (34%). There was no satisfactory provision of toilets for the student with disability and regarding menstrual we observed that only 67% of colleges and 51% of schools provides dustbins for disposal of menstrual hygiene wastes. It was also observed that 27% of institutions provide soap in a private space for girls due to which 75% miss classes and suffered from UTI. Conclusion: We concluded that majority of school and colleges of Jammu district provides separate washrooms for girls and boys but only half of the number of school and colleges provides hand wash/soap at hand washing place and also found that there is less menstrual hygiene. Therefore there is an urgent need to provide proper water supply, sanitary services in educational institutions to support the Sustainable Development Goal 6 for proper development of the nation.

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder, affecting an estimated 5% to 18% of women of reproductive age and 3% to 11% of adolescents. The diagnostic criteria for PCOS in adults are not entirely suitable for adolescents, as certain features may represent normal physiological changes during puberty. Ongoing research aims to refine these diagnostic criteria for teenagers. PCOS is linked to hormonal and metabolic disturbances and increases the risk of associated conditions, including obesity, metabolic syndrome, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines, employing a systematic search of three major databases: PubMed, Google Scholar, and Embase. Given the high prevalence of PCOS and its potential health complications, it is crucial to identify at-risk adolescent girls early, ensure accurate diagnosis, initiate timely treatment, and promote lifestyle modifications. Current research increasingly focuses on adolescent patients with PCOS. This review aims to explore recent findings on the prevalence, pathophysiology, and diagnostic approaches for PCOS in adolescents.

Background: Childhood illnesses, including fever, acute respiratory infections (ARI), and diarrhea, remain leading causes of morbidity and mortality among children under five in low- and middle-income countries like Bangladesh. These conditions are influenced by socioeconomic, environmental, and behavioral factors, necessitating a comprehensive understanding of their prevalence and determinants to inform public health strategies. Objective: This study aims to determine the prevalence and associated demographic, socioeconomic, and environmental factors for fever, ARIs, and diarrhea among children under five in Bangladesh, thereby providing insights for targeted interventions. Methodology: Utilizing data from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) 2017–18, this cross-sectional study examined a weighted sample of 8,421 children under five. Variables including demographics, socioeconomic status, and health-related factors were analyzed. Prevalence of fever, ARI, and diarrhea was recorded, with logistic regression models estimating odds ratios to identify associations between childhood illnesses and selected predictors. Results: Among children aged 0–59 months, boys exhibited a higher prevalence of fever and ARI compared to girls. Children younger than 12 months showed the highest rates of all three illnesses, particularly ARI. Breastfeeding status, maternal age, and socioeconomic factors (e.g., parental education, wealth index) significantly influenced illness prevalence. Additionally, safe water access and sanitation were linked to lower fever and ARI prevalence. Vaccination status was also associated with illness patterns, highlighting complex health disparities. Conclusion: The study identifies critical factors affecting the prevalence of fever, ARI, and diarrhea in children, emphasizing the need for interventions addressing environmental and socioeconomic risks. Improved water, sanitation, vaccination coverage, and healthcare access are recommended to reduce disease burden among children in Bangladesh.

Background: Hepatotoxicity induced by chemical agents is a common and life-threatening disease that developed from acute or chronic exposure to environmental chemicals. Despite numerous approaches towards the treatment of liver toxicity, no safe and effective therapy exists. This study evaluated the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of methanol leaf extract of Voacanga africana (VA) in diethylnitrosamine (DEN) and carbon tetrachloride (CCL4)-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. The animals were assigned into seven groups: Control, [DEN+CCL4], [DEN+CCL4] with VA (100, 200, 400 mg/kg), [DEN+CCL4] with Sorafenib (SFB), and SFB alone. Rats received DEN (200 mg/kg) once via i.p. and CCL4 (3 mL/kg) via subcutaneous route once in a week for six weeks. VA was administered orally from the second week until the 15th week. GC-FID analyses of VA revealed active components Voacinol, Voacangine, Amataine, and Ibogaine. [DEN+CCL4] caused a 26% increase in liver organo-somatic weight, which was reduced by 18%, 20%, and 9% with VA doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, respectively. [DEN+CCL4] also significantly increased serum gamma-glutamyl transferase, alanine, and aspartate aminotransferases by 55%, 25%, and 17%, and raised α-fetoprotein and total bilirubin levels by 2.0 and 2.5folds, respectively. Hepatic nitric oxide and myeloperoxidase activities were increased by 52% and 123%, respectively in the intoxicated rats. Additionally, malondialdehyde levels increased by 80% with decrease in glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-s-transferase, catalase and superoxide dismutase by 35%, 34%, 25% and 32%, respectively. Immunohistochemistry showed mild APC and strong Bcl-2 expression, while histology revealed severe hepatic necrosis. VA treatment mitigated oxidative stress, inflammation, and restored liver architecture.

Clopidogrel is an inhibitor of platelet activation and aggregation through the irreversible binding of its active metabolite to the P2Y12 class of Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) receptors on platelets. This study compared the pharmacokinetics and safety profiles of a new generic formulation of clopidogrel tablets with those of the branded reference formulation in healthy subjects under fasting conditions. The bioequivalence study was conducted as an open-label, randomized, two-treatment, three sequence, three period, single dose, crossover, semi-replicate, bioequivalence study of Clopidogrel Coated Tablets, 75 mg of Caplin Point Laboratories Ltd., India and PLAVIX (Clopidogrel) Coated Tablets, 75 mg of Sanofi-Aventis de Chile S.A. in healthy, adult, human subjects under fasting conditions. An ultra-performance liquid chromatography method with mass spectrometric detection for the determination of Clopidogrel in K2EDTA human plasma was developed and validated. The 90% confidence intervals for Ln-transformed pharmacokinetic parameters - Cmax, AUC0-t, and AUC0-∞ were 90.09 - 125.12%, 85.23 - 111.62% and 82.93 - 104.30% respectively for Clopidogrel, where Cmax is within the acceptable limit of widen range 73.18 – 136.65% as per the obtained Intrasubject Coefficient of Variation (ISCV) of reference formulation and AUC0-t and AUC0-∞ are within the acceptance limit of 80.00 - 125.00%. Hence, based on the ln-transformed results of Cmax, AUC0-t and AUC0-∞, it is concluded that the test product (Clopidogrel Tablets USP 75 mg of Caplin Point Laboratories Ltd., India) is bioequivalent to reference (PLAVIX [Clopidogrel Tablets 75 mg] of Sanofi-Aventis de Chile S.A.) in healthy, adult, subjects under fasting conditions.

In Africa, studies devoted to violence against football referees are rare. This study aims to characterize threats and aggression against referees during football matches in Congo. The qualitative study, which took place in Brazzaville from February to April 2024, included 9 referees with international or federal certification. The semi-directed interviews conducted with these referees addressed the following points: the types of threats and aggression; their causes; refereeing decisions; sources of violence; the management of said threats and aggression. The results highlighted the predominance of verbal aggression, the perpetrators were more spectators and players. Refereeing decisions directly opposed to the opinions of players/coaches/spectators were the major sources of threats and aggression. The impact of socio-cultural and political capital on these behaviors was also noted. Self-control was the main strategy for managing these distressing situations. In short, the study highlighted the complexity of the phenomenon of aggression towards referees.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of ABC Running on increasing speed in young athletes. This type of research uses a narrative review method. Literature search through databases such as PubMed, Scopus, WOS, Semantic Scholar and Google Scholar. Keywords such as ABC running OR speed enhancement OR athletic performance OR athletic basic coordination OR youth or young athletes. The criteria for articles are open access, scientific journals, in English or Indonesian, and published from 2019 to 2024. From the literature search, 6 articles were found that met the criteria for analysis. The results of this study are that ABC running is effective in increasing running speed in young athletes. In addition, a combination of exercises such as Running Mechanics and Ladder Drills, as well as visualization exercises were found to help improve athletes' technical skills. In conclusion, ABC running exercises are very useful in building a strong physical foundation, preventing injuries, and improving technical understanding for young athletes. This shows the importance of integrating ABC running training into young athletes' training programs to support success at higher levels. Therefore, it is recommended to continue and develop research and practice of ABC running training with various training models. Then a deeper analysis of the methodology such as developing training models, adding control variables, details on training programs and a large number of samples.

Covid-19 infection was identified in Wuhan in December of 2019, the World Health Organization has declared the outbreak of a global pandemic by March 11, 2020, the health care system focused on mobilizing resources, fighting infections, reducing mortality and others. But less attention was paid to the psychological burden of the pandemic on the health care workers (HCWs). HCWS were exposed to high levels of stress during the pandemic because of the uncertainties in the management of COVID-19 cases, the fear in treating highly contagious viral disease and others all of these contributed to exposing the HCWs to high level of fear and anxiety, leading to stress and burnout (Alikhani et al., 2020), (Fessell & Cherniss, 2020). The aim of the study was to measure the rate of burnout among the frontline staff such as physicians and nurses in Primary health care sector in Dubai health Authority in the City of Dubai, during the period between March and June of 2020. The study was cross-sectional descriptive and analytical; using the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI) questionnaire tool to assess the Burnout, a sample of 200 participants were included in the study. The personal burnout was 57%, work-related burn-out was 53%, while only 34% had pandemic-related burnout. In the comparisons made in terms of burnout sub-dimensions and demographic factors, it appeared that the effects of occupational variables, such as workload, service time, as well as demographic variables such as, profession and income were significant.

The Bangladeshi healthcare system grapples with the entrenched practice of pharmaceutical companies showering medical representatives (MRs) with gifts to influence healthcare professionals (HCPs). Despite legal frameworks like the Drug Act (1940), which, until 2023, served as the core of Bangladesh's pharmaceutical sector regulation framework, was repealed by the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 2023 and Drug Rules (1946) prohibiting the exchange of gifts and incentives to HCPs, a 2022 survey by Transparency International Bangladesh (TIB) revealed that 77% of physicians acknowledge receiving gifts from pharmaceutical companies. This article explores the reasons behind this phenomenon, including fierce industry competition, manipulation of prescribing habits, and financial allure for HCPs. Further, the article examines the multifaceted impact of gift-giving on patient care, healthcare expenditure, and public trust in the medical profession. It delves into the ethical considerations surrounding conflicts of interest, transparency, and accountability in the pharmaceutical-HCP nexus. Additionally, it analyzes the evolving role of regulatory bodies like the Directorate General of Drug Administration (DGDA) in enforcing regulations governing gift-giving practices. Through a critical examination of recent case studies and relevant literature, this article sheds light on the complex dynamics at play and proposes evidence-based recommendations for fostering transparency, integrity, and ethical conduct within the Bangladeshi pharmaceutical industry and healthcare sector. By drawing comparisons with international regulatory frameworks and ethical standards, the article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the challenges and potential solutions to curb unethical practices in Bangladesh.

Jalinoos, in his Unani literature, emphasized the importance of structural simplicity in categorizing organs, focusing on their lighter composition and maintaining the body's integrity, as a fundamental component of the human body. Allama Qarshi further refined the classification of A‘ḍā’ Mufrada (Simple organs) into ten distinct types, highlighting the complexity inherent in each type and its contribution to the overall structure and function of the body. Notable scholars such as Abu Sehel Maseehi and Ali Ibne Abbas Majoosi acknowledged the inclusion of Mukh, Ẓufr, and Sha’r within their classifications. In contrast, Razi excluded arteries, veins, tendons, and membranes from the A‘ḍā’ Mufrada (Simple organs) category, positing that these structures are derived from nerves and ligaments rather than being classified as independent organs. Ibne Rushd expanded the classification of A‘ḍā’ Mufrada (Simple organs) to encompass fourteen distinct types, which include Jild (skin), Dam (blood), Balgham (phlegm), Marra Sawdā’ (black bile), Marra Safra (yellow bile), and Rūḥ (spirit). Basic elements in Unani Medicine are simple undivisable matter which provide the primary components for the human body. They cannot further resolve in to simple entities. A group of ancient physicians believe that organs formed by four elements combined in different amount and proportion. Ibne Rushd stated that A‘ḍā’ Mufrada (Simple organs) are developed either from primary combination or secondary. Hippocrates believed that if man's creation was made from one element, he would never fall ill and recover from one remedy and Fetuses' soft and hard parts are formed from soft and moist food, and their limbs develop like branches. Ibne Hubl Baghdadi stated that the human body is composed of primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary constituents of Usṭuqussāt. Abu Sehel Maseehi and Allama Qarshi differ on the formation of A‘ḍā’ Mufrada (Simple organs), with Maseehi claiming semen for bones and flesh, and Qarshi categorizing it into two types: A‘ḍā’ Aṣliyya and A‘ḍā’ Manawiyya. Ali Ibne Abbas Majoosi, and Allama Nafeesi discuss semen's role in organ development, supplemented by Fazil Khoon and surplus blood, and its production of biological molecules.