Laboratory diagnostics are indispensable to modern healthcare, yet the integrity of test results can be compromised by medication-related interference (MRI), a significant and underappreciated threat to patient safety. Erroneous laboratory data stemming from MRI can precipitate a cascade of clinical errors, including misdiagnosis, delayed or inappropriate treatment, and unnecessary additional testing. This review offers a practical, evidence-based guide for the key professionals’ integral to the laboratory testing process: nursing technicians, clinical pharmacists, and laboratory specialists. We systematically explore the foundational mechanisms of interference, classifying them into physiological (in vivo) effects, where a drug's pharmacodynamic or toxic action genuinely alters analyte levels, and analytical (in vitro) effects, where a drug or its metabolite directly disrupts the assay methodology. The review examines the vulnerabilities of common analytical platforms—spectrophotometry, immunoassays, enzymatic methods, and chromatography—to such interferences. A substantial compendium details clinically significant MRIs caused by major drug classes, with a particular focus on the profound and dangerous impact of high-dose biotin supplementation on immunoassays. The central aim of this guide is to delineate the distinct yet synergistic roles of the multidisciplinary team. It highlights the nursing technician's pivotal role in the pre-analytical phase, the clinical pharmacist's expertise in proactive drug identification and management, and the laboratory specialist's critical function in result validation and interference investigation. By elucidating the complexities of MRI and championing a framework for robust interprofessional collaboration, this guide seeks to arm healthcare teams with the knowledge and strategies required to protect the integrity of laboratory data, thereby enhancing clinical decision-making and safeguarding patient safety.

Infertility is a prevalent medical disease affecting between 8% and 17.5% of couples globally, with a male factor accounting for nearly half of all cases of infertility among couples. Infertility is a reproductive system disorder characterized by the failure to conceive following at least 12 months of frequent unprotected sexual intercourse. It may be primary or secondary in nature. Most countries still struggle to provide equal and fair access to fertility care, particularly in poor and middle-income countries. Hormonal imbalances such as a high prolactin level otherwise called hyperprolactinemia can induce infertility in males. Hyperprolactinemia is a frequent endocrine illness that can cause severe morbidity. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including drug use, hypothyroidism, and pituitary problems. Depending on the origin and effects of hyperprolactinemia, patients require treatment that takes into account the underlying cause, age, gender, and reproductive status. This study examined the biological and metabolic roles of prolactin, as well as the pathophysiological mechanisms and controls that drive male hyperprolactinaemia, laboratory diagnosis, and treatment.

Assessment of stature and sitting height is of importance when estimating the growth and development of individuals. These indices serve as markers for determining the overall nutritional, health, and general growth patterns of children and adolescents. This study aimed to determine the pattern of stature and sitting height variations in urban Lagos adolescent school children. In the study, a total of 674 students aged 10 to 17 years were used, comprising 354 males and 320 females. These were drawn from two secondary schools, one of high socio-economic status and the other of low socio-economic status. Two anthropometric parameters were measured: sitting height and stature. The results obtained were presented in tables and graphs with their means, standard deviation, and median. It was observed that boys generally had higher values of stature and sitting height compared to girls of the same age group, especially in ages 10 to 15 years, but had similar or closely related values between 16 to 17 years. Also, students of schools with high socio-economic status were observed to have higher measurements compared to those from schools with low socio-economic status. Stature was generally higher in girls of high economic status compared to boys of the same status, and was higher than both boys and girls of low economic status, and this was marked at ages 10 to 14 years.

Clinical chemistry is an area of laboratory medicine that deals with the analysis of body fluids for diagnostic, therapeutic, and research purposes. Modern laboratory practice in industrialized nations has long progressed beyond piecework manual techniques and uses completely automated systems with minimum human intervention, allowing many tests to be performed by analytical machines with the minimal need of an analyst. Nevertheless, there is need for understanding the basic instruments used in clinical chemistry laboratory especially in resource limited settings where there is unavailability of advanced instruments. This review x-rayed the common and basic instruments in clinical chemistry highlighting the underlying principles, maintenance and storage.

Predictive logistics is undergoing a transformation due to the presence of Artificial Intelligence (AI). It changes supply chains from a reactive, reaction-to-disruption model to a data-driven and proactive model. AI allows companies to predict demand more accurately than ever before by leveraging machine learning and real-time analytics, create optimal routes in real time, and optimize inventory by using AI. Studies find that the implementation of AI is capable of reducing forecasting errors by 20–50 percent and the cost of logistics by up to 15 percent. Another effective synergy is the combination of AI-based logistics data with Customer Relationship Management (CRM) systems will allow hyper-personalized marketing. This establishes a customer-response loop that enhances customer interaction and efficiency in the operations. This paper will discuss how AI can bring the best value to the logistics operation, the marketing personalization, the economic impact, and the integration of the systems that have traditionally been siloed, which leads to the argument that AI is best useful in bringing these functions together. There are difficulties that come with the transformation. This paper critically reviews the burning ethical issues in the recent past, such as data privacy, algorithmic bias, and workforce displacement, and concludes that the transparent and accountable adoption of AI is not only an ethical necessity but also a vital element of sustainable and competitive advantage.

Diabetes Mellitus, a chronic metabolic disease caused by defective insulin secretion by pancreatic β-cells or the inability of insulin-sensitive tissues to respond to insulin, is on the rise globally, particularly in low-middle income countries, leading to complications. Chronic hyperglycemia in DM is associated with organ and tissue damage, malfunction, and failure, as well as the development of microvascular (retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy) and macrovascular (cardiovascular diseases) problems. As a result, this review x-rays the risk factors, aetiology, epidemiology, associated complications with key emphasis on the underlying mechanisms and pathophysiology, current laboratory diagnosis using conventional and novel biomarkers, as well as current trends in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), highlighting the need for a combined approach in management viz-a-viz lifestyle management along with pharmacological approaches as crucial to achieving success.

This paper focuses on the interdisciplinary teaching design of high school mathematics under the STEM education concept, and takes the exponential function as a specific example to demonstrate the research. It presents an interdisciplinary teaching design that integrates science, technology, engineering, and other disciplines with the content of exponential functions in high school mathematics, covering five aspects: selecting learning content, analyzing students’ characteristics, setting learning objectives, implementing the learning process, and conducting learning evaluations. Through this teaching design, it aims to cultivate students’ interdisciplinary thinking and ability to solve practical problems, providing a reference for the development of high school mathematics teaching and the improvement of students’ comprehensive qualities.

Monkeypox otherwise known as Mpox is a zoonotic disease caused by monkeypox virus which belongs to the genus Orthopox virus of the family Poxviridae; a large and diverse family of enveloped double stranded DNA viruses that replicate in the cytoplasm of infected cells. First discovered in 1958 with confirmed case first described in 1970, Monkeypox remains a reoccurrence especially in West African countries such as Nigeria. It occurs primarily in tropical rainforest areas of central and West Africa and is occasionally exported to other regions. There are two distinct genetic clades of the monkeypox virus: the central African (Congo Basin) clade and the West African clade with the earlier historically causing more severe disease and was thought to be more transmissible. In recent times, the case fatality ratio has been around 3–6%. Mpox is transmitted to humans through close contact with an infected person or animal, or with material contaminated with the virus. Clinical presentation resembles that of smallpox, a related orthopoxvirus infection which was declared eradicated worldwide in 1980. Mpox typically presents clinically with fever, rash and swollen lymph nodes and may lead to a range of medical complications. The gold standard method of diagnosis is by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method with others including viral culture, antibody testing and electron microscopy. This review x-rays the pathogenesis, risk factors, clinical presentations, associated complications, laboratory diagnosis, prevention and management of Mpox highlighting the need for utilization of an integrated approach that include immunization, antiviral treatments, and public health policies tailored to high-risk populations in combatting the disease. The need for training and retraining of Laboratory Scientists and personnels to acquire improved diagnostic skills desired in order to effectively control and reduce the impact of Mpox is highly needed.

Public building projects in the South-South Region, Nigeria have earned a bad reputation for poor performance. Construction Industry findings point to lack of front-end planning as the main cause of poor project performance. This paper focuses on systematic literature review and semi-structured interviews to identify the factors that affect project definition and front-end factors that influence project performance. The search revealed that the project environment interacts with organizational structures, project resources, Front-end processes and others (frontend management framework, funding, technology, integration, coordination and control) to influence project performance. These findings lead to the development of the conceptual framework, for enhancing project performance in the South-South Region, Nigeria.

Sinusitis is a widespread inflammatory condition affecting the paranasal sinuses, commonly caused by infections, allergens, environmental triggers, or structural abnormalities. In modern medicine, it is classified by the duration into acute, subacute, and chronic types. In Unani medicine, although the exact term “sinusitis” is not used, the condition is addressed under Nazla Ḥārr (hot catarrh) and Nazla Bārid (cold catarrh), which is equivalent to acute and chronic sinusitis, respectively. This study aims to correlate these Unani classifications with modern clinical understanding and to assess traditional Unani therapeutic approaches for managing sinusitis. Based on a descriptive review of classical Unani literature and contemporary medical sources, it was found that scholars like Ibn Sīnā, Ghulam Jeelani, and Muḥammad Ṭabarī consider sinusitis to arise from humoral imbalance, typically influenced by environmental and dietary factors. Treatment in Unani practice includes Ilāj bi’l Tadbīr (regimenal therapy), Munḍij-Mushil (concoctive and purgative therapy), and herbal formulations, supported by techniques such as decoctions, nasal drops, steam inhalation, and lifestyle changes aimed at restoring balance and eliminating harmful humours. While modern treatments may provide temporary relief, they often have side effects and do not guarantee a cure. Unani approaches offer a personalised, holistic alternative, and further clinical validation may enhance their role in integrative care.

Social media significantly influences the moral values and behaviors of Muslim youth in Kano State, Nigeria, offering benefits such as educational resources, networking opportunities, and community building, while simultaneously exposing them to inappropriate content, cyberbullying, and trends that may conflict with Islamic values. Hence, the rapid spread of digital technology creates both possibilities and disadvantages for Muslim youth in Nigeria, especially in Kano State, where religion and cultural beliefs have a considerable impact on social standards. This duality creates dilemmas for young people as they navigate the digital landscape, striving to balance social connectivity with their moral and religious principles. This research investigates the "digital dilemma" confronting young Muslims, examining how social media effects their religious identity, ethical ideals, and socio-political activity. The study looks at both the good and bad effects of digital platforms, emphasising issues including exposure to hazardous information, cyber dangers, and the loss of traditional values. At the same time, it investigates how faith-based digital literacy and smart social media activity might help Muslim adolescents manage these problems while upholding Islamic ideals. Using qualitative and quantitative methods, this research evaluates the role of religious academics, community leaders, and digital influencers in encouraging teenagers towards responsible and productive social media usage. The findings imply that combining faith-based concepts with digital literacy initiatives may assist Muslim adolescents in reaping the advantages of social media while minimising its hazards. The study finishes with bold recommendations for promoting a balanced and purposeful online presence, such as ethical digital participation, legislative advocacy, and community-driven projects.

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Dental extraction is a therapeutic act consisting of removing the tooth from its socket. In orthodontics, dental extraction, even healthy ones, holds an important place in the current therapeutic arsenal. However, it is a source of many controversies. As data related to orthodontic extractions are scarce in our context, we proposed to undertake this study whose objective was to determine the prevalence of dental extractions in orthodontic treatment. We carried out a cross-sectional and descriptive study over a period of 08 months in five dental clinics in the cities of Yaounde and Douala. Patients and records of patients who underwent extractions in orthodontic treatment were included. An adapted and pre-tested questionnaire was used for data collection. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 25.0 software. The sex ratio was 1.22. The mean age was 9.26 years ± 1.89 years with extremes of 5 and 15 years. The prevalence of extractions in orthodontic treatment was 10.68%. The main orthodontic abnormalities were position and eruption abnormalities (74.5% and 58.4%). Incisors (47%) were the commonly extracted dental group. The mastery of the indications, timings and sequences of dental extractions for orthodontic purposes would be an interest in the management of orthodontic abnormalities in general practice.

Introduction: Raising and providing adequate facilities to the specially-abled children along with autism spectrum disorder is a very stressful and overwhelming task for their parents and caregivers. Most of the caregivers and parents of such children reported distress and hardships in caregiving because these children showed numerous difficulties. The difficulties and issues faced by the caregivers and parents in rearing children with autism is the principal focus of the present study. The current research study also highlighted the social support enhanced mental well-being of the caregivers. Children with autism experience innumerable problems related to their activities and behaviors. So, because of these problems, their caregivers face a lot of challenges in their normal day-to-day living and caregiving. Therefore, in these situations, social support is very crucial for them and it also enhances optimism in them to overcome their stress and also handle various issues related to caregiving efficiently and confidently. Objectives: The present research study intends to understand the role of perceived social support in facilitating optimism among the caregivers of children with autism, and also explore the relationship between perceived social support and optimism that may enhance the overall health and well-being of the caregivers of an autistic child. Method: Samples of sixty caregivers of children with autism spectrum disorder were taken for this study, using purposive sampling techniques. Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R) for measuring optimism and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MPSS) was administered to measure perceived social support were employed. Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient and Regression Analysis were used to analyze the results. Results: Positive and significant relationship was found between overall perceived social support and optimism, and perceived social support also facilitated optimism among the caregivers of children diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder.

Startups fail because of many reasons, however, when we consider how young companies manage finances, we can see that there is a clear pattern. We have analyzed financial documents of 150 startups and talked to 20 founders and finance managers regarding their daily accounting practices in this study. The outcome was straight forward, the startups which remained were those that maintained financial habits straight and steady. They kept records, counted numbers at a frequent rate, and were conscious of the cash flow. Those founders who pursued this strategy claimed that the habits assisted them in identifying minor issues before they escalated. Another common observation was that being familiar with their numbers helped them to conduct discussions with investors in a more straightforward manner since they were capable of articulating the decision. Such results indicate that financial discipline at the early stages has a larger contribution to the stability of a startup than commonly appreciated. Basic accounting practices provide new ventures with a stronger foundation in the face of uncertainty as they grow instead of being a minor task.