Abstract: Leprosy is also called as ‘numbing skin disease’ or ‘Hansen’s disease’. The stigma attached to leprosy persists in many countries. At an early stage, leprosy may manifest itself only in mild skin lesions, but if left untreated, these lesions can become much more noticeable. Some people with leprosy may have a distinctive odour caused by infected ulcers. Since ancient times, leprosy has been interpreted as God’s punishment of the sinful. Other causes of leprosy which people have been reported to traditionally believe are witchcraft, a curse, trespassing of food taboos, contagion, and being hereditary. Leprosy is more a social problem rather than just a medical disease. A review of the literature showed that the stigma, misconceptions and negative attitudes towards leprosy patients are prevalent in most communities. Most misconceptions pertaining to leprosy, in particular the beliefs in heredity, evil spirits and contact with prostitutes as causes of leprosy, were found to be most common. In addition, deformities arising as a consequence of untreated leprosy played a significant part in increasing the stigma to leprosy. Health providers should also learn problem-solving skills to assess the patients’ reasons for defaulting treatment or follow-up and act on them. This means that they should be trained on techniques to analyse and motivate behaviour change.

Intentional replantation is defined as extraction of the tooth followed by replacement in its socket. Intentional replantation is considered as a last resort where surgical endodontics or conventional root canal therapy cannot be performed. Factors determining success in intentional replantation are periodontal cell viability, removal of irritant, good apical seal and procedure carried out under aseptic condition with a traumatic extraction. In this article, a case of intentional reimplantation is described and discussed as a treatment approach for failed root canal treatment with separated instrument periapically beyond the apical terminus in mandibular second molar.

The aim of this paper is focused in measure the level of knowledge they have high school students about financial topics such as: spending and credit, savings and investment and money management. The participants were 368 students of different high schools in three municipalities of the State of Veracruz, México who were selected from of the stratified sample. The questionnaire is a scale that includes 31 items of multiple choices in the form of cases where there is only one correct answer of the total four options. The instrument showed acceptable Chronbach alpha reliability and internal consistency (> 0.7). The results lead us to think that there is a lack of knowledge about the usefulness of pensions, the issues related to insurance, the impact of inflation on salaries of people workers, even an interesting fact is that although it was known that there is a knowledge about the basic channels of saving, they denote lack of knowledge towards the investment instruments, especially those that by their nature are associated with the capital markets.

The article presents the results of experimental studies, during a 3-month period of time, devoted to the chronic toxicity research of the first synthesized compound – 7-(3-chlorobutylene-2-yl-1)-8-N-methylpiperazino-3- methylxanthine (chlomepiroxane), possessing anthelmintic activity.

This research investigates the sensitivity of female business owners/managers to ethical challenges and the effect on their success as female entrepreneurs in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. The survey design was used with study population consisting of 1,678 female owners of registered small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) operating in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. From the population, random sampling technique was utilized to select a sample of 400 female entrepreneurs for the study. Data were obtained through the Multidimensional Ethical Questionnaire and were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Result showed that except in conflict of interest, relationship between moral equity, contractual obligation, and entrepreneurial success was positive and significant. Participants were found to be aware of what constituted ethical issues, and tended to act accordingly to minimize ethical challenges in the process of doing business. We recommended sensitization on the consequences of unethical business decisions to business and the larger society.

The objective of this study was to establish weight estimation equations from body measurements applicable to Lagune cattle. Live weight (LW), body length (BL), heart girth (HG), and withers height (WH) were recorded in 909 Lagune cattle (506 males and 403 females) aged from 0 to 45 months at the Samiondji Breeding Farm in southern Benin. The correlation of weight with the BL (males - 0.95, females - 0.80) or with the HG (males - 0.96, females - 0.97) was higher than with the WH (males - 0.92, females - 0.79). Several types of equations between the weight and the three body measurements were compared. The equations retained for the Lagune cattle were polynomial regressions of the predicted weight (Y) on the BL (x), the HG (z) and the WH (t): Y = -77.29 - 0.07x + 1.47z + 0.18t for males and Y = -1.31 + 1.74x + 1.77z - 1.99t for females. The coefficients of determination R2 were 0.95 and 0.94 for the respective males and females, while the Mallows coefficients were identical Cp = 4.00. The residual means of differences between observed and predicted weight were small (2.6 vs. 4.2 kg for the respective males and females) indicating good accuracy of the estimates.

In the present study, a series of N-[6-fluoro-7-substituted-1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl]-4-[2-(3-nitrophenyl)-4-oxo-thiazolidin-3-yl]benzenesulphonamide and N-[6-fluoro-7-substituted-1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl]-4-[2-(4-nitrophenyl)-4-oxo-thiazolidin-3-yl]benzenesulphonamide derivatives were synthesized in good yields and characterized by FTIR, 1HNMR, mass spectral and elemental analyses. All synthesized compounds were evaluated for their preliminary in vitro anti-mycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37 Rv strain by tube dilution assay method. Some selected synthesized compounds were also evaluated for cytostatic activities against malignant human cell lines: cervical (HeLa), bone marrow (K-562) and kidney cell (HEK-293)

Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. WHO estimates traditional medicines, mostly plant drugs cater to the health needs of nearly 80% of world population. The aim was to study the influence of Trigonella foenum-graecum seed powder on the basic parameters of obesity induced by hight calorie diet. We included 40 male rats and divided them to 4 groups of 10 animals in each group. Normal rats (groups 1, 3) were fed by a standard chow, while the others (groups 1, 4) were fed with high-caloric diet during 14 weeks. From week 15 to 18, groups 2 and 4 were treated with Trigonella foenum-graecum seed powder (Fg). Liver function markers were estimated by biochemical analyzer Microlab 300 and commercial kits from Elitech diagnostic according to the standard protocols provided by manufacturers. The serotonin content was determined in brain using ion-exchange chromatography and fluorescence methods. We have shown that consumption of high-calorie diet leads to changes in food behavior and the development of obesity in rats. Treatment of obese rats with Trigonella foenum-graecum seed powder leads to normalisation of key physiological and biochemical parameters. Treatment with Fg significantly suppressed the increments of body weight, fat weight. Fg improved lipid levels. These results demonstrated the treatment effect of Trigonella foenum-graecum seed powder on the basic parameters of obesity induced by hight calorie diet.

Abstract: The prevalence of lifestyle diseases or the Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) are on the rise colossally as well as globally. The key contributors are understood to be the pollutants and contaminants present in local ambient environment that trigger the onset of cellular oxidative stress i.e. imbalance in levels of oxidants and antioxidants at cell level, and the pro-inflammatory changes. Reports in literature indicate a possibility of association between risk of increase in lifestyle-disease-incidences and the acquisition of clinical vulnerability (ACV) in subjects chronically exposed to pollutants. Occurrence of oxidative stress is known to be the first and foremost change for the onset of NCDs. Therefore a periodic assessment of imbalance in levels of oxidants and antioxidants is plausible that can be performed by determining levels of cellular oxidative damage and the Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) in blood or body fluids. Elucidation of subnormal TAC can provide an opportunity for protection from ACV or getting predisposed to diseases and disorders through evidence based timely supplementation of antioxidants. In this review, we hypothesize, and appraise, the utility and significance of TAC measurements as a public health tool for monitoring ACV. Its measurement at different levels of NCD prevention shall result in efficient implementation of global action program for control of NCDs burden. Points in approval are ease, reliability, specificity, reproducibility, and the inexpensiveness of the method. We also contend that further research could lead to development of a proper cocktail of antioxidants to be used as adjuvant therapeutic measures to delay or reverse existing NCDs and their impact in individuals. We propose TAC as an early indicator that can be used to detect and control ACV and related NCDs.

Plants form the main ingredients of medicine in traditional system of healing and have been the source of inspiration for several major pharmaceutical drugs. In spite of great advances of modern scientific medicine, there is a rapid increase in the use of alternative medicine worldwide. To investigate the effect of the aqueous root extract, Methanol and n-Hexane root fractions of Curcuma longa Linn on Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rats. A total of thirty-six (36) rats were used and were grouped into six (6) groups of six (6) rats each. Group I served as normal control, group II served as diabetic control, Group III rats were induced with diabetes and administered with standard drug (Metformin, 100mg/kg) while Groups IV, V and VI were induced with diabetes and administered with crude aqueous extract, methanol and n-hexane fractions respectively at a dose of 400mg/kg body weight for four weeks. The research found that the methanol fraction showed highest potency with a significant (p<0.05) decrease in blood glucose level when compared to diabetic control after few days of fraction administration, it was followed by the aqueous extract which also shows hypoglycemic activity a week after administration. N-hexane fraction showed a marked hypoglycemic activity only after about two weeks of administration with the fraction. The present study demonstrated that the methanol fraction possesses the highest hypoglycemic activity.

This paper examined the barriers/challenges facing the evaluation profession in Nigeria and the role of the Nigerian Association of Evaluators (NAE) towards improving the profession. The paper also draws lessons from other African countries on how to improve evaluation practice in Nigeria. The findings indicate that paucity of evaluation skill, partial implementation of national monitoring and evaluation systems, lack of monitoring and evaluation ownership, nonutilization of evaluation results and funding are the main barriers/challenges confronting evaluation conduct in Nigeria. The paper therefore recommends that the NAE should improve the technical capacity of evaluation practitioners in Nigeria; organize workshop for cross learning and experience sharing among practitioners; supporting monitoring and evaluation ownership and canvass for utilization of evaluation results. The paper finds from cross country analysis that institutionalizing the evaluation of public polices is a veritable step towards a National Evaluation Policy in Nigeria, which will promote good monitoring and evaluation practice in the country. Overall, we recommend that policy makers in Nigeria should aim to use evaluation in improving the effectiveness of public policies.

Indiscriminate usage of Cassia occidentalis in treating many diseases has been locally practiced, the need for ascertaining the epicacy of the extract in management of liver and kidney damage become imperative. This research investigate the effects of aqueous root extracts of Cassia occidentalis on some liver and kidney parameters in acetaminophen induced liver and kidney toxicity. A total of thirty five rats were used for the research, in phase I, ten rats were used to confirm the inducement of hepato-renal toxicity by acetaminophen. They were grouped into two of five rats each, group I serve as normal control, group two serves as test control and administered with 750mg/kg body weight of acetaminophen. The animals were euthanized after 24 hours of acetaminophen administration and liver function indices (ALT, AST, total protein, Albumin total and direct Bilirubin) and kidney function indices (urea and creatinine) were assayed. In phase II, twenty five rats were grouped into five groups (GI – GV) of five rats each. G I served as normal control, GII served as test control, GIII, GIV and GV were induced with hepato-renal toxicity and administered with the extract at a dose of 50mg/kg, 100mg/kg and 150mg/kg body weight per day for two weeks. A significant increase (p<0.05) in both liver and kidney function indices was observed in test control group compared to normal control in both phases. Administration of the extract lead a significant decrease (p<0.05) in liver parameters in a dose dependent manner compared to test control. Contrary to this however, a slight decrease in serum urea and creatinine was observed in the extract administered groups. The observed hepatocurative ability of the plant may not be unconnected with the presence of various phytochemicals in the plant.

Abstract: Simultaneous bilateral posterior dislocation of the shoulder complicated with a fracture (fracture-dislocation) is an extremely rare condition and the relevant literature contains very few published case reports. Besides its rarity, this complicated condition may cause delays in diagnosis because of the physicians’ tendency to use plain radiography which is known to have low sensitivity in detecting concomitant fractures. This report describes a successfully treated case of simultaneous bilateral fracture-dislocation of the shoulder which could be clarified by computed tomography (CT) performed following a failed reduction of the shoulders. In conclusion, physicians should consider this rare entity and if there is a doubt CT should be performed for accurate diagnosis.

Abstract: The present research work aimed at the effect of five photoperiod regimes on the health status of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) assessed through hematological components. The results revealed no significant (P<0.05) changes in haemoglobin and RBC count as compared to normal in all the treatment groups. However significant (P<0.05) changes were recorded in immune component of fishes subjected to light duration ranging from 24h to 12 hours. Differential blood count, neutrophil and monocyte count was reduced in LD24 to LD12, as compared to control. However, thrombocytes showed higher titres in stress condition of fishes, subjected to longer light durations.

Abstract: Stroke is an emergency condition in which blood supply get effected and blood flow to brain stops and brain cells starts to die. Stroke is a second leading cause of hospitalization during Hajj. There are six types of stroke. There are many risk factors which may lead to stroke during Hajj such as cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, depression, atrial fibrillation, increased volume of heart, angioplasty, elderly, renal disease, calcium and fat deposition in heart vessels and rheumatic fever etc. Our survey aims to find its awareness in pharmacy undergraduates. A cross sectional and random sampling method was used to collect data in the month of August and September 2015. Data was collected from 100 pharmacy undergraduates from Karachi, Pakistan. According to our survey 100% pharmacy undergraduates have basic knowledge about stroke, 58% have awareness about the second leading cause of hospitalization during Hajj, 74.5% have knowledge about types of stroke and 69.9% have awareness about the risk factor of stroke during Hajj. 88% pharmacist have knowledge that how to prevent stroke during Hajj. We concluded that there is lack of awareness. Steps should be taken to spread its awareness in layman.