The study aimed at assessing the drivers of growth of women-owned micro enterprises in Meru Municipality, Kenya. The study employed descriptive research design. Self administered questionnaires were used to collect data from the respondents. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze the data. Analyzed data was presented in the form of frequency tables, pie charts, bar graphs and percentages. The study concluded that, there is need for women entrepreneurs to participate in entrepreneurship trainings and beneficial associations. The study recommended that: Private sectors and NGOs in collaboration with the government should be encouraged to come up with programs of inculcating women entrepreneurship culture through business conferences, exhibitions, foreign tours. Such forums will act as learning centres for women entrepreneurs.

Data clustering has been considered as the most important raw data analysis method used in data mining technology. To extract the unknown valuable information from the large volume of data for so many real time applications are used in data classification. Most of the clustering techniques proved their efficiency in many applications such as decision making systems, medical sciences, earth sciences etc. Partition based clustering is one of the main approach in clustering. There are various algorithms of data clustering, every algorithm has its own advantages and disadvantages. This work reports the results of classification performance of three such widely used algorithms namely K-means (KM), Fuzzy c-means and Possibilistic Fuzzy c-Means (PFCM) clustering algorithms. To analyze these algorithms two known data sets from UCI machine learning repository are taken. From the repository the efficiency of clustering output is compared with the classification performance, percentage of correctness and no. of iterations taken to converge objective function. The experimental results prove that PFCM produces poor results compared to FCM and Kmeans algorithm yields more accurate results than the FCM and PFCM algorithms for liver data.

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Effect of xanthosoma biomass in vegetable oil industry effluent by coag-flocculation process has been undertaken at room temperature. The coag-flocculation activity and kinetic parameters of xanthosoma biomass in vegetable oil industry effluent were determined at varying; dosages, settling time and pH. The coag-flocculation behaviour of xanthosoma biomass was evaluated using standard Jar test method. The maximum kinetic parameters determined were recorded at K of 3x10-5L/mg, pH of 6, t1∕2=33.33 min while the minimum values are recorded at K of 1 x10-5, pH of 10, t1∕2 = 80min. Regression analysis was used to ascertain the accuracy of the fit to the postulated kinetic model. However, it was concluded that the second order kinetic model described the reaction most adequately with highest regression coefficient (R2) of 0.9869, pH of 6 at 2g dosage. The maximum turbidity removal efficiency (E) was recorded at 83 for dosage, time and pH indicating that xanthosoma biomass is a potential coagulant for effective wastewater treatment.

This study sought to determine whether the academic self-concepts of children come from teacher appraisal or their own cognitive abilities. Longitudinal data from the Millennium Cohort Study were used to answer this question by testing the internal/external frame of reference (I/E) model for English children aged 5, 7, and 11 years and of ethnic minority, disadvantaged, and advantaged backgrounds. The I/E model predicts that high verbal achievement leads to a high verbal self-concept but a low mathematical self-concept, and high mathematics achievement leads to a high mathematical self-concept but a low verbal self-concept. The results of structural equation modelling revealed that the I/E model was generally supported, but teacher assessment had greater effects on self-concept than did cognitive ability. Teacher assessment and cognitive ability measured in children at the age of 7 years predicted child self-concepts at 11 years old. Teacher assessment was less influenced by the type of measurement used but more influenced by the cultural backgrounds of the children than cognitive ability. The implications of these results are discussed herein.

Abstract: Diabetes is one of the largest health emergencies of the 21st century. In future there will not only be increase in the incidence and prevalence of diabetes but also there will be an increase in economic burden, disability and life years lost due to disease. Microalbuminuria is used as predictor for early micro and macrovascular changes in diabetes. The objectives were to find out the prevalence of microalbuminuria among type II diabetes mellitus patients in urban Chidambaram and to find out the association between albuminuria and age, sex, duration of diabetes.A descriptive cross sectional study was carried out in the urban field practice area of urban health centre between October 2015 and July 2016, among 200 study participants who had type II diabetes mellitus. The prevalence of microalbuminuria among the study participants was 41.5%. All the three risk factors age, sex and duration of diabetes mellitus were found to have significant association with occurrence of albuminuria. As the age increased the probability of being microalbuminuric also increased (P<0.05). Males had 2.9 times the risk of being microalbuminuric than the females. As the duration of diabetes mellitus increased the chance of being microalbuminuric also increased (P<0.05).Life style modifications and other measures which can postpone the age of onset of type II diabetes mellitus can aid in decreasing the mean duration of diabetes mellitus with age.Studies with analytical designs should be performed in the same area for deeper understanding of the role of risk factors for the occurrence of microalbuminuria in the indigenous population.

Abstract: Young snails of Achatina achatina (Linné, 1750) of 0.33 ± 0.23 g of average live weight and 9.1 ± 0.06 mm average length of shell were subjected to two types of diet. Two diets contained wild and cultivated plants (R1 and R2) and four diets concentrated in flour forms (R3, R4, R5 and RT) of respectively variable calcium content (12.02%, 14.03%, 16.01% and 06.82%). The objective is to compare the organoleptic qualities of the snails’ flesh emanating of the two types of food. The flesh of the concentrated diet are more tender (6.05), juicier (6.32) with an average aftertaste (5.8) while those of the vegetable diet are aromatized with an average of 6. The optimum calcium rates inducing the best tenderness (6.06), juiciness (6) are of 12.02% and of aftertaste (5.9) is diet containing 14.03% of calcium while the flavour (6.6) was obtained a rate of 0.24%.

Abstract: Splenic sarcoidosis is a rare clinical entity which can have heterogeneous clinical presentation. We highlight two different clinical encounters of splenic sarcoidosis with coexistent pulmonary sarcoidosis, which needs high degree of clinical suspicion to diagnose in complexed burnt out state and importance of timely diagnosis and early initiation of corticosteroids to minimize disease progression. Case 1; 58 year old previously healthy female presented with marked constitutional symptoms and left side upper abdominal discomfort over 6 months period with unremarkable clinical examination on admission. Her chest X ray on admission simulated the appearance of lymphangitic carcinomatosis, however ultrasound guided splenic tru-cut biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of splenic sarcoidosis and patient responded to corticosteroid therapy. Case 2; 21 year old young male was evaluated for pyrexia of unknown origin for three months. His clinical examination was only significant for bilateral cervical discrete lymph node enlargement and chest X ray on admission showed bilateral hilar enlargement and initial ultrasound abdomen revealed multiple hypoechoiec splenic lesions. Finally brochoscopy guided lung biopsy confirmed the diagnosis and patient was remarkably improved with corticosteroid treatment. Splenic sarcoidosis has heterogeneous clinical presentation. Judicial use of imaging, appropriate tissue biopsy together with correct clinical judgment will enable early diagnosis and early treatment with corticosteroid will have favorable patient outcome.

Sunflower is an important oil seed crop in India. The crop is susceptible to various diseases among which leaf blight caused by Alternaria helianthi is more destructive. The present study aimed at determining antifungal potential of Moringa stenopetala (Baker f.) Cufod (Moringaceae) an indigenous plant to Ethiopia against A. helianthi isolated from sunflower leaves. Antifungal activity was determined by Poisoned food technique. The extract was effective and a dose dependent inhibition of mycelial growth of fungus was observed. At extract concentration 1.5mg/ml and higher, an inhibition of >70% was observed. The plant appears promising and the presence of bioactive principles in the extract might have accounted for the antifungal activity. The plant can be used in the management of leaf blight of sunflower.

We present an ambispective analysis of the Management of Deep Sternal Wound Infections: Open Dressing versus Vacuum Assisted Closure Device Therapy at our Institute. Aim: The aim of our study is to compare and analyse our experience of Management of Deep Sternal Wound Infections with Open Dressing and Vacuum Assisted Closure Device Therapy and outcome. Methods: We analysed and compared our data (Group I) from 01 May 2009 to 31 May 2012 when the modality of management of DSWI was open dressings and irrigation (ie; Pre-VAC era at our institute) with data (Group II) from 01 May 2013 to 31 Apr 2016 when the modality of management of DSWI was changed to Vacuum Assisted Closure Device Therapy. 2228 patients underwent sternotomies from 01 May 2009 to 31 May 2012 and 2168 patients underwent sternotomies from 01 May 2013 to 31 Apr 2016. In Group I postoperative DSWI was diagnosed in 22 patients there were 14 (63.63 %) Males aged 45 to 81 years and 08 (36.37 %) Females aged 43 to 71 years, and in Group II postoperative DSWI was diagnosed in 20 patients. There were 11 (55 %) Males, aged 39 to 74 years and 09 (45 %) Females aged 44 to 66 years. The outcomes were investigated with Kaplan-Meier method, log-rank test, Student’s test and Fisher’s exact test. Results: In Group I - 17 (77.27 %) patients underwent secondary suturing with tension bands and 01 (4.5 %) patient required flap cover to cover the defect. The mortality was 04 (18.18 %) (03 Male and 01 Female), whereas in Group II- 16 (80%) patients underwent Secondary suturing with tension bands and 02 (10 %) patient required flap cover to cover the defect. The mortality was 02 (10%) (01 Male and 01 Female). Conclusion: As compared to open dressings and irrigation, VAC therapy is safe and reliable option in Deep sternal wound infection after cardiac surgery, with excellent survival and low failure rate. VAC reduces mortality, increases sternal stability, patient comfort and can be used in any Hospital. Pre-operative Diabetes Mellitus, Renal Failure and Obesity are risk factors for mortality in patients treated with both modalities

Lactococcus garvieae is a Gram-positive coccus [GPC] that has morphological and biochemical similarities to enterococci. L.garvieae strains are rare human pathogens, with only a few cases reported in the literature, mainly as a cause of infective endocarditis but a well-known pathogen in aquaculture. It is well known as a fish pathogen, and in some of the reported cases, the patients had history of contact with raw fish. We report a case of L. garvieae urosepsis in a patient with no history of contact with raw fish.

Abstract: This study is aimed to determine the variations in perihilar branching pattern and extra renal arteries in 25 cadavers at SRM medical college hospital and research center, Chennai, India. Among the 50 kidneys studied, perihilar branching pattern (32%), accessory renal artery (26%), polar renal artery (16%), accessory renal artery & perihilar branching pattern (12%), accessory renal artery & polar artery (10%) and polar renal artery & perihilar branching pattern (4%) were observed in 16, 13, 8, 6, 5 and 2 cases, respectively. The knowledge of these probable variations of renal arteries will be useful for surgical management during renal transplantation, angiographic interventions, urological procedures and repair of abdominal aorta aneurysm.

Cow dung obtained from Bos indicus have been long recognized as multifacted biomass that serve not only as conventional combustion material but also a modern day fuel. Apart from being an essential part of ayurvedic formulations it finds application in healthcare management by virtue of it‘s antibacterial activity. This article addresses the even more recent application of gomeya or the cow dung in various aspects including bioremediation. This implies that conservation of indigenous cattle is very crucial in order to make use this ‗gold mine‘ and further explore it‘s hidden qualities.

Abstract: Tolosa-Hunt syndrome (THS) is essentially a clinical diagnosis of exclusion; painful ophthalmoplegia caused by nonspecific inflammation of the cavernous sinus or superior orbital fissure. We reported a 70 year old male with THS who responded to corticosteroids dramatically and made an uneventful complete clinical recovery.

To assess changes of blood parameters in people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy, a follow-up study was carried out subjects. A group of 45 subjects in ICBRA (Integrated Centre for Bioclinical Research of Abidjan) with HIV infection were recruited with a mean age was 26.1 ± 0.7 years. These Patients were followed by control of some blood parameters before initiating (J0) antiretroviral therapy. These same biological parameters were assessed after 6 (M6) and 12 (12M) months. The results of study was indicated a decrease of anaemia prevalence during follow-up ((51.1%, 42.2% and 40% respectively at J0, M6 and M12. In the same way, during treatment, microcytic hypochromic anaemia and macrocytic hypochromic anaemia were more observed. Moreover, these two types of anaemia were more revealed according to CD4 classes. In addition, the prevalence of neutropenia was observed in 55.6% at the beginning of treatment, it was decreased to 37.8% at M6. Lymphopenia was reported only in 2.2% of patients at treatment initiation. As for thrombocytopenia, it was revealed in 11.1% of subjects at treatment initiation. In the sixth and twelfth months of treatment, it was recorded respectively in 11.1% and 8.9% of subjects. According to the CD4 count, high prevalence of leukopenia to class B and class C for initiation of neutropenia and lymphocytosis to classes A and B and monocytosis all classes were observed. This study revealed a non-significant increase in CD4 count. The majority of patients had normal glucose levels during follow-up (93.4%, 95.6% and 97.8% respectively at J0, M6 and M12). Normal rate of creatinine was also indicated (73.3%, 71.1% and 84.4% respectively at J0, M6 and M12) and alanine aminotransferase levels (ALT) (88.9%, 84.4% and 82.2% respectively at J0, M6 and M12).