Abstract: The principle of non-refoulement is seen by most in the international law arena as fundamental to refugee law. Since its expression in the Refugee Convention in 1951, it has played a key role in how states deal with refugees and asylum seekers. Scholars and Experts in refugee law define it as the idea that ‘no refugee should be returned to any country where he or she is likely to face persecution or torture’. This paper discusses the non-refoulement in Canada, Australia, and Belgium–three western States knowing for their constant reference to international law. When deporting a person can lead to torture and arbitrarily deprivation of life, that deportation potentially violates an international obligation or a State’s constitution. It is now well established that International Human Rights treaties impose obligations on States to protect persons from refoulement beyond the terms of the Refugee Convention. The paper expresses its concerns for the violation of international conventions from these Western States. I argue that these developed States’ application of these norms reflects partial compliance with its obligations, as it acknowledges important humanitarian concerns regarding international protection. This paper argues that these States’ application of these norms reflects partial compliance with their obligations, as it acknowledges important humanitarian concerns regarding international protection. The paper offers suggestions, which might assist their respective governments in developing a more effective approach to the assumption and implementation of international human rights obligations.

Amongst the various complications reported for single visit endodontics, incidence of post endodontic pain (PEP) is the most common. To evaluate and compare the incidence, duration, intensity and nature of post endodontic pain (PEP) in single visit endodontic treatment, following biomechanical preparation (BMP), using K files with Step Back Technique, Protaper Next with Crown down Technique and Passive Ultrasonic Instrumentation (PUI) along with Protaper Next. 75 patients, with asymptomatic irreversible pulpitis in Maxillary anterior teeth were selected and treated with single sitting root canal treatment, by a single operator. Patients were randomly divided into 3 groups, Control (K files using step back technique), Experimental 1 (Protaper Next using crown down technique) and Experimental 2 (Protaper Next along with PUI). Patients were recalled, examined and asked to fill up questionnaire after 3hrs, 24 hrs, 48 hrs and 7 days of wearing-off of anaesthesia. On the basis of response given in the feedback forms, PEP was evaluated for incidence, duration, intensity and nature. Statistical analysis of the data was carried out using Chi square test and level of significance (p < 0.05) was evaluated. Incidence of PEP was identical in the two experimental groups, which was lower than the control group. Statistically, difference in the incidence of pain, amongst the three groups was found to be non-significant. The duration of pain was longest in Control group, with more patients, experiencing pain, whereas it was least in Experimental group 2. Across the groups, maximum patients experienced mild, continuous pain. Majority of patients experience PEP that is mild, continuous, localised and precipitated by trigger factors. It lasts longer, with hand instruments.

This study aims to investigate the reality of marketing policies for the finance companies in Jordan from the employee’s point of views in the finance companies in the northern governorates, by surveying the point of view for (55) employees in these companies .To achieve the objective of the study, it has been distributes questionnaire consisting of (25) paragraphs was distributed in 4 areas: (promotion of the company, loans, location of the company and safety). After applying the study to the sample, the results shows that the marketing polices were very effective on all dimensions, In addition to the absence of differences of statistical significance in all gender variables. While the differences emerged due to the scientific qualification and experience variables. Finally the study concluded a set of recommendations.

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Iraq is one of the richest countries in the world with natural resources, especially oil and natural gas. This country has been subjected to a series of wars and economic blockade for many years, affecting the country's infrastructure and causing the deterioration of services provided to citizens. Perhaps one of the poorest services is the fuel produced in the refineries of the country, as the Iraqi gasoline and diesel are considered of the worst fuels on the global level. The locally produced gasoline contains high sulfur content (500ppm) in addition to a high percentage of lead compounds to increase octane. Iraqi diesel is considered the world's worst with 1 to 2.5% of its weight is sulfur. Iraqi researchers have spared no effort to find alternative fuels that give better engine performance and lower exhaust pollutants while improving fuel consumption. This paper examines some of these efforts over the past years and the various findings of Iraqi investigators results using gaseous fuels such as natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas and hydrogen, in addition to the use of some additives to gasoline and diesel, such as oxygenates and biofuels to reduce the effects of sulfur associated with these types of fuel. Researchers have gone a long way in reaching multiple types and alternative methods of operation to reduce the pollutants generated by the engines, and it remains the responsibility of decision-makers to choose the most appropriate ones.

On the basis of defining the connotation of the transformation and upgrading of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), combining with the practice of the SMEs transformation and upgrading in Shaanxi province, with the intention of solving financing demand in the process of transformation and upgrading of SMEs, this paper analyzes emphatically four common transformation and upgrading connotations of the and its financing demand characteristics including management transformation, business model transformation, industry transformation and enterprise upgrading for SMEs in Shaanxi province, and discusses the characteristics and advantages of Internet finance means including P2P (Peer to Peer) lending, crowd funding and e-commerce finance when solving the problem of the financing demand and proposes a feasible strategy for the bottle-neck of financing from a new perspective. Based on this analysis, this paper further proposes the policy advice of making full use of Internet finance as means, and combing SMEs, Internet finance enterprises and government working together to promote the transformation and upgrading of SMEs.

Recent developments in computer and web technology have prompted new revolutionary ways of using Information Technology in English language teaching. While there is evidence of the usefulness of ICT in the Moroccan language classroom, a wide range of factors and challenges still inhibit the widespread introduction and use of the new technologies as basic tools of teaching, and deter EFL teachers from adopting them to maximize targeted learning outcomes. The findings from the research suggest that there is no clear link between independent variables (teachers‟ socio-demographic and substantive variables) and the frequency of ICT use in the Moroccan English language classroom. However, and though they are not statistically significant, gender and computer literacy show some effect.

The seeming non autonomy of work in the studied organization necessitated this study. The study examined the type of relationship between job enrichment and employee commitment in selected brewing firms in Anambra State. A survey research design was adopted. A sample of 156 respondents was selected from the population size of 543 using Taro Yamani Formula. A 12-item questionnaire with close ended questions was used for data collection. Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient was used for data analysis. Finding showed that there is a significant positive relationship between job autonomy and affective commitment among the employees in the selected brewing firms. It was also found that when the jobs of the employees are enriched, their commitment level would increase positively and that would ultimately increases their productivity level in the organization. The study recommended that organizations should focus on giving employees a considerable level of job autonomy, this would enable them to utilize their skills and ability to complete assigned tasks and take responsibility for their actions, as well as maintaining strong loyalty and commitment level to the organization.

Intraventricular neoplasms of the central nervous system are rare and arise from periventricular structures such as the walls of the ventricular system, the septum pellucidum, and the choroid plexus. Many tumour types arise from, or can bulge into the ventricular system, although there are certain lesions that are relatively restricted to ventricles. A number of factors assist in defining the differential diagnosis, both radiological and clinical, including where the lesion is positioned within the ventricle as well as age and any associated conditions. A total of 30 cases of primary intraventricular tumors were studied. Study included both the left over squash and regular tumor tissue specimen. Duration of the study was 2 years. In this study, the overall incidence of the intraventricular tumors was 5.47 %, 30 cases among the total 548 intracranial lesions. Out of the 30 cases, 19 were males and 11 were females. Most of the cases were seen in the age group of 11 to 20 years and least tumors were seen in the age group 51 to 70 years. Intraventricular tumors are rare tumors and they closely mimic various other tumors of the CNS on imaging. Squash cytology and Histopathological examination (HPE) usually confirms the diagnosis.

This study intends to describe the global knowledge of senior high school students at Cilegon City and Serang City. This study aimed to describe the level of global knowledge high school students at Cilegon and Serang City, and compare the level of global knowledge among high school students at Cilegon City with high school students at Serang City by using „t‟ test for large sample group. The authors performed the statistical analysis in order to find a comparison of global knowledge among senior high school students in the study site by using 't' test for large sample group. With 208 degrees of freedom, and at the trustworthiness level of 95%, it obtained the value of t table about 1.67. The t value of Comparison on Global Knowledge between senior high school student at Cilegon City and senior high school students at Serang City of 0.216 is smaller than t table value of 1.67. According to this condition, there is no significant difference between Global Knowledge of senior high school students at Cilegon City with senior high school students at Serang City. However, in a simple, based on the difference of the average score (mean) between the two groups of respondents, in fact it can be seen that there is the differentiation of Global Knowledge between senior high school students at Cilegon City with senior high school students at Serang City. Actually, the mean score of Y group (senior high school students at Serang City) is slightly larger than the mean score of X group (senior high school students at Cilegon City). The meaning of Global Knowledge of senior high school students at Serang City is slightly better than Global Knowledge of senior high school students at Cilegon City. Global Insight senior high school students in the city of Cilegon and Serang did not show a significant difference. This happens because of an environmental socio-cultural students in the two cities have in common as autonomous cities, with characteristic primary as a center of heavy industry and service business in the city of Cilegon, as well as industrial center services, central government activities city, county, and also the province of Banten.

The ability to survive is one of the most important goals of business organizations recently, this requires the ability to communicate with the outside world and its changes so in order to achieve this communication; Marketing orientation concept emerged, which is has had a significant impact on how things are going in business organizations, because it focuses on examining the parties that could affect the organizations business and its goals. These parties are : the customer, competitor, and inter functional coordination in the organization, therefore, companies that apply the concept of market orientation remain abreast of the needs of its customers on the one hand ,and activates and movements of competitors on the other hand.

The purpose of this paper is to explore the best practice of small medium enterprises (SMEs) from Japan. Japan has been proven to be successful lesson to be followed by Malaysia. Japan’s SMEs began after World War II in 1945. Thus, it has shown that the development process has intricacies and can be studied by Malaysian SMEs, which began in the 1970s due to the revolution of new economic policies. This paper provides the understanding of the development of SMEs between Japan and Malaysia. Further, we identify a gap between SMEs in Malaysia and SMEs in Japan as best practice. The challenges SMEs face might be different in their respective countries—it might be from the perspective of cultural aspects, market environments, and more, but with the initiative measures, pro and cons of both countries’ SMEs can enhance their duty as the backbone of a country’s economy.

This study was conducted to identify any possible association between the different microorganisms within oral cavity of smokers and oral cancer patients. Isolates were collected from 30 volunteers; smokers and oral cancer patients during August and October 2013 in Khartoum Dental Hospital, Sudan. Swabs were obtained from both patients and smokers who were not diagnosed as diabetics or immunosuppressed. Administration of antibiotic, steroid or other treatment were taken in concern as well as age, gender beside smoking history. Each specimen was aseptically cultured on nonselective media under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, then the conventional methods for identification were done. A total number of 45 bacterial isolates were represented by 6 genera of bacteria; (37.7%) Staphylococcus spp, (26.6%) Bacillus spp , (22.2%) Streptococcus spp , (8.8%) Peptococcus spp., Aerococcus spp and Micrococcus spp (2.2%), whereas 25 yeast isolates were represented by Candida albicans. In the smokers group; Peptococcus spp was detected only in subjects who is being smoking. Moreover, the study showed significant(r = 0.563) correlation between oral cancer and smoking. In patients group; Streptococcus spp and C. albicans were detected only in individuals without treatment. Counts of C. albicans were elevated in smokers group than patients, while, Micrococcus spp and Aerococcus spp were detected in patients but not in smokers. Study concludes that both of Micrococcus spp and Aerococcus spp may be considered as diagnostic indicators of oral cancer.

This study examines non-linear effect of fiscal policy (represented by increases in government consumption) on private consumption. Actually, it suggests that this effect depends on the nature of fiscal policy changes. Using a STR (Smooth Transition Regression) model on Tunisia data over the 1975-2010 period, this paper provides evidence that the expansionary effect of higher government consumption decreases when fiscal policy is expansive.

This study presents treatment of domestic wastewater collected from the Harmony Lodge Ifite Awka, Anambra state using laboratory scale constructed wetland vegetated with Cyperus esculentus(tiger nut)plant as biofilter.to determine the removal of pollutants. The study was conducted from August 19th 2016 to September 2016, at Nnamdi Azikiwe University laboratory, Awka. Result of laboratory analysis on samples of wastewater collected showed reduction in pollutant of nitrate 50%, phosphorus 42%, ammonia 36%, COD 59%, BOD 70%, pH range was changed from 6.59 to7.15. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to analyse data obtained. Differences in parameter concentration between the influent and effluent parameters and also between effluents for three detension periods were considered significant at 5% level of significance (i.e p . The concentration of these parameters decreased significantly as a result of the treatment. This shows that the cyperus plant is effective in pollutant removal from domestic wastewater.