Complete cleaning and shaping of the root canal system is essential for success of endodontic treatment. Accurate measurement of working length and 3D obturation till the apical constriction is necessary for ensuring fluid tight seal. One of the disadvantages of overextended root canal obturations is post-operative pain. The treatment options in such cases are endodontic surgery to remove the extruded filling material or Intentional Replantation. This case report discusses the advantages of Intentional Replantation and the procedure involved in endodontic retreatment of a mandibular molar with this technique.

Colostomy is a common procedure in children and may be attended by many complications. The aim of this study was to review the complications of colostomy formation in a consecutive series of infants and children with a disorder necessitate formation of colostomy. A prospective study of complication associated with the formation of colostomy in children between May 2011 and April 2013, at the Khartoum Teaching Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan. There were 88 children, their mean age was 9.96 months (Range: 1 day to 7.8 years). The male to female ratio was 3.6:1. The indications for colostomy were Hirschsprung's disease in 46 (52.3%), anorectal malformation in 37 (42%) and severe perineal trauma in 1 (1.1%). Complications after colostomy formation were encountered in 28 (31.8%) patients and the commonest complication was stenosis 10 (11.4%), followed by skin excoriation 4 (4.5%) and obstruction 4 (4.5%). A significant number of colostomies in children is constructed largely due to Hirschsprung's disease. In spite the improvement in surgical practice in our environment, the incidence of complication following colostomy in pediatric still high.

Combination syndrome when an edentulous maxilla is opposed by natural mandibular anterior teeth. The present article aims at recording the signs of combination syndrome in study population. This study was conducted in department of Prosthodontics in 2016. It included 160 patients having edentulous maxilla wearing maxillary denture and partially edentulous mandible wearing mandibular removable partial denture (Kennedy class I). They were assessed for various signs. 160 (30%) patients were found positive for combination syndrome out of 480 examined cases. Out of 160 patients, males were 75 and females were 85. Maximum cases were recorded for lack of maxillary denture adaptation (male- 13, female- 15). The need for replacement for maxillary denture was seen equally in 11 cases in males and females. Lack of mandibular denture adaptation was seen in males (9) and females (9). Growth of the tuberoisities was seen in 8 males and 10 females. Need for replacement for mandibular denture was seen in 10 males and 5 females. The difference was significant (0.02). Papillary hyperplasia was significantly higher in females (14) than males (7). Hypermobility of the anterior part of the maxilla was seen significantly higher in females (12) than males (6). 6 males and 2 females showed extrusion of lower anterior teeth. The difference was significant. Author concluded that the prevalence rate of combination syndrome was 30% with slight female predominance.

“Drug – induced” or “medication- related” forms of enteropathy are known to result in alterations in small intestinal architecture and function causing “sprue- like” mucosal changes, diarrhoea and malabsorption. Many drugs are proved to induce these changes and these include chemotherapeutic agents like colchicine, vincristine, and immunosuppresants like methotrexate, azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil [1]. Several cases of villous atrophy following use of immunosuppresants are reported. But, literature search revealed only two cases of intestinal villous atrophy secondary to methotrexate [2]. We present this third case of sprue- like syndrome secondary to methotrexate treatment in a psoriatic patient

Dens invaginatus is a tooth malformation resulting from an infolding of the dental papilla at the time of tooth development. The deep infolding of enamel and dentin are seen in the affected tooth. Maxillary lateral incisors are commonly affected tooth and bilateral occurrence is rare. It shows a broad spectrum of morphologic variations and it usually results in pulpal necrosis. Root canal therapy may undergo severe problems due to its complex anatomy of teeth. This review addresses the etiology, clinical and radiographic features of taurodontism, its association with various anomalies, as well as important considerations in various areas of expertise dental treatments of such teeth.

Abstract: This article examined the social problem of the proliferation of Churches and moral decadence in Nigeria with a focus on Pentecostal ministries, from the humanistic point of view. The study engaged majorly secondary data in an attempt to study this phenomenon. It presented both the positive and negative impacts of Pentecostalism in Nigeria. It also indicated several manifestations of moral decadence in spite of Church growth and its causal factors. The study equally looked at the socio-economic and religious implications of Church proliferation with moral decadence. The study ends with concluding remarks and also proffers the way forward.

Current management of fracture healing does not involve ultrasound therapy. We describe a systematic review of randomized controlled clinical trials of low intensity pulsed ultrasound therapy for bone healing and its clinical efficacy in maxillofacial surgeries. We searched 3 electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Database of Randomised Clinical Trials) and selected studies done in the area of ultrasound therapy and fracture healing and evaluated separately. Therapeutic effects of ultrasound therapy have been studied in the past few decades and various clinical studies have been published, showing its beneficial results on bone healing and its mechanism of action. Ultrasound treatment is an innovative, noninvasive modality to enhance bone healing, with minimal side effects. It may be considered as an adjunct treatment of choice, in management of fractures, reconstructive surgeries and healing of bony pathologies. Further clinical trials are advised, to access its mechanism of action and application in surgeries of maxillofacial region.

Tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease affecting humans of all ages in all parts of the world. The primary site of infection commonly involves lungs, although it can affect any part of the body, including oral cavity. Although oral manifestations of tuberculosis are very rare, the disease can present itself in a variety of clinical appearances which may mimic malignancy clinically. Thus the oral physician plays a pivotal role in the identification and control of this condition by early recognition of lesions that may precede the detection of pulmonary form. Tuberculous involvement of oral cavity is a very rare finding even in areas and countries where Tuberculosis is endemic. We present one such case of 36 year old female who presented with non-healing ulcer in the right lateral surface of the tongue and floor of the mouth. This paper deals with the case of tuberculosis diagnosed on the basis of oral manifestations, there by emphasizing the importance of the oral physician in diagnosis of multisystem disorder.

Background: Flexible dentures offer potential advantages over conventional acrylic dentures, particularly in terms of comfort, aesthetics and patient satisfaction. This study aimed to compare the clinical performance, patient-reported outcomes and longevity of flexible and conventional acrylic dentures. Methods: The study was conducted in the Department of Prosthodontics at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) and beau-dent, Dhaka, Bangladesh, over one year from July 2015 to June 2016. A total of 60 participants were randomly assigned to two groups: Group A (flexible dentures, n=30) and Group B (conventional acrylic dentures, n=30). Various clinical parameters such as retention, stability, soft tissue irritation and chewing efficiency were assessed. Results: Group A showed significantly better outcomes in comfort (VAS: 9.0 ± 1.1 vs. 7.5 ± 1.6, p = 0.001), aesthetic satisfaction (93.3% vs. 76.7%, p = 0.015) and ease of use (86.7% vs. 70.0%, p = 0.032). Additionally, soft tissue irritation was significantly lower in Group A (10.0% vs. 26.7%, p = 0.042) and chewing efficiency was higher (VAS: 8.5 ± 1.2 vs. 7.8 ± 1.4, p = 0.047). Group A had fewer fractures/repairs (6.7% vs. 16.7%, p = 0.038), though staining incidence was similar between both groups. Conclusion: Flexible dentures provide superior comfort, aesthetics and reduced soft tissue irritation compared to conventional acrylic dentures. These advantages make them a preferred choice for patients with high aesthetic and comfort demands, while both denture types showed similar retention and stability.

Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of some diseases. Smoking may enhance oxidative stress not only through the production of reactive oxygen radicals in smoke but also through weakening of the antioxidant defense systems. Study done To assess the erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity in cigarette smokers. This is case control study. The study was conducted from February to May 2015, sixty samples from non smokers chosen randomly as control and sixty sample from smoker as test group. All samples were tested for superoxide dismutase activity using fortress diagnostic reagent by spectrophotometer analyzer, and results were analyzed using statistical of package social science. The study result showed that the level of superoxide dismutase activity was significantly decrease (P = 0.00) in smokers. Mean ± SD cases versus controls (907±134.47 versus 1159±93.44). There are a significant moderate negative correlation with the number of cigarettes per day (P = 0.00) also weak negative correlation with duration of smoking (P = 0.048).From this study, concluded that superoxide dismutase level was significantly decreased in smokers and correlated negatively with number of cigarettes and duration.

This paper examined empirically if Kenya‟s pattern of trade with India is consistent with Heckscher-Ohlin theory, using a fixed-effect panel data model and macroeconomic variables for the period 1970 to 2013. The findings indicate a strong trade relation between Kenya and India, with Kenya specializing in the exportation of primary products to India. Overall, the findings indicate that the Kenya–India trade relation is consistent with the factor proportions theory, which spells out the trade relationship between the North – South poles. The paper recommends that Kenyan government should encourage Indian investors to establish subsidiaries of their manufacturing companies in Kenya in order to reduce the cost of importation of capital intensive goods and create jobs in the domestic economy.

Abstract: This study developed a model that integrated the teaching of reading and writing and used writing via information and communication technology (ICT) tools for assessment to engage internationally diverse students. A 2-year action study was conducted for internationally diverse students participating in a teacher-training course. Qualitative and quantitative data analysis results revealed that the proposed teaching model could engage internationally diverse students and raise a learning instructor beyond the local culture. The model provided a framework for instructor–student social negotiation and opened space for uncertainty. The design, writing via ICT for assessment, promoted a learning community in which additional diverse ICT tools were eventually incorporated into the model. Students from different international backgrounds exhibited slight differences in their behaviors as the proposed model was implemented; generating the most challenges in the short term, newly arrived international (exchange) students presented the greatest opportunities for improving the proposed teaching model.

This paper documents Nigeria’s economic development experience over the period 1914 – 2014. The paper shows that the economy has metamorphosed from Agro economy to oil economy. We find that agricultural sector contributed over 60% of the GDP in the 1960s. Despite the reliance of Nigerian peasant farmers on traditional tools and indigenous farming methods, they produced 70% of Nigeria's exports and 95% of its food needs. Again, the economy moved from export producing economy to import consuming economy with little or no evidence of further paradigm shift. This paper evaluates the various development policies in Nigeria and the socio- economic effects of these major economic developmental programmes such as inward-outward looking programme, indigenization programme, and structural adjustment programme up till the vision 20: 2020 programme. The paper asserts that Nigeria, though over a century old now, has witnessed slow pace of economic development and had been hindered by years of colonization, military rule, corruption, political interest (ethnicity, militancy, and insurgency) and mismanagement. Nonetheless, her achievements include being the 12th largest producer of petroleum in the world. Nigeria also has a wide array of underexploited mineral resources which include natural gas, coal, bauxite, gold, tin, iron ore, limestone, lead and zinc. However, the paper concludes that the slow pace in development is neither lack of planning nor inadequate planning, but that political expediency usually overrides economic rationality in her development programme implementations.

Abstract: As English becomes more and more important in our life, the English listening ability is called upon to be higher and higher. Since the average level of college students’ listening ability is low, we conduct a series of surveys to find out the reasons. Thus we find that too easy and boring listening practice in the textbooks, lower learning interest and motivation level as well as poor phonetic basis lead to the fact. At the same time, we find that the students are fond of English movies, which are said to be good teaching materials for English learners. So another survey which shows the likes and learning methods of the students towards English movies is done. All the data collected will help to lay foundation for further study.

This study aims to provide an analysis of al-Qabisy‟s ideas based on his book, “Ar-Risala Mufassaah Liahwali Al-Mutaalimin Wa-Ahkam Al-Muaalimin Wal-Mutaalimin” (Detailed letter to the conditions of students and rules for teachers and students). This study is carried out to examine Al-Qabisy‟s main ideas in teaching the Quran, and the implications of his ideas in improving the Qur‟anic teaching among children. A content analysis method has been used to obtain all research objectives. There are eight key components of Quranic teaching that have been discovered from this study. They are student, teacher, intention, teacher's responsibility, syllabus, schedule, stages of learning, and assessment. These components are very useful in improving the Qur‟anic teaching among children. The concepts presented in this article is hoped to be beneficial in improving the teaching of Qur‟an among children.