Statistics on enrolment indicates that, Kenya is experiencing class repetition in primary school education despite the gains earlier made associated with universal access to primary school education. The practice increases the possibility of the pupil to drop out of school. The purpose of this study was to investigate head teachers’ transformational leadership intervention strategies on class repetition in primary school education in Kenya. The study was guided by Self-Efficacy theory developed by Bandura Albert and pragmatism philosophy and conducted in Uasin Gishu County in Kenya. The study found out that, pupil academic performance, curriculum instruction, school culture and dynamic leadership are important intervention strategies related to head teachers’ transformational leadership that have an influence on class repetition. The study recommends a further study on a situational analysis of transformational leadership training as a new management strategy in primary schools in the 21st century in the country.

This paper presents the difference between hospital nurses’ and clinical instructors’ experienced job stress as well as their attitude towards performing their work. Results revealed that clinical instructors experience moderate stress in terms of their physical environment, workload and responsibilities, and social relationship. Despite their perception with respect to their stress level, they can still cope with their stressors as evidenced by their good work attitude. Hospital nurses, on the other hand, experience high stress level in terms of physical environment and moderate stress level in terms of their workload and responsibilities and social relationship. Clinical instructors still utilize their coping strategies in dealing with stressors as supported by their fair and good work attitude in terms of their organizational commitment and job satisfaction.

Etiological factors leading to hyperbilirubinemia vary among different geographic regions. The present study was planned to study the pattern, causes, risk factors, treatment and outcome of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia in a tertiary care setup from northern India. A retrospective cohort of jaundiced neonates seeking care for their illness at this tertiary care centre during formed the study population. All treated cases of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia were analyzed and data on gender, gestation age, mode of delivery, blood group incompatibility, sepsis, parity and birth weight were obtained. The commonest cause of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia was physiological jaundice (41.04%). Mean bilirubin values for pathological cases (18.11± 5.54 mg/dl) were higher than physiological jaundice (12.06 ± 3.59 mg/dl). Top three causes of pathological hyperbilirubinemia were ABO incompatibility (32.55%), Rh incompatibility (11.79%) and breast feeding (6.13%). Mean age of presentation with jaundice was three days. Majority (48.58%) of the cases had their total bilirubin levels equal to or below 15mg/dl. Almost all the neonates showed improvement with phototherapy and exchange transfusion. Hyperbilirubinemia is a commonly encountered problem in our NICUs. ABO and Rh incompatibility are mainly responsible for pathological jaundice. Phototherapy is found to be a safe and cost-effective way to manage neonatal jaundice.

Abstract: Media remains an important institution that continues to transform lives of people in Kenya as in any part of the world. News is a basic need and continues to shape the perceptions of people on issues affecting them socially, politically and economically. Studies suggest (as will be demonstrated in this paper) a steady increase of media and news consumption as well as coverage throughout the country since 2002. However, we cannot run away with the fact that the ideology of the government of the day is seen to determine media policy framework in Kenya. The paper compares media issues (ownership, usage and control) in the regimes of Mwai Kibaki (2002-2012) and that of Uhuru Kenyatta (2013-2017). The paper seeks to answer three questions: what are the trends of media ownership between the two regimes? What are the media ownership patterns within the established legal framework that defines ownership patterns of media outlets? The paper tackles the issue of media ownership together with technological adoption policy of each of the two regimes. The second question is whether the two regimes used media (including mainstream media and social media) in their political communication process the same way. Here, the implementation of the constitution to accord the media freedom as provided is explored and the enacted legislation is analysed. The third is what is the nature and level of media control and manipulation by the both regimes? Through analysis of already existing literature and reviewing of unfolding events, the paper explores the social, economic and political influence of both presidents to establish these differing relations with the media.

The infantile visceral leishmaniose (IVL) is a systemic infection of the reticuloendothelial system due to a flagellate protozoan of the genus Leishmania. It is characterized by its geographical distribution most frequently around Mediterranean area, India, east Africa and South America. In recent years, we are witnessing a significant recrudescence preferentially in the very young child in Morocco . Its occurrence in the infant (<24 month old) remains rare, clinical signs are distinguished by more accentuated than in the child. The authors' work consists on a retrospective study of 17 cases of visceral leishmaniasis in infants admitted to the pediatric department at the University Hospital of Fez over a period from January 2013 till June 2016. The average age was 15.64 months, girls are more affected, The majority come from the regions of Fez, mainly Taounate. The main reasons are abdominal distension (70%), fever (100%) and pallor in 90% of cases. The clinical examination finds an anemia, a fever and a splenomegaly in all cases. The diagnosis is confirmed by the myelogram performed at the Hematology Laboratory at the University Hospital of Fez. Treatment is based on glucantim at the dose of 80 to 100 mg / kg / day for 21 to 30 days. The evolution was favorable in the majority of cases. We deplored a case of death that occurred in association with macrophage activation syndrome. IVL is the most frequent zoonotic disease in Morocco. Fez and its surroundings form a highly endemic focus. Its eradication must first of all be achieved through the improvement of socio-economic conditions and the fight against malnutrition which constitutes a risk factor

Abstract: Co-curricular activities, including literary competitions, recreational activities, cultural activities and sports clubs, provide an opportunity to learn and socialize outside the classroom. In Kenya, many resources are allocated to support these activities in schools. However, there is little research on the importance of these activities in enhancing secondary students’ academic performance in KCSE across the country. The purpose of this study therefore, was to assess the influence of student’s participation in music and their academic performance in public secondary schools in Kenya. The study adopted the descriptive survey design with the target population comprising of 285 public secondary schools. The sample size was selected using the simple random sampling and purposive sampling technique and these were 86 public secondary schools from which 344 students’ representatives, 86 teachers in charge of co-curricular activities and 86 head teachers were reached as respondents of the study. Data from the head teachers and teachers was collected using questionnaires, while that from the students’ representatives was collected by use of interview schedules. Data collected was then analysed with the aid of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences computer software for descriptive statistics (frequencies, percentages and means) and inferential statistics such as Pearson moment correlation (r); z score analysis. The results were presented using tables and charts, and interpreted accordingly. The study found that participation in music is moderately correlated with students’ academic performance. The findings of this study may be useful in informing the school administration on the benefits arising from students’ participation in music and its relationship with academic achievement.

Breast cancer is the commonest cause of cancer related death among women globally. The incidence is lowest but increasing in Africa and accompanied by increased mortality. Different expression patterns of oestrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth receptor (HER) 2 have been identified. The aim is to determine the molecular subtypes of breast cancer and evaluate their association with tumour characteristics such as age at presentation, stage of disease and grade of tumour. A 2 year prospective study of all patients that presented at University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital. Data was collected and analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 17.0. Eighty six patients were seen during the study period and they were all females. Their ages ranged from 26 to 83 and the mean was 46.1 ± 14.3 years. Infiltrating ductal carcinoma was the commonest histological type, and seen in 78 (90.7%) patients. Triple negative was the commonest receptor subtype and observed in 40 (46.5%) patients. Breast cancer receptor subtype was significantly associated with stage and grade of tumour but not with age at presentation. Breast cancer in Nigerian women occurs relatively in younger women and most are triple negative and aggressive. Given the young age of onset and aggressiveness of this disease, it will be imperative to identify women at risk and increase the awareness, target screening and develop prevention strategies

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) associated with visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in children is a rare clinicopathological entity, difficult to diagnose, fatal in the absence of treatment. It should be evoked in children with prolonged fever and splenomegaly. We report two cases of HLH caused by visceral leishmaniasis . In the first case, it was a 14-month old infant hospitalized for fever with pancytopenia. The diagnosis of HLH was made in front of a clinical and biological features, a corticotherapy was initiated. The search for an underlying infectious disease had shown the presence of leishmania bodies on the myelogram. The second case was a 15-month old infant hospitalized for fever associated with abdominal distension. The diagnosis of VL was made on the medullogram, during the hospitalization a macrophagic activation report was positive and treatment with meglumine antimoniate was introduced, the two infants had evolved well under treatment

The aim is to make head and neck surgeons aware of a rare variation in the course of Spinal accessory nerve in relation to Internal carotid artery at higher level of neck dissection, thus minimizing anatomical surprises during neck dissection. Maxillofacial Surgeons often have to perform neck dissection to manage metastatic nodal diseases as in head and neck cancer and it is very important identifying and preserving the good and essentials while removing the pathological ones to the highest precision. Anatomy is the road map to perform a successful surgery. Knowing the variations of neck structures is important as the ignorance of the anatomical variations may lead to iatrogenic injury to vital structures during surgery thus leading to treatment failure. In this article we present a rare variation of SAN crossing ventral to the Internal Carotid Artery, found during a Supraomohyoid Neck Dissection (SOHND) of left side as a part of surgery along with Hemiglossectomy for a Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of left tongue. Knowledge of the rare variation of Spinal accessory nerve in neck in rerlation to its adjacent structures is important, as the major nerves and vessels play important roles as landmarks during head neck surgery. Iatrogenic injury to vital structures like Spinal Accessory Nerve (SAN) during neck dissection at Level IIb may lead to morbidity as shoulder syndrome though oncological clearance of this level of lymph nodes is of utmost importance. The SAN is considered as the landmark of the anteroinferior border of Level IIb and may cross the Internal Jugular Vein (IJV) dorsally, ventrally or through the vein. So it is important to know the variations of Spinal accessory nerve in relation to major blood vessels of neck to avoid any anatomical surprises during surgery.

Abstract: The study was carried out within the older Kiambu District in three banks; Equity Kenya Commercial Bank and Cooperative Bank. The research primary focus was to attest the effect of agency banking satisfaction in relation to customers’ growth in the banking sector. This is because Commercial banks have pioneered in ascertaining colossal agents despite the short period after the instigation of the program by Central bank. Descriptive research design was adhesively used to hold together critical research variables. It afforded researcher with a pathway that aided in spawning a well-defined structure. The researcher beheld research design as the engine that drove his entire research to its packed completion [1]. The descriptive design selected provided genuine means in achieving the itemized research objectives through empirical evidence that was acquired economically. Both non-probability and probability sampling techniques were used. Purposive sampling was used in selecting the three banks of study out of the eight banks practicing the agency banking, the scope area of study and the sample size drawn to represent the customers and the bank employees. Stratified randomly technique was used to survey two customers from each of the 28 agents sampled. The findings of the study shows that 54 out of 56 customers responded giving a 96.33% Response rate. Descriptive research design was used to analyze information statistically. From the findings, an average of 600,000 customers transact on agency banks daily. This stimulates an opening of decongesting the banking halls. The study also found that 80.3% of these customers are satisfied by services rendered by branchless banking.

Studies on gender disparities of traditional cardiovascular risks such as anthropometric factors are limited in black Africans. We aimed to examine the relationship between anthropometric parameters and blood pressure (BP) and possible gender differences in hypertensive adult Nigerians. A cross sectional study was carried out involving 261 adult hypertensive patients recruited consecutively at the medical out-patient clinic of Niger Delta University Teaching Hospital. They comprised 118 males and 143 females aged 26years to 94years. Their BP and anthropometric measurements were assessed using standard protocols. More than 70% of subjects were either overweight or obese. Females had significantly higher WC, WHtR and BMI than males. For females, BP had a significant positive correlation with anthropometric measures and a regression analysis showed BMI in females was the most important anthropometric index in predicting systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP). For males, none of the anthropometric measures correlated with SBP or DBP. Female hypertensives were significantly more obese than males. Indices of adiposity in females had a direct relationship with BP but not so in males. Further studies are needed to assess gender disparities in cardiovascular risk factors.

Marine algae are in exhaustible sources of chemical compounds contain bioactive compounds that plays an important role against various diseases against the aging process because they protect cells from oxidation. The present study is aimed to analyze the phenol and flavonoids content of the marine red alga Tolypiocladia glomerulata and their potential of free radical scavenging properties. The free radical scavenging capacity of the red alga was analyzed by inhibiting the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS). The maximum percentage of inhibition (61.13 ± 0.02% for DPPH and 50.35 ± 0.00 for ABTS) was observed at the concentration of 900 μg/mL. The free radicals scavenging ability of extracts followed close dependent trend. The results indicate that the red alga T. glomerulata have good free radical scavenging capacity with ABTS and DPPH and it could be used as a potential candidate for natural antioxidants

The demonstration was carried out at the farmers’ fields of Barisal region of Bangladesh to evaluate the effectiveness of fertilizer application methods in T. Aman rice in non-saline tidal flooded soil during July to December, 2015. Twenty-five-day old seedlings of BRRI dhan52 was transplanted in randomized complete block design with three replications. The trial was conducted in five locations (Babuganj, Barisal; Nolchiti, Jhalokathi; Barisal Sadar, Barisal; Amtoli, Barguna and Kolapara, Patuakha). Deep placement of urea super granule (USG) (1.8 g size) + PKSZn from BRRI recommended dose was compared with BRRI recommended fertilizer dose and farmers’ fertilizer management. The result showed that USG treated plots produced statistically the highest grain yield and less spikelet sterility compared with BRRI recommended fertilizer dose and farmers’ practices at all locations. Also, panicles per unit area and grains per panicle were highest in USG treated plot than broadcasted urea. Thus, the results revealed that USG application is the best N source in non-saline tidal ecosystem of Barisal region in T. Aman rice.

These empirical research works is anchored on the three fundamental and theoretical arguments that emanated between the Keynesian school, the neoclassical school of thought and Ricardo hypothesis and their view on deficit financing with respect to its contribution to economic development. Despite the huge quantum of debt Nigerian government accommodate yearly, the expected level of development is not been attained as larger percentage of her citizens still lives in abject poverty, low standard of living and high level of unemployment and so on. At this junction, one begins to wonder why the theoretical suggestion dose not seems to be working in the Nigerian context. It is based on these hullabaloos that this study seeks to investigate the effect of deficit financing on development of the Nigerian economy between the periods 1981 to 2015 using error correction model and granger causality test. Study report that Federal government external debt exhibits a significant P-value of 0.0173 with a positive coefficient of 0.000031 suggesting that 1% increase in government external debt is capable of stimulating economic development in Nigeria to the tune of 0.00003. The report of the causality test also validate the report in the error correction model and thus suggest that external debt significantly contribute to the development of the Nigeria economy while domestic debt and deficit budget does not seems to granger cause economic development in Nigeria. On this premises, study conclude that deficit financing is a vital stimuli in promoting economic development in Nigeria if adequately channel for the original purpose for which it was meant for. Furthermore, study thus validates the Keynesian postulation of the existence of positive relationship between deficit financing and economic development. On this note, study recommend that managers of the Nigerian economy should coordinate the appropriation of borrowed fund and ensure that it is properly channelled towards improving the capital and production dominance of the nation as this will further help in achieving a sustainable level of economic development in Nigeria.

The Neurosyphilis is the most severe neurological complication of the active syphilis. It puts real diagnostic problems because of the ascendancy of the atypical forms. Our objective is to analyze the clinical symptoms and to assess the relevance of the different laboratory findings in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum for the diagnosis and survey of active neurosyphilis. A retrospective study of six hospitalized neurosyphilitic patients at Hospital Moulay Ismail of Meknès from 2003 to 2015 was carried out. Neurosyphilis can be grouped in two categories: early (meningeal and meningovascular neurosyphilis) and late (progressive general paralysis and tabes dorsalis). All patients are HIV negative. All the patients are benefited for an examination cytochimique of the CSF and an examination immunological with the tests VDRL and TPHA for the search for the specific antibodies in the CFS and the serum. The CSF anomalies in neurosyphilis included elevated cell count with lymphocytic-plasmocytic cell reaction, increased protein content, strongly positive blood and CSF serology.