Chrysophyllum albidum and Irvingia gabonensis have been reported to possess several medicinal values. Most studies on these plants have focused on the fruits rather than the leaves. The present study therefore, evaluated the phytochemical constituents and in vitro antioxidant activity of methanol leaf extracts of Chrysophyllum albidum and Irvingia gabonensis. Photochemical screening was carried on the plant samples using established protocols.The results of the phytochemical screening of both extracts revealed the presence of saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids and tannins. Terpenoids and cardiac glycosides were below detectable levels in both extracts. Irvingia gabonensis extract showed significantly higher (p<0.05) levels of total phenol, total flavonoid and total tannin than the Chrysophyllum albidum extract. However, there was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the proanthocyanidin content of both plant extracts. Irvingia gabonensis extract had a significantly higher (p<0.05) ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) value and was a better 1,1–diphenyl–2–picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenger than Chrysophyllum albidum extract. The results of the study revealed that extract of Irvingia gabonensis had more phytochemicals and consequently, possessed higher antioxidant activity than Chrysophyllum albidum extract.

World is ageing as an obvious consequence of the process of demographic transition and it is happening fastest in the developing world. Simultaneous disintegration of joint family system and changing social values, often obligate the elderly segment of society to live alone or in old age homes which make them increasingly vulnerable to mental health problems and other undesirable effects influencing their quality of life. The study aims to investigate the factors of psychological distress and quality of life among inhabitants of old age homes in Delhi. The cross-sectional study was undertaken in four government administered old age homes (OAHs)) in Delhi. 2 of these were free stay and other 2 being pay and stay OAHs. In all 148 subjects of both sexes and aged 60-85 years constituted study sample. Study tool included a semi structured proforma to assess Sociodemographic profile; WHOQOL-BREF scale and K-10 scale were used for QOL and psychological distress respectively. 2/3rd OAH inhabitants were female and rest 1/3rd being male. WHOQOL-BREF domain scores were higher in pay/stay homes as compared to free stay homes, furthermore all 4 domains score were significantly higher for male residents on t’ test. On K-10 scale 29.7%,7.4%, 2.7% residents were categorised as likely to have mild disorder, likely to have moderate disorder and likely to have severe disorder respectively whereas 60.1% were likely to be well, furthermore female were found to have significantly higher score on t’ test. Educational qualification and monthly income demonstrated significant positive correlation with all domains of QOL and sig negative correlation with psychological distress. Psychological distress was found to be higher in the free stay homes which could be attributed to lower level of education and income in these residents. QOL had significant negative correlation with psychological distress. Programs targeting modifiable risk factors could result in improvement of QOL and reduce psychological distress in OAH residents

Dryland herders traditionally move to the wettest areas including southern Benin in search of pasture and water to ensure the survival of their livestock. The main objective is to characterize the cattle herds in transhumance in the municipality of Djidja in Southern of Benin. Inquiry data has been collected through semi-structured interviews of 61 cattle herds with a total of 4,772 heads. Using the methods of factorial analysis of multiple correspondences (FAMC) and ascending hierarchical classification (AHC), a typology of three types of transhumant cattle herds were established. The cattle herds of type 1 have carried out cross-border transhumance and mostly consist of Hausa (75.7%) from Nigeria. They are led by herdsmen whose average age was 26 ± 5 years. They had a high size (102 ± 33 heads) and taking part in decisions-making with the herds’ managers. The type 2 had in transhumance in the municipality outside of its home area. This was mostly consisting of two to three relatively young Fulani herdsmen (24 ± 4 years) and mostly of herds’ managers. They were not involved in decision-making. These herds had an average size of 80 ± 28 head. The cattle herd of type 3 has been in transhumance in the municipality since more than one year. They are led by young herdsmen (25 ± 3 years) relative to herds’ managers. These herds have led by one or two herdsmen with a low rate of (53 ± 24 heads) with Borgou race in majority. The typology implementation will allow us to analyze the different transhumance management modes in the municipality of Djidja.

The training of the workers in the enterprises allows the development in the skills and knowledge of the employees. As the other Enterprises, the training programs in the petroleum companies got a great importance, which became more cleared through this study. Through the case study on Sonatrach subsidiary employees, and based on selfquestionnaire our paper aims to analyze the training programs contribution in the improvement of the unit productivity level, and on the upgrading of the profitability and efficiency of the workers. Nevertheless, the importance of the training contribution appears undoubtedly in minimizing the lost days caused by the work accidents, which is a huge costs organization must cover Although the luck in decreasing in the rates of this accidents.

Protected areas are increasingly frequented by transhumant cattle herds. This phenomenon has grown in recent decades in West Africa. In order to make a state of play of the use of areas protected by cattle herds, through its history, the causes of their presence and the consequences on natural resources and propose mechanisms for managing transhumance in protected areas, a bibliographical review of scientific work carried out in this direction has been made. It shows that the search for pastoral resources during the drought has been the basis for the entry of transhumant herders into these protected areas. From an ecological point of view, the debate is between those who claim that livestock is in direct competition with wildlife for access to forage resources and those suggesting that livestock and wildlife interact through a complex combination of competition / facilitation depending on the season and abundance of resources. The mode of management of transhumance in West African forests depends on the category of protected areas. Some protected areas have opted for strict management and others for concerted management. This is the case for Park W, which, through the regional project (ECOPAS) has developed a common strategy for the management of transhumance in this protected area. Despite these various proposals, the protected areas of West Africa continue to suffer pastoral pressure. It is then necessary to propose a sustainable management mode which will make it possible to make judicious use of the pastoral resources of these protected areas without compromising their biodiversity.

Project communication can be defined as the exchange of information aiming to instill knowledge among the stakeholders, thus acting as a binding force which connects many stakeholders of the conceived project and its environment in addition to coupling its activities during the development and execution of the project. Project Communication Management is highly concerned with technology as growing ways of communication are rapidly increasing in the global business world. This research is about understanding the relationship of communication management with Big Data (BD). This research assesses the level of awareness of communication management professionals regarding BD technologies and analyzes the contribution of different factors responsible for the rate of adoption of BD technologies in order to manage communication in large projects.

Maxillofacial injuries of which mandible fractures is a common phenomenon are very common now due to increased traffic, alcoholism and have a significant functional, anatomic and aesthetic impact on facial region. The aim of the study was to study the pattern of mandibular fractures in Kashmiri population. A prospective study was carried out which included 240 patients to study the etiology, gender distribution and type of mandible fracture present in maxillofacial region in a Kashmiri population. The showed that 73.3 % were males and 26.7% were females ,about 62.9% had suffered fracture due to RTA, followed by13.7% due to falls and 17.9% by assault .About 53.7% of patients had mandible fractures, of which 20.9% times it was parasympheseal fractures. The study establishes that mandibular fractures are very common in Kashmir in maxillofacial region due to road traffic accidents.

Performance of employee brings organization’s achievements in the business world where rivalry among the organizations is very common. In this connection, the academicians and practitioners do struggle to reach a conclusion about the determinants of employee performance. As a result, the study endeavors to develop a structural equation model with the help of PLS technique in determining the relationship among employee relations with supervisor, employee engagement, and employee performance in the context of developing country. The opinions of 392 employees have been collected through survey method who works in the ready-made garment industry in Bangladesh. The findings of the study revealed that employee relations with supervisor have influence on employee performance and employee engagement; and employee engagement mediates employee relations and employee performance relationship. Therefore, the model is expected to be used in the developing context as a method for increasing employee performance.

C-reactive protein (CRP) was discovered by Tillet and Francis in 1930 as a substance in the serum of patients with acute inflammation that reacted with the C polysaccharide of pneumococcus. C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute phase protein which reflects a measure of the acute phase response. CRP, which is present in only small amounts in healthy individuals, is involved in several processes of the unspecific immunologic defense. The serum levels of CRP raises with infection making it a positive acute phase reactant. This review mainly highlights the role of CRP in the field of Oral and maxillofacial surgery, It provides a knowledge based framework for interpretation and analysis of clinical observations of CRP in relation to infection and other pathologies in orofacial region.

Abstract: In recent years, ground penetrating radar (GPR) has been widely used as a technical means to understand the characteristics of subsurface geological deposition. However, there has not been any ground penetrating radar to recognize the internal configuration of the dam. The aim of this study is to form a composite dam with a point bar stack. Firstly, the highest resolution frequency of GPR is selected, and then the data are taken in the study area. And eliminate the influence of various factors on data volume. On the basis of the previous work, the location, the formation mechanism and the spatial distribution of the composite dam are determined by measuring the location of the point dam overlap and the dip angle, inclination and thickness of the lateral accretion.

Lumps in the breast are common especially in women of reproductive age, majority of these lumps which mimic or are suspected to be breast cancers clinically and radiologically are later found to be benign breast diseases histologically. This study therefore aims to determine the prevalence of benign breast diseases in this environment and describe the spectrum of histopathologic pattern of Benign Breast Diseases that is seen in Port Harcourt. A review of benign surgical breast specimen from the university of Port Harcourt teaching hospital was done. A total of 2002 breast specimens were diagnosed as benign between January 2007 and December 2011. 397 paraffin blocks were suitable for this study. No lesions from male patients or congenital lesions were observed in this study. 117 of these lesions (29.5%) were non proliferative breast lesions, 275 (69.3%) were proliferative breast lesions without atypia, and 5 (1.2%) were proliferative breast lesions with atypia. The commonest non proliferative lesion was fibrocystic change while the commonest proliferative lesion was fibroadenoma. The proliferative lesion with atypia was atypical ductal hyperplasia.

Abstract: The principle of non-refoulement is seen by most in the international law arena as fundamental to refugee law. Since its expression in the Refugee Convention in 1951, it has played a key role in how states deal with refugees and asylum seekers. Scholars and Experts in refugee law define it as the idea that ‘no refugee should be returned to any country where he or she is likely to face persecution or torture’. This paper discusses the non-refoulement in Canada, Australia, and Belgium–three western States knowing for their constant reference to international law. When deporting a person can lead to torture and arbitrarily deprivation of life, that deportation potentially violates an international obligation or a State’s constitution. It is now well established that International Human Rights treaties impose obligations on States to protect persons from refoulement beyond the terms of the Refugee Convention. The paper expresses its concerns for the violation of international conventions from these Western States. I argue that these developed States’ application of these norms reflects partial compliance with its obligations, as it acknowledges important humanitarian concerns regarding international protection. This paper argues that these States’ application of these norms reflects partial compliance with their obligations, as it acknowledges important humanitarian concerns regarding international protection. The paper offers suggestions, which might assist their respective governments in developing a more effective approach to the assumption and implementation of international human rights obligations.

Amongst the various complications reported for single visit endodontics, incidence of post endodontic pain (PEP) is the most common. To evaluate and compare the incidence, duration, intensity and nature of post endodontic pain (PEP) in single visit endodontic treatment, following biomechanical preparation (BMP), using K files with Step Back Technique, Protaper Next with Crown down Technique and Passive Ultrasonic Instrumentation (PUI) along with Protaper Next. 75 patients, with asymptomatic irreversible pulpitis in Maxillary anterior teeth were selected and treated with single sitting root canal treatment, by a single operator. Patients were randomly divided into 3 groups, Control (K files using step back technique), Experimental 1 (Protaper Next using crown down technique) and Experimental 2 (Protaper Next along with PUI). Patients were recalled, examined and asked to fill up questionnaire after 3hrs, 24 hrs, 48 hrs and 7 days of wearing-off of anaesthesia. On the basis of response given in the feedback forms, PEP was evaluated for incidence, duration, intensity and nature. Statistical analysis of the data was carried out using Chi square test and level of significance (p < 0.05) was evaluated. Incidence of PEP was identical in the two experimental groups, which was lower than the control group. Statistically, difference in the incidence of pain, amongst the three groups was found to be non-significant. The duration of pain was longest in Control group, with more patients, experiencing pain, whereas it was least in Experimental group 2. Across the groups, maximum patients experienced mild, continuous pain. Majority of patients experience PEP that is mild, continuous, localised and precipitated by trigger factors. It lasts longer, with hand instruments.

This study aims to investigate the reality of marketing policies for the finance companies in Jordan from the employee’s point of views in the finance companies in the northern governorates, by surveying the point of view for (55) employees in these companies .To achieve the objective of the study, it has been distributes questionnaire consisting of (25) paragraphs was distributed in 4 areas: (promotion of the company, loans, location of the company and safety). After applying the study to the sample, the results shows that the marketing polices were very effective on all dimensions, In addition to the absence of differences of statistical significance in all gender variables. While the differences emerged due to the scientific qualification and experience variables. Finally the study concluded a set of recommendations.

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