Abstract: Tannery Liquid effluents collected from the Challawa Industrial Estate in Kano City were treated with aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera Lam seeds whereby 20gms of the seed powder was extracted with 250cm3 of distilled water. Then 20cm3 of the aqueous extract was used in the treatment of 100cm3 of the effluent as the extract volume was found to be the optimum level that would provide the best treated effluent water quality. Some physicochemical and biochemical parameters of the treated effluent were measured using standard analytical techniques. When the results were compared with effluent samples treated with alum, remarkable improvement in the water quality was observed in favour of the samples treated with the plant extract. For instance, improved turbidity values on samples obtained from the production lines in one of the tanneries and other areas within the estate ranged between 54% and 79% above what was obtained using alum. The aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera was very effective in the removal of the solid matter in which 100 per cent effectiveness were obtained for the total, dissolved as well as suspended solids. The advantage of using the aqueous extract of the Moringa oleifera seed powder is the wide dose range over which effective treatment can be achieved and maintained without affecting the recycled water quality.

Abstract: Essential oil of Fagara macrophylla from DR Congo was tested for antihemolytic, radical scavenging and antibacterial activities. The extraction gives an essential oil yield of 1.08 %, density of 0.7066 and refractive index of 1.4721 20°C. Aqueous and methanolic extracts showed high antisickling activity with the normalization rate (NR), the minimal concentration of normalization (MCN) and the concentration that normalized 50% of RBC (ED50) for aqueous extract of respectively 93%, 8µg/mL and 0.43µg/mL and for the methanolic extract NR, MCN and ED50 are respectively of 91%, 12µg/mL and 0.60µg/mL. The essential oil showed no antisickling activity but weak antihemolytic and radical scavenging activities. The F macrophylla essential oil showed higher bacterial activity on Staphylococcus aureus than the two antibiotics used as standards (Meropenem, Ceftriaxone).

A total of 70 actinomycetes strains were isolated from dams and caves of Hadhramout –Yemen and screened for their anti-bacterial activity based on their color and activity against bacterial pathogens. Twenty isolates have shown activities against pathogenic bacteria. Fourteen isolates (70%) showed activity against Bacillus subtilis by agar disk diffusion, twelve isolates (60%) showed activity against Staphylococcus aureus and fifteen isolates (75%) showed activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The activity was minimal against Escherichia coli, having only 8 isolates (40%). Nine isolates were highly active with an inhibition zone more than 25 mm in diameter. Most of the isolates inhibited growth of tested Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria.

Abstract: This study examined the ecotoxicological evaluation of commercial fish pond in Ogbogoro, Port Harcourt, and Rivers State Nigeria using the histological assessment of Clarias gariepenus, using African Aquaculture Centre (ARAC) as a reference site. The sampling involved harvesting of twenty table sized fish from Ogbogoro commercial fish pond and ten table-sized of the same species from ARAC. The histological assessment involved the determination of the qualitative and semi-quantitative analysis of the gills of the harvested fishes. Histological alterations observed were based on circulatory disturbances (CD) which includes hyperemia, haemorrhage, vacuolation. Regressive change (RC) which includes necrosis and progressive change (PC). Results showed that tissue samples of gills showed an almost equal prevalence in histological alterations in OGB as compared to ARAC, where gill was 16.67% against 16.68%. The Histological Alteration Index, that is, mean fish Index (FI) for OGB is 14.7, making it slightly greater than ARAC, which is 14.6. It was concluded therefore that the OGB fish pond was moderately polluted.

Abstract: Teachers of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) or English as a second Language (ESL) context worldwide always strive hard to uphold their quality teaching by preparing their learners fit for the real life. Now-a-days, in communicative classrooms, teachers and learners enjoy friendly environment where they can contribute equally i.e. learners have the scopes to share their feelings with teachers without hesitation that helps to broaden the path of successful learning. At the same time, in the present world the views of the learners are considered with greater importance by teachers and educators as they believe in learner autonomy for effective teaching and learning. If the learners can contribute promptly and the teachers can adjust their mode of instructions accordingly, both the parties will be able to complete their language mission rewardingly. This paper aims to find out learners’ insights on the responsibilities of a language teacher for an effective classroom, collecting information through a group wise classroom discussion activity participated by university level learners (67 participants) of Bangladesh Agricultural University, which may add some values in the field of EFL research, especially in Bangladesh.

This study was conducted to understand the influence of the common food storage and environmental practices affecting the dimensions of the food security of the people in Adjumani district. The study covered a sample of 150 respondents who are farmers and the data were collected through a questionnaire and personal interview using both probability and non-probability sampling technique. Designing field data recording sheets was done before data collection and data collection was done with appropriate quality control. Data analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Scientists. The results indicated that the people of Ciforo sub- county, Adjumani district have poor food storage system where the majority 73% (see table 1) store their food reserve in the huts in which they sleep forcing them to sell off the food reserve and the majority 58% of the farmers produce less than 1 ton of food per year on average (See table 3). This indicates that the farmers have poor food levels where the average majority 61.67% of the respondents disagreed that their households have food availability, food stability, ability to access and utilize appropriate levels of food in their households from April to June every year (see table 2). Based on these findings the study recommended that sensitization of the community about poor storage facilities leading to post harvest losses affecting food levels. Government should also enact laws and policies at national level to make agriculture attractive to farmers by revamping cooperatives that should provide support for post-harvest management.

Abstract: The function of the immune system is to protect our system from pathogens entering our body and react immunologically to cells from a genetically different person. At the same time, the immune cells maintain tolerance to our own body cells and do not reject them. This is called as self-tolerance. However, in case of autoimmune diseases and cancer, the immune system identifies our cells as foreign and generates immune reactions resulting in severe damage to the affected organ. However, on the other hand, the cancer cells are eliminated or rejected by our immune system in the early stages but support their growth at later stage. These immune reactions controlling the self-tolerance are mediated by T regulatory cells which maintain immune homeostasis under healthy condition by keeping the effector CD4+ and CD8+ T cells under regulated state. Upon loss of immune balance T regulatory cells cannot suppress the effector T cells’ activity resulting in autoimmune or autoinflammatory reactions. This review will discuss the various subtypes of T regulatory cells and their role in autoimmune diseases and cancer.

In the light on the new recent mobility - driven by ongoing and forced migration, resulting from political instability, and economic and social problems, many social efforts have been made in order to integrate these new arrivals and therefore ensure a social cohesion. Educationally, many conferences and seminars were held in order to help teachers promote a good learning atmosphere among the new arrival of learners who bring multiple languages and mobile experiences into the classroom. As far as language teaching is concerned, language teachers have been given a noble and a social, but huge, responsibility to help solving social problems. However, the question that may impose itself today is that do foreign language teachers take sufficient training programmes to meet the new needs and fulfill such roles? What teaching training programmes are being undertaken by foreign language teachers? It is argued that teachers’ roles have always been didactical – instructor, facilitator, integrator, designer, etc. However, based on the new responsibilities assigned to language teachers, their teaching training programmes should be reconsidered. Our main goal in this work is to stress the need for practical teaching training that suits the multilingual classrooms, in which the foreign language teacher does not act only as an instructor, but also as a social assistant whose responsibility is to help solving the social problems.

The purpose of this paper is to examine and review the relationships among entrepreneurial marketing, innovation, and business performance. A conceptual model of the entrepreneurial and relationship marketing created increasing innovations, and the impact on business performance. Academic implications of this paper in exploring the concept of entrepreneurial and relationship marketing increasing innovation and their impact on business performance.

Introduction: Sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) is an audiologic emergency with an annual incidence of 5-20 per 100000. SSNHL is idiopathic most of the times however about 10-15% of cases are due to identifiable causes like Meniere's disease, trauma, autoimmune disease, infectious causes etc. Objective: To study the effect of early versus delayed treatment of Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss (SSNHL) in hearing outcome. Methods: A retrospective study of patients with SSNHL was done from June 2016 to study the effect of early versus late treatment in hearing outcome in July 2017. Patients receiving treatment within 3 days of onset of symptoms were placed in early treatment group (ET) and those receiving treatment after 3 but within 7 days were placed in late treatment group (LT). Hearing outcome was assessed using pure tone average (PTA) and was carried out at presentation and then at 3,7,14 and 30 days after treatment. A mixed between and within subject design ANOVA test was used to analyze the results using SPSS 20.0. Results: There were 46 patients in ET group and 39 patients in LT group. Mean age of the study population was 36.37 years (SD-7.868). The M: F ratio was 0.39:1. There was a significant interaction between time and treatment group, Wilk's Lambda= 0.382, F (1.52, 79.196) 19.83, p <0.001, partial eta squared =0.541. There was a substantial main effect of time, F (1.52, 79.196) = 180.36, p <0.001, partial eta squared 0.776 suggesting significant improvement of hearing levels with time. The main effect comparing early and late treatment groups was also significant, F (1,52) = 5.799, p=0.02, partial eta squared = 0.100 suggesting significant difference in hearing levels in between the two treatment groups. Conclusion: Onset of treatment after the initial symptom significantly affects the outcome of hearing improvement in SSNHL. There are higher chances of improving if treatment is started within 3 days of onset of symptoms.

The improvement of public service delivery involves capacity building in public servants. Training programmes are one of the most popular capacity building approaches. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of these human capacity development programmes on public service delivery. The objectives of the study were to find out how training influence performance improvement in the public service. The research used descriptive research design with stratified random sampling to select the samples. The samples were picked through simple random sampling thus enabling all members of the target population to be represented. The target population comprised of 300 active members of the African Association for Public Administration and Management (AAPAM) and 20% of the target population formed the sample size. Questionnaires were used for data collection. The study found that training has a moderate positive influence on service delivery and this is attributed to effective training content and training methods. The study recommends adoption of proactive human capacity development strategies and incorporation of technology to enhance their positive influence on service delivery and mitigate on the negative influence to ensure efficient services are offered to the citizens.

Objectives: To thoroughly evaluate the causes, associated risk factors, and management of anxiety and depression (AD) among young adults by synthesizing current literature. Methods: A thorough search of pertinent databases was done in order to find studies that satisfied the requirements for inclusion. A thorough search of PubMed, Web of Science, SCOPUS, and Science Direct was conducted to find pertinent literature. Results: Nine studies, including a total of 13628 participants diagnosed with anxiety or depression or both, and 4972 (63.2) of them were males, were included in our data. Earlier use of cannabis, poverty, romantic love, and internet addiction were found to be associated with AD in young adults. Brief psychodynamic therapy seems to be a promising strategy for young adults experiencing mild to moderate AD. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) classes, even for short durations, are also beneficial in treating student patients' AD. Referring patients with more severe symptoms to a psychologist skilled in CBT may be beneficial. Conclusion: The development of AD among young adults is multifactorial. Psychodynamic therapy was recommended for mild to moderate AD, while CBT was proposed for young adults with severe forms. Longitudinal, prospective, and randomized trials are needed to study the interventions that may improve AD among young adults as well as the possible causes.

This paper describes the application of experimental design techniques to characterize the wear behavior of two medium carbon steels designing with suitable alloying elements, Mn, Si, Al, and Cr. Application of experimental design technique enabled us to confirm the significance of the factors affecting the wear behavior with a minimum number of experiments. Attempt was to find out the dominant parameter on the wear behaviour. The experiments of sliding wear were performed under pressure range of 0.71- 1.98 MPa and sliding velocity range of 3.43-10.43 m/s. the wear specimens were obtained through hot forging process with ~ 92% reduction on the investigated alloys at a temperature of 1100 0C followed by air cooling. Microstructural investigations on the worn surfaces were undertaken. The morphology results and the general wear formulas reveal that applied pressure was found to be the most significant parameter.

Optimizing nurse assignments is crucial for maintaining quality care and improving patient outcomes, as nurse staffing represents 40% of hospital costs. A change from assigning nurses at random to using scientific criteria has affected operations, funding, worker happiness, and patient safety. Patient diagnoses, continuity of care, and nurse-to-patient ratios are important factors to take into account. Improving nursing productivity and lowering turnover now depend on skill mapping, which assesses nurses' competencies according to hospital requirements. Improving nurse satisfaction and the caliber of patient care requires effective staffing strategies that are adapted to the needs and acuity of the patients. This review of the literature looks at how skill mapping and acuity tools can be combined to improve patient outcomes, maximize resource usage, and improve nursing activities. It demonstrates how useful Perroca's instrument is in guiding care planning and management decisions.

The Islam is very clear that Minorities should be treated equally by the State which follows Islam. Fundamental rights are available to the Minorities in Islamic territories. Besides it, they are having certain special rights for the protection of their culture and religion. They have full right to profess and practice religion or faith of their choice. The State will be duty bound to protect their place of worship. They will be protected from all types of violence and aggression. The Quranic injunctions and prophetic traditions guarantee a society, where all citizens of the state enjoy equal rights irrespective of their religion.