Four different types of algae were recorded for the first time in the Iraqi aquatic environment in the city of Baghdad within the Tigris River, which belongs to the three Division of the algae, represented by the tributary Coleochaete sp. Return to the Division Chlorophyta and the algae Stipitococcus crassistipatus and Chrysidiastrum catenatum Returning to the division of Chrysophyta algae and moss Gymnodinium sp. Return to the Division of algae Pyrrhophyta.

The purpose of this study was to examine effect of internet banking on financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya. Internet banking under technology acceptance model extended from theory of reasoned action entails the inclusion of technology or information system within the operations of a bank. Internet banking is about creating complementary distribution channels in form of information technology. The study used descriptive survey research design. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected to meet the objective. The proposed study area was Kisumu City targeting all the 34 commercial banks. A total of 11 banks were picked through a simple random sampling strategy. In addition, 5 employees were picked from each commercial bank through a simple random sampling strategy, while 11 branch managers purposively sampled from the selected banks. Therefore, the total number of participants forming a representative sample was 66 comprising of 55 employees and 11 branch managers of which there was a response rate of 92.7 for employees and 100% for branch managers. A combination of primary and secondary sources of data was used to obtain data. The primary sources included self-administered questionnaires and interviews. Document analysis was used to collect secondary data. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics(frequency and percentages). Statistical analysis was done with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 22.0. All the results of the quantitative analysis were presented in tables, charts, and graphs while the results of qualitative analysis presented in form of themes. From the quantitative analysis, the study established a positive effect of internet banking on financial performance of commercial banks. The qualitative findings also established that there is a positive effect of internet banking on financial performance of commercial banks. Based on the findings, the study recommends that commercial banks enhance their internet banking.

Fluoride is a double edged weapon. It is needed for development of bones and teeth but intake in excess amount is very harmful for humans, animals and plants. Udaipur region is endemic to fluoride and a large number of animals are afflicted with fluorosis. Therefore, a survey was done to assess dental fluorosis in domesticated animals in and around Umarda village of Udaipur, Rajasthan. Cattle (Bos taurus), buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) and goats (Capra hircus) were selected for the present study. The study revealed that domestic animals had varied degree of dental lesions. Patchy discoloured enamel, receding gums, erosion of teeth with exposed cementum and defective mastication were prominent in animals. Older age animals showed more severe symptoms like total abrasion and loss of teeth, due to long time exposure to fluoride. Severe dental fluorosis was expressed by 44% cattle, 43% buffaloes and 26.9% goats out of 2320 animals.

During the 1970’s the world’s economy began slowing even as government programs were growing as a result of fiscal distress, and Zero-Based Budgeting (ZBB) was seen as an attempt to rationally manage the size and scope of government as well as a remedy for dealing with the austerity. The aim of this study, therefore, is to ascertain whether the perceived benefits of Zero-Based budgeting would significantly influence its adoption in Borno state. Stratified sampling technique was used to arrive at a sample size of 103 drawn from the total population of 139. Binary logistic regression was employed to predict whether the predictor variable namely, perceived benefits have significant influence or not on the dependent variable, that is, the adoption of ZBB. The finding of the study establish that it is possible to adopt ZBB in Borno state because it is politically feasible as the covariate suggest, perceived benefits was statistically significantly related to the adoption of ZBB in the state. We, therefore, recommend for the adoption of ZBB in the state So as to embark upon administrative reforms to incorporate policies and prioritize their public spending projects based on the fundamental principles of zero-based budgeting system in order to accomplish it perceived benefits.

Drynaria quercifolia (Linn.) J. Smith has been used in many herbal folklore medicines in Ganjam - Gajapati districts of Odisha state, India. Study pertains to its toxicity profile was undertaken to establish its use as a safe drug for different ailments. Swiss albino mice and wistar albino rats were used for acute and sub-acute toxicity studies respectively. In acute toxicity model, the mice received a limit dose (2000mg/kg) of methanolic extract and kept under observation for 7 days. In sub acute toxicity studies, rats were treated with daily doses (1 g/kg body weight) of methanolic extract for 28 days. In acute toxicity study, samples did not show any mortality at the dose of 2000mg/kg body weight. Further, there were not any significant marked changes observed in hematological parameters too during sub acute toxicity tests. Methanolic extract (ME) of rhizomes of Drynaria quercifolia was found to be safe as a drug. It was without any toxicity at 2000mg/kg body weight and 1g/kg body weight during acute and sub acute toxicity evaluations respectively.

This paper deliberates the scenario of managing governments in general and narrows to Tanzania government, specifically the administration of the fourth regime of president of the United Republic of Tanzania, His excellence, Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete. The paper traces the execution of the four regimes of presidency from 1961 to 2015 and makes some examinations on the events and decisions made during these regimes through an eye of a specialist. The study is a review in nature and assimilates qualitative techniques in discussing and analyzing information. Documentation, observation and experiential are the major information collection strategies employed in the study. The paper concludes by setting four propositions: First, that although it is evident that most fabulous practices are manifested during the Kikwete regime yet most of them did not originate from his regime. Secondly, that the revealed evil practices give a signal that the regime of Kikwete was transparent. Third, that the decisions that were made by his regime of accepting resignation of eminent ministers, signals prudence and reliability of the government. Fourth, that the decisions that were taken to revisit the mining contracts out of the main documents suggest courage, brilliance and objectivity of the President in dealing with national matters. Further, that the discussion reveals that observing the four regimes on comparative analysis, the fourth regime, has managed to best intervene on the fundamental problems of the community namely ignorance, disease and poverty. The challenge however, remain to be on improvement in competence based recruitment, promotion and appointment in political and semi-political positions. As noted by gurus of management and governance- the major problem facing the developing countries is not on governance systems but lack of competence based recruitment, appointments and promotion.

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) causes disturbances in the normal function of the endocrine system and has been associated with thyroid dysfunction in HIV patients on treatment. More data on thyroid dysfunction are needed in Zimbabwe to persuade the country program to institute routine monitoring if needed. We sought to establish if ART exposure is associated with thyroid dysfunction in HIV patients. A cross-sectional study with two comparative groups was conducted between 1 October and 31 December 2016. The participants included HIV-infected persons aged 18+ years who attended Opportunistic Infections (OI) clinics in urban areas around Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. Patient samples were tested at the Parirenyatwa Serology Laboratory in Harare, Zimbabwe. The two comparative groups were defined as cases and controls. Cases were HIV positive patients with thyroid dysfunction whilst controls were HIV positive patients without thyroid dysfunction. Participants included 100 females and 93 males who were on ART. The mean age was 34.6 (10.2) years and median age was 33.0 (43.5-68.3) years. The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction was 45.6% and all cases had hypothyroidism. Sex was not associated with thyroid dysfunction, but thyroid dysfunction was more significant in older patients (P=0.031). This study confirms that ART is associated with thyroid dysfunction in older HIV patients on ART. These results are worrying and may suggest a need for the country HIV program to establish strategies to mitigate this. It is cause for concern because the presence of an untreated thyroid dysfunction in HIV patients will worsen their prognosis.

Cancer is a major public health problem and a cause of morbidity and mortality in many parts of the world. On the other hand radiotherapy is one of the cancer treatment methods available but it has many side effects. Hypoalbuminaemia and hypoproteinaemia are common effects of radiotherapy and are often used to assess nutritional status of patients but there are few published reports on albumin and total protein levels in cancer patients on radiotherapy in Zimbabwe. Hence this study was carried out to determine the levels of serum albumin and total protein and compare levels in radiotherapy-exposed patients at Parirenyatwa Radiotherapy Clinic by type of cancer. A total of 63 cancer patients took part in this cross-sectional study, 30 had breast cancer while 18 had cervical cancer and 15 had prostate cancer. Samples were analysed using the Beckman Coulter AU680 Chemistry Analyser based on Bromocresol Green (BCG) method for albumin and the Biuret method for total protein, respectively. One way ANOVA was used for comparison of normally distributed data while the Kruskal-Wallis test was used for skewed data. Out of all cancer patients who took part in this study, 18 (28.6%) were hypoalbuminaemic and 3 (4.7%) had hypoproteinaemia. There was no significant difference between albumin and total protein of patients with different types of cancer. Prevalence of patients with hypoalbuminaemia (28.6%) and hypoproteinaemia (4.7%) was comparable to studies from other countries. High prevelance of hypoalbuminaemia is worrying in this context as it worsens prognosis of cancer patients

Comprehensive chemical analysis was carried out for products of sugarcane in an attempt to find the effect of burning and the time taken from cut to mill on cane deterioration and dextran levels in sugars and by-products (molasses) from HalfaAlgadidah Sugar Factory for three varieties cane (V1, V2 and V3); corresponding to Co-6806, Co-527 and Co-986 at six periods (T1, T2, T3, T4 , T5 , T6)corresponding to (3 , 6 , 12 , 24 , 36 and 48) hours, respectively, during 2007/2008 and 2008/2009 seasons. Randomized complete plot design with three replications was used in this study. After harvest, the dextran levels were the same in the three varieties for the same duration, but they were significantly different at P ≤ 0.05 between burnt and green cane at different times. The average levels of dextran in sugars, juices and molasses were increased with the time taken from cut to mill. The dextran levels in sugar and molasses were ranged (296 – 1860, 412 – 2247) ppm for the duration of 3 to 48 hours after harvesting, respectively. The deterioration products, such as dextran, formed quickly and increased rapidly with the time taken from cut to mill, for burnt cane more than green cane.

To achieve organizational sustainability and competitive advantage in this contemporary business world, it requires the effective engagement of human resource management practices and engagement of competent employees. Due to the challenges associated in business performance as a result of employee disengagement behaviour, it is imperative that every organization seek to stimulate the level of employee engagement with its best practices and policies to drive an irresistible organization that enhances the wellbeing and social wellbeing of employees.The objective of the study was to examine the managerial perception ofhuman resource management practices on employee engagement, to examine employees‟ expectation of human resource management practices on employees‟ engagement. The sample size was 600 which comprised of both employees (460) and management (140) and systematic sampling was employed for the study. It was made known by management that, recognition and reward of employee‟s effort was ranked as the first HRM practices which have a high relationship with employee engagement, and employees, also ranked management-employee relationship as first to have a perfectly strong relationship with employee engagement.. It was recommended that, management must devise smooth strategies to continuously improve employees‟ morale, commitment and satisfaction for their job. Effective Human resource management practices therefore play a vital role in stimulating employee engagement.

Within the last two decades, tuberculosis (TB) has shown an unprecedented and rather unexpected re-emergence despite achievements in immunization, provision of heath care facilities, discovery of drugs and better understanding of the disease. The Northwest Region of Nigeria is one of those corridors through which the transmission of the disease could be enhanced due to seasonal migration of pastoralists serving as carriers of the disease, going by their mobile lifestyle. This paper tried to examine the prevalence of the disease in this area, with the aim of identifying the environmental risk factors associated with it, among others. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire on 461 patients receiving treatment as sample across the DOTS centres along Fulani route of seasonal migration. Analyses were carried out using descriptive statistics and the logistic regression while significance test was done using ANOVA. Results indicated that ‘ever been diagnosed of lung and heart-related diseases’ had the highest contribution in the model (B=4.943), followed by ‘ever stayed with a TB patient’ (B=2.213) and then ‘family member ever been infected with TB’ (B=1.411). However, the ANOVA test on number of persons sleeping in a room indicated no statistically significant difference in the means of the groups, F (15, 89) = 1.117; p = 0.354. It was concluded that contact with the index and overcrowding play a role in the prevalence of TB in the study area and therefore recommend further studies on individual risk factors so as to guide disease surveillance and control.

The aim of study is to find out the way credit cards are being used by young people, based on a series of recommendations suggested by Mexico´s National Commission for the Protection and Defense of Financial Services Users (CONDUSEF for its acronym in Spanish). Also, the paper aims to know if this population has the necessary information to use their credits in a responsible way, because the data from the research by Solano et al. (2015), which identifies the “Determinants of credit card use in Mexico”, lead us to question the role of financial education or lack of it among young Mexicans. Thereby, real tests are carried out to corroborate the afore-mentioned, by means of a survey applied to the young people from Veracruz-Boca del Río metropolitan area.

The aim of this study is to assess the state of plant biodiversity in the natural rangelands of transhumant cattle herds in the Classified Forest of Upper Alibori (CFUA), Northern Benin. Forty-five (45) phytosociological plots were carried out using the Braun-Blanquet method. The phytosociological data were submitted to Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) under the software R.3.3.2 with a package vegan. The results revealed that the natural rangelands of the CFUA have 178 species belonging to 45 families of which the most abundant and dominant are the Poaceae, Caesalpiniaceae, Combretaceae and Rubiaceae. Three (3) types of pasture were highlighted: Detarium microcarpum and Pennisetum polystachion ; Isoberlinia doka and Brachiaria stigmatisata; Prosopis africana and Pennisetum pedicellatum. The most abundant and dominant biological types on these natural rangelands are phanerophytes followed by therophytes. However, Sudanese species are the most abundant and dominant. This shows that pastures in this protected area are relatively undisturbed. The unsweetened and invasive species such as Senna obtusifolia, Hyptis suaveolens, Loudetia togoensis, etc. were also observed in this natural rangeland. It follows from this study that the natural rangelands of CFUA are degraded due to the strong agropastoral pressure.

Article revolves around the conspectus accentuating healthiness, quest significance of robustness in workforce proficiency, productivity and prosperity. Descriptive multination study articulated considering secondary data derived of various primary and secondary sources. Study embodies fifteen countries, five high, middle and low-income countries each, employing non-probability nonrandom sampling. Contrasted on considered variable embracing Health-Status, Intelligence-Quotient, Work-Capacity, Economic-Growth and Happiness-Score. Interpretation derived based on the statistical measurements and inferences. Computations performed employing Ms Excel. Complete compilation phase lasted for 2 months August to September ‘2017. Mentally and physically healthy individuals usually score higher in intelligence quotient, manages productive work hours, endures prolong life expectancies and tends to be more contented. Healthy status, intelligence quotient, economic growth, happiness score descends while work capacity ascends from high to low income countries. Healthiness drive workforce effectiveness and efficiency. Health diminutions, a growing concern globally, dispel proficiency, dissipates productivity, perplex prosperity. All means and measures should be encouraged actuating work dexterity concomitant with mental and physical wellbeing.

It is commonly acknowledged that Government worldwide resettled people and communities (particularly those along river channels) from one geographical area to another on the basis of real, perceived and lingering threat, danger, catastrophe or epidemic. The contention of this paper is that despite the fact that most resettlement schemes are meant for the benefit of the community at large, the manner under which the resettlement scheme was conceived, planned and implemented failed to take into consideration the views/inputs of members of the community. The resultant effect leads to loss of livelihood, tension, violence and conflict in the affected communities and overall failure of the intended benefit of the scheme. This paper examines resettlement scheme at Gidan Salihu, Goronyo Local Government Area of Sokoto state focusing on the viability of the scheme and livelihood deprivation and challenges it places on the victims and the community. Data for this study was obtained via administration of questionnaire to those affected by the resettlement scheme selected via purposive and systematic sampling techniques as well as Focus Group Discussion with community leaders. Purposive sampling technique was adopted in the choice of the respondents and systematic sampling technique was used to select respondents to be administered with questionnaire at the interval of every 6th respondents. A total of 216 respondents were selected via systematic sampling technique. Key findings of the study reveals that majority of those affected by the resettlement scheme lost their farm lands, source of pasture and water for their livestock and compelling them to resides in an unfamiliar housing settings reflecting more of an urban setting than rural. Majority of the victims refused to relocate to the new environment stressing that it is better to continue to live under threat of hazard than to live in an area which will render them economically and socially vulnerable to poverty and hopelessness. The study concludes by recommending involvement of community members in decisions and policies affecting the livelihood of displaced communities.