Background: It was an experimental comparative study conducted in Sudan, faculty of healthy sciences at Alsheikh Abdallah Elbadri University, among 144 Sudanese and non-Sudanese volunteers, age between 16 to 49 years old. ECG was done before and after exposure to mobile cell phone and both results was compared. The mobile cell phone was placed on chest pocket level during silent modes. Objectives: The study was aimed to detect the effect of silent mobile phone electromagnetic radiation on ECG parameters in both genders. Results: ECG parameters mean +STD of P, PR, ST and QT have significant change within normal range correlated with heart rate and rhythm, while the mean +STD of QRS duration and T wave has no significant changes. Conclusion: The mobile phone wave during silent mode has direct effect on ECG parameters which leads to sinus arrhythmia.

Needle stick injury (NSIs) is the main transmission source of blood borne infection among health care workers all over the world. Nurses are at high risk of needle stick injury with acquisition of blood-borne infection by pathogens while performing their clinical activities in the hospitals. Thus, this study aim was to assess the knowledge and practice of nurses regarding needle stick injury in Public Hospitals Lahore, Pakistan. Cross sectional study technique was used in the current study. Self-administered questionnaire was distributed among 186 nurses through convenient random sampling. Descriptive analysis was used to analyze the data. Finding of this study shows that most of the nurses have good knowledge about needle stick injury but application of the knowledge in their practical work was poor. The study recommends that the health education program for needle stick injury and prevention measure should be introduced to all the nurses intensively and encourages them to apply during their daily practice.

Background: In the present era almost all of the outstanding health care organizations have status because of the immense contributions of their employees especially Nurses and Doctors. These organizations pay to their employees according to their role and performance. The purpose of the study was that the impact of job satisfaction can affect Nurses performance. Methods: Total 111 participants were selected for this study as sample. It was a cross sectional descriptive study. For data collection self-administered structured questionnaire was used and data was collected from three tertiary hospitals of Lahore, Pakistan. Data was analyzed on SPSS version 16 statistical software. The results were analyzed in terms of descriptive statistics frequency, percentage were used for data analysis. Results: There were total 111 questionnaires were distributed and 100 participants returned the questionnaire. Results of the study revealed that the age of the nurses was 21-25 years (50%), and 26-30 years (39%). 91% were female, mostly were found with diploma (38%) and BSc (45%). An experience of the nurses between 1-6 years was 82%. Mostly nurses were satisfied with their performance (93%) were replied Yes, mostly nurses were not satisfied with the current service structure 73% answered No. 71% nurses were satisfied with their salary. 79% (Yes) were really satisfied with the all types of activities that lead to them towards good performance. There were mix response of the nurses about the regarding present incentives. Conclusion: This study results show this is the female dominant profession and mostly nurses were satisfied with their present performance. Majority of nurses were satisfied with their current salary, but they were not satisfied with their present inducements and service structure of the nurses. Generally nurses think that annual inducements and salaries effects on nurses‟ job satisfactions which lead to the good performance and there health care system will more develop.

FUO is an important medical problem worldwide, especially in the undeveloped countries like India. To have a structured, sensible and effective approach the clinician must have an understanding of the spectrum of disease and test characteristics of various diagnostic modalities available in the evaluation of FUO. The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical and etiological profile of patients having classic FUO. It was a cross sectional study for one year duration from 1st June 2013 to 31st May 2014 and was performed in the Department of Medicine in I.G.M.C. Shimla. All the admitted Patients above 18 year of age and who fulfilled the Durack and Street criteria of FUO were included in the study. After initial history taking and physical examination, the patients were subjected to routine, serological & radiographic investigations. Data was entered using microsoft excel software and analyzed with the help of epi info v7. A total of 45 patients who admitted with FUO were included Mean age of the patients was 33 years and majority of the patients were in young age group of 18-40 years (76%).There was male preponderance (69%) and most of the patients were from rural background (71%).The mean duration of fever 46.6 days and mean duration of hospitalization was 14.4 days. Infections were responsible for 80% cases of FUO. These infections included tuberculosis (29%), enteric fever (17.5%), intra-abdominal abscesses (8.8%), chloroquine responsive fever (4.4%), brucellosis (7%), lieshmaniasis (4.4%), and UTI (2.2%). Non Infectious Inflammatory Disease (NIID) and neoplasms were were responsible for only 4.4% and 2.2% of cases, while 13.2% of the cases remained undiagnosed. Infections are the most important cause of fever of unknown origin in the developing countries like India and tuberculosis is the leading cause. Thus the initial investigations should always include tests for ruling out or confirming diagnosis of infectious disease.

Burmese Citizenship Law-1982 has made the Muslim Rohingyas largest persecuted population groups in the world. Rohingya crisis in Myanmar is a contemporary and crucial issue not only in South and Southeast Asia but also in the world. The „duration of stay‟ of Rohingyas in Myanmar is a matter of controversy raised by Rohingya literatures and Arakanese Buddhists literatures. The root of antagonism between Rohingya Muslim and Buddhist Arakanese is historical. Only the dimension and extension has been changed with the advancement of time. Massive Rohingya exodus has been occurred three times in independent Myanmar, in 1978, 1991-92 and 2017 due to military operation. Huge number of refugee outflow has strike mainly in neighbouring Bangladesh border, has made geopolitical imbalance in the South-East Asia. Myanmar Government and Rohingya leaders should review their policy against each other and should start dialoging for the permanent solution. The paper tries to draw out the origin of Rohingyas and their long history of conflict with Buddhist Arakanese as well as with Government. Refugee issue and migration pattern also included here. Statements are almost bias free as much as possible and have been made best on important historical/research document.

The research aimed to measure HbA1C in normal Sudanese non-diabetic pregnant women attending antenatal care at Ribat University Hospital, Khartoum state during the period from Sep 2017 to Nov 2017, and to explore the effect of pregnancy on HbA1C. A Cross sectional facility based study was conducted in The National Ribat University hospital during the period from Sep 2017 to Nov 2017 among the Normal Sudanese pregnant, non-diabetic females of ages between 18-40 years. Twenty women were included as a pilot, ten of them at first trimester and ten at third trimester. Correlations between the variables were estimated and P value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant and used to determine the relationship between the Multiple factors of pregnancy and HbA1c level. The mean value of HbA1c at first trimester of pregnancy was found to be 4.7% with a range of (3.5% - 5.5 %) and the mean value of HbA1c at third trimester of pregnancy was found to be 3.98% with a range of (2.8% - 5.4%). The mean value of HbA1c in normal pregnancy was found to be 4.37% with a range of (2.8% - 5.5 %). There was no correlation between normal FBG, Hb level, daily caloric intake, age, PH. of DM, PH. of GDM, family history of DM and the level of HbA1c. According to this study the mean value of HbA1c in Sudanese healthy pregnant women is 4.37 found within the normal Sudanese values of HbA1c. HbA1c is lower in the third trimester compared to first trimester.

This paper reports obtaining of useful and highly value materials from wheat bran. For this purpose, wheat bran sample was burned for 30 s using Nd: YAG laser with output power 60 W. The product of synthesis process and non-burned wheat bran were characterized by x-ray diffractometer (XRD), energy dispersive xray (EDX) and fourier transform infrared (FTIR) so as to investigate its crystal structure and chemical components. XRD results of the sample before burning process revealed amorphous silica, cubic phase of silicon carbide and rhombohedral phase of carbon. The obtained results showed that burning process using Nd: YAG laser can convert the cubic structure of silicon carbide into hexagonal and rhombohedral structure and convert rhombohedral structure of carbon into hexagonal structure; also it revealed a monoclinic structure of silica after burning. FTIR showed a number of absorbance peaks assigned to silica and silicon carbide.

Gastrointestinal system is predominantly supplied by the serotonin. Serotonin has both central & peripheral actions. The SSRls increases the release of serotonin in the synapse by inhibiting the transporter, which results in excessive nausea & vomiting initially. We carried out this study to determine the effects of SSRIs on intestinal motility. Power lab (USA) was used for recording the contractions of ileal smooth muscle of rabbit. The percent responses of serotonin, fluoxetine, paroxetine and citalopram were 100, 15.48, 7.45, and 6.75 percent correspondingly indicating that serotonin has a greater impact on intestinal motility as compared to SSRIs. Failure of SSRIs (fluoxetine, paroxetine and citalopram) to augment the serotonergic transmission in vitro causes a decline in its qualitative response. Fluoxetine causes the minimal effect on intestinal activity amongst its fellow drug & therefore can be prescribed safely in patients of depression with abnormal motility

Energy availability is a vital factor for the survival and optimal performance of industries worldwide. Energy deficit poses a serious threat to the optimal performance of industrial processes, industrial growth and economic development of any nation. Nigeria is blessed with abundant natural resources from which energy could be freely harnessed to meet the nation’s ever spiralling energy needs. Owing to various reasons some of which are pin-pointed here, however, Nigeria continues to suffer acute shortage of energy to power the manufacturing sector therefore hindering her industrial and economic development. The study seeks to investigate the impact of energy deficit on the overall equipment effectiveness (OEE) of selected manufacturing firms in Nigeria as well as suggest ways of using OEE to maximise energy and improve productivity. Data extracted from the sampled firms were used in the computation of the Availability (A), Performance (P), Product Quality (Q) and the Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) applicable to each firm. The findings show that Nigeria must adopt vigorous steps to explore and exploit its abundant energy resources in other to achieve her dream of becoming an industrial giant in the nearest future.

The present paper described about the development and validation of three different simple, sensitive, rapid, accurate and economical UV Spectrophotometric methods. The developed methods were used for the quantitative estimation of famciclovir in bulk drug and its pharmaceutical dosage form. UV 1800 double beam UV Visible Spectrophotometer with a pair of 10mm path length matched quartz cells were used for the study. Method A (Borate buffer pH9), Method B (0.1N NaOH) Method C (Phosphate buffer pH4) and Method D (Phosphate buffer pH 7) were developed for estimation of famciclovir by zero-order and first-order derivative. Beer’s law is valid in the concentration range of 10-80 μg/mL and 10-90 μg/mL respectively and the correlation coefficient was found to be 0.999. The percentage recoveries were found to be 98-102%. The relative standard deviation was found to be <2%. LOD&LOQ were estimated. The statistical analysis proves that the methods are reproducible and selective for the routine analysis of famciclovir in bulk and its pharmaceutical dosage form

Recent attempts have been made to prove that honey is also a comparable fixative for cytological specimens. It is a natural organic product, odorless and not known to cause any disease. Secondly it is relatively cheaper and not prone to be mishandled, making it an efficient contender for use as a fixative. Our results, therefore, confirmed that honey can safely be used as an alternate to alcohol in cytology specimens. Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) is a useful diagnostic aid in benign and malignant lesions. The diagnostic accuracy of FNAC depends on the sampling technique, fixative used, and quality of staining and of course the meticulosity of interpretation by the pathologist. The widely used fixative in this procedure is 95 % Alcohol which although readily available, has a number of limitations for use. It is expensive and hence subject to pilferage. Also, it is a volatile liquid with an irritant smell and is said to be carcinogenic. In this study, we analyzed and compared the efficacy of cytological smears fixed in 95% alcohol and 20% honey solution. The results of our study showed no statistical significant difference in the fixative properties of honey and alcohol.

Meloxicam is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent and having multiple pharmacological activities have been reported. In the present article involve the development of chitosan nanoparticles of meloxicam and have been subjected to stability test at various pH, drug release study, in vivo pharmacokinetics in wistar rats, and investigated the decreasing the growth of colon cancer cells. Chitosan nanoparticles of meloxicam such as F1 and F2 have shown anticancer activity against HT29 cell lines. Furthermore,. The nanoparticles were in the size range between 170 nm and 220 nm. The oral absorption of nanoparticles were quite higher than the meloxicam alone. Therefore the prepared nanoparticles formulations were showed better activity than meloxicam alone

Mauritanian classroom has been regarded as male public space. This has affected the academic achievement of female students, which in turn is likely to influence negatively their social, economic and political visibilities. As such, females’ participation in the classroom activities becomes an inviting topic to be explored. The current study, thereby, aims to unveil the reasons of highly inhibited and highly exuberant female students in the classroom. In so doing, observations and interviews were carried out on 8 students studying at the Modern University of Nouakchott. The findings revealed that inhibition, depreciation of participation, devaluation of speech in mixed environment, peers’ negative comments, and distant and/or female professors, were the main factors hindering female students’ participation. Factors that have been rated as strong promoters of participation, however, were: positive perception of participation, “modern thinking,” wellrounded knowledge about the topic, the type of topic studied, accessible professors, and learner-centered approach.

The emerging economies like India where more than 60% of the population lives in the rural areas, should ensure adequate access to the financial products and services to all the individuals in the country. The launch of the Prime Minister Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) a revolutionary financial inclusion program in August 2014 to bring access to formal financial services to all the India’s population has led to the opening of around 2.8 billion bank accounts till March 2017. The access to the financial products is expected to change the investment and savings behavior of the rural households. The present study focuses on understanding the factors influencing the investment behaviour of households in rural India, where majority of the population lives. In addition to the socio economic factors, the study also considers the impact of the level of financial literacy on the investment behaviour. The study was conducted in the coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh where the major occupation of the rural households is agriculture. Discriminant analysis is carried out to identify the factors influencing the investment behaviour of rural households. As Agriculture is the major occupation in rural India, the findings of the study will certainly help the government in encouraging the rural households for investing in financial products. The results of the study will also serve as a major input to the policy makers in channelizing the rural household savings into productive activities of corporate entities.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis infection in pregnant women in Setif region and to identify the main risk factors involved. The different parameters were collected by direct interviews and using standardized ELIFA technique for detecting the anti-toxoplasmic antibodies IgG / IgM and determining the immunological status of this sample. Our results showed a general lack of Toxoplasmosis awareness, a prevalence of 58% of seronegative pregnant women and 42% of seropositive women they may have risks of seroconversion as the case observed in our study. The statistical analysis confirmed that the consumption of undercooked meat is the main factor of contamination. This study has the advantage of setting up a serological monitoring of toxoplasmosis according to a legal framework with the aim of detecting and servile seronegative women, hence the importance of education and information in terms of prevention.