Plants have been one of the important source of medicine since the beginning of human civilization and it still continues as one of the major sources of drugs in modern as well as traditional medicine throughout the world. Medicinal plants are the local heritage with global importance. S. ciliatus of Acanthaceae family is commonly known as “Sahachara” and is used widely in ingenious Indian system of medicine as it is known to possess a range of folk and proven biologic activity such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-microbial, antifungal, anti-diabetic, antioxidant and hepatoprotective. The present study deals with the microscopic and macroscopic evaluation of the stem and leaf and also establishment of its quality parameters including the physicochemical and preliminary phytochemical investigation which were conducted. Considering the medicinal importance of S. ciliatus a complete study on macroscopic and microscopic characters are carried out. Histological studies were conducted by paraffin infiltration method. Anatomical features of the stem and leaves were studied in detail. Powder characters were also analysed. Physicochemical parameters like ash value and extractive value were done. Phytochemical screening shows the presence of alkaloid, saponins, glycosides, flavonoids, steroids, sterols, carbohydrate, tannins and terpenoids. The values from physicochemical parameters will serve as an identification tool for preventing adulteration of the plant. Findings from the study will be useful for compiling the monograph of S. ciliatus for its identification and quality control

Ipomoea sepiaria Roxb., also known as Purple heart glory is a slender vine belonging to family Convolvulaceae. In Sanskrit it is known as lakshmana, in hindi as Bankalmi and in Malayalam as Tirutali. It is one among the ten sacred plants known collectively as “Dasapushpam” in Kerala. These plants are used for rejuvenating the body in the form of „karkidakakanji‟ in the monsoon season in Kerala which is also prescribed in text books of ayurveda. Juice of the plant is used as deobstruent, diuretic, hypotensive, uterine tonic and antidote to arsenic poisoning. The present study aims at the preliminary phytochemical screening of the successive solvent extracts of Ipomoea sepiaria Roxb. and identification of compounds in the Hexane extract by Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry technique. The preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence flavanoids, tannins, flavanoids, terpenoids, steroids, sterols, cardiac glycosides and carbohydrates. The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of the compounds Caryophyllene, α –Curcumene, β – Cadinene, ϒ –Elemene, Caryophyllene oxide, Asarone, Germacrone, Methyl isopimarate, Abietic acid, Lupeol, β –Amyrin and α –Amyrin which have not been so far reported in Ipomoea sepiaria. The higher percentages of compounds α- amyrin(33.341) β –Amyrin(16.28) which form the basic skeleton of triterpenoid saponins are promising.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common neuro developmental disorder in children. Most common comorbidity is Disruptive behaviour disorder. Family and social environmental factors are not considered as having etiological role but may exacerbate pre-existing symptoms and genetic or neurological vulnerability. These children are particularly challenging and require intensive intervention to prevent greater morbidity and impairment. This study aims to see whether family adversity is related to ADHD with Conduct disorder. This case –control, cross sectional study was done in a child Guidance clinic of Psychiatry department of R.G Kar Medical College, Kolkata. Children diagnosed as ADHD with co morbid DBD fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected as cases (N=32). Control population was collected from schools of both rural and urban areas who did not have any psychiatric disorder (N =62). The consenting parents of the cases and control were interviewed with a standardized questionnaire named Family Environmental scale (F.E.S). Significant differences were found in all variables. The control group family has shown more cohesion, more acceptance and caring, more expressiveness, more independence, more family organisation and control, enjoyed more active recreational orientation but less family conflict. The cases, ADHD with co morbid ODD or CD have shown high family conflict.

Seeds of Myrianthus arboreus P. Beauv were collected from from Didoko forest, at 140 km from Abidjan (Côte d‟Ivoire). One part of seeds (about 1 kg) was dried at sun (30-35°C) for a week (Dried Seeds, DS). A second part (1 kg), was boiled in water (100°C) for 30min (Boiled Seeds, BS). Oils were extracted using chloroform and methanol as solvent and the content in oil was determined by gravimetry. Physicochemical caractéristiques were determined using the méthodes of the American Oil Chemists Society. The total lipid contents of myrianthus arboreus seeds were 45.82±2.16 and 46.02±0.49; respectively for DS and BS. Physicochemical properties of these oils showed that acid values ; saponification and peroxide values and the iodine indices were 1,94±0.1 and 3,00±0.17 mg KOH/g ; 136,68 ± 0.32 mg KOH/g of oil and 148,36± 0.64 mg KOH/g of oil ; 5,49± 0.49 mEq/Kg and 5,6±0.10 mEq/Kg ; and 104,037±0.037 g I2/100g and 103.O42±0.042 g I2/100g respectively for DSO and BSO. The colours of myrianthus arboreus seeds oils were yelloworange for DSO and pale yellow for BSO respectively. The quality and stability of traditionally processed myrianthus arboreus seeds oil as affected by temperature were evaluated by analyzing their physicochemical properties which included acid, saponification, peroxide, and iodine indices.

Cytological examination of cavity effusions is extremely important as it highlight the cause, presence of metastatic cells, typing of unknown cases, prognosis and staging of cancer. To study and evaluate trends in cytological evaluation of cavity effusions for various pathological conditions in a tertiary health care centre. 2) To correlate their frequency in relation to diagnosis. Our Study was cross-sectional study performed in Department of Pathology, Sri Aurobindo Medical College and Post Graduate Institute from 1st January 2013 to 31st December 2014. Serous cavity effusions included in the study were pleural and peritoneal in origin. All other fluids (pericardial and synovial fluid) were excluded from the study. The history and relevant parameters were noted and correlated clinically. Cytospin and Conventional smear methods were performed on pleural and peritoneal fluids. Both air dried and wet fixed smears in methyl alcohol were used and stained with Papanicolaou (PAP) and May-Grunwald-Giemsa (MGG) stain. Out of 885 cases, 400 (45.19%) were pleural fluid, 485(54.8%) were peritoneal fluid .806 (91%) were of benign effusion and 79 (8.92%) were of malignant effusion. Total transudate cases in our study were 611 (69%) and exudates were 274 (30.9%). Male to female ratio was 1.5:1 with youngest patient 20 years old and eldest was 85years old. In younger age group benign effusions are common and malignant in older age group. Morphology and staining with May-Grunwald-Giemsa (MGG) and Papanicolaou (PAP) helped in better interpretation. Preliminary fluid analysis for cytology in resource limited settings, still remains the most convenient and cost effective method in arriving at the diagnosis, thereby reducing the need for invasive investigations and their related complications. Presence and absence of malignant cells at times can be the only clue to the presence of malignancy thereby affecting the prognosis and treatment outcome of the patient

Crop simulation models are used in predicting crop productivity under various crop management options and changing climatic parameters that require determination of genetic coefficient of a crop cultivar. Successful use of a crop model depends on the accuracy of calibration and validation of different parameters. This paper aimed to evaluate the DSSAT (v4.6) crop model in Bangladesh for wheat production. Genetic co-efficient of four wheat cultivars (BARI Gom-25, 26, 27 & 28) were determined through DSSAT model. Experimental data on irrigation and nitrogen effect on wheat production was used for model calibration and date of sowing effect for model validation. Model evaluation results showed closer estimation of crop growth duration, grain and biomass yields. Percent error difference in grain yield of wheat varieties (BARI Gom- 25, 26, 27 and 28) between simulated and observed values were 10.98%, 8.70%, 10.79% and 8.94%, respectively. Relationship between simulated and observed grain yields, and simulated and observed crop duration both at calibration and validation process are strong having higher R2 value. The model has been successfully calibrated and validated for wheat growing in Bangladesh environment and can now it can be taken for further applications in natural resources management and climate change impact studies.

Fasting during the month of Ramadan is one of the five pillars of Islam. During this month, adult Muslims are obligated to refrain from eating and drinking from dawn to dusk. Some of our CKF patients fast the whole month against medical advice, for many raisons (religious or social customs). The aim of our study is to evaluate the impact of fasting on the renal function in this population. We conducted retrospective study of 47 patients (16 females, mean age 61.9 years; 15-85 years) with a eGFR less than 90 ml/min/1.73m2, most had a eGFR less than 60 ml/min/1.73m2. For patients with chronic kidney disease, the existing data in the literature are scarce and give inconclusive results. Patients should be monitored closely by their physicians while fasting. If a sign or symptom of acute tubular necrosis occurred, the fasting should be discontinued

The purpose of the present work was to evaluate the proximate composition, minerals content (Na, K, Ca, Fe, Mg, Cu, Zn, Mn), simultaneous quantification of water soluble vitamins (like ascorbic acid, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine & folic acid) by HPLC of three different grasses viz. Cynodon dactylon, Apluda mutica and Eleusin indica. The result showed the highest calorific value of C. dactylon (124.031 ± 1.154 kcal/100g) which was also found to contain highest amount of protein and carbohydrate. An appreciable quantity of carbohydrate was estimated in the aerial parts of E. indica (17.762 ± 0.122%). E. indica had the highest potassium content (2.207 ± 0.006 mg/g) and calcium content (6.023 ± 0.002 mg/g). The sodium content ranged between 0.049 – 0.289 mg/g. The aerial parts of E. indica (274.945 ± 0.085 mg/100g) contained a very good amount of vitamin C. The water soluble B vitamin content in these plants under investigation ranged between 0.009 to 12.133 mg/100gm. In conclusion, the results indicate that these IAS can be utilized as food supplement.

Thrombocytopenia is a group of heterogeneous disorders of varying etiology and involving deficiency of platelets. Platelet volume parameters are significant especially in the diagnosis of causes of thrombocytopenia. The platelet volume parameters have been widely available as part of full blood count profile on automated hematology analyzers. To evaluate the relationship between platelet volume parameters and causative process in thrombocytopenia Methods: PLCR of 500 cases of thrombocytopenia (TCP) and 300 control cases having normal platelet counts were recorded. The analysis was done by Sysmex KX 21 cell counter and every case was reassessed by Peripheral Smear (P.S.) examination and if necessary also by the manual method. Only those cases that had sufficient clinico-hematological work up were included in the study. Results: Cases were grouped according to the most predominant mechanism of Group A-Accelerated platelet destruction, Group B-Impaired platelet production, and Group C-Abnormal platelet pooling. The age range was from 1 day to 90 years. The commonest age group for thrombocytopenia was between 21-30 years accounting for 88(18%) cases. 75(15%) cases belonged to both 31-40 and 41-50 age groups. The mean platelet large cell ratio P-LCR % was 22.64 ± 7.13 and in Group A it was 31.68 ± 8.36 and in Group B was 19.50 ± 5.51 and Group C was 31.48 ± 9.09. The Z test was performed between A, B and C Group with the control group of all the parameters of the platelet count. The P-LCR of accelerated destruction Group A, B, C and Vs Control were all significant values <0.05. Conclusion: Platelet Large cell ratio and the Platelet distribution width showed a direct linear relationship in all groups of Thrombocytopenia as well as the control group. Decreased production of platelets in cases of thrombocytopenia can be differentiated from other two groups of thrombocytopenia with the help of all the three parameters MPV, PDW and P-LCR as the differences are statistically significant.

The impact of culture environment was assessed for the production of GIFT tilapia over high stocking densities at 20 fish/m2 and 30 fish/m2 in ponds and 300 fish/ m3 and 400 fish /m3 in cages in the same ponds to ensuring maximum utilization of the pond resources. After 120 days culture period the highest net yield of 3.72 kg/ m2 was obtained from ponds which were stocked with 20 fish / m2 and fed with homemade feed consisted of 60% wheat bran + 30% mustard oil cake +10% flour, while the highest net yield of 8.55 kg / m3 was obtained from cages stocked with 300 fish / m3 fed with the same feed from the same cultural environment. The lowest net yields of 2.34 kg/ m2 and 8.48 kg/ m3 were recorded from fish stocked at 30 fish/ m2 and 400 fish / m3 fed with the same feed from ponds and cages respectively. With the high survival rate the growth and yield of tilapia fish were found to be significantly influenced (p <0.05) by the cultural environment, stocking density and their interactions. Therefore the culture environment had a greater exerted effect on the production than the stocking densities.

Phytomedicines are becoming more popular in the world for their ability to cure diseases with less toxicity and better therapeutic efficacy. Herbal medicines may also have disadvantages of poor bioavailability, toxicity, stability issues and patient compliance. In order to minimize these problems various drug delivery systems such as liposomes, phytosomes, niosomes, ethosomes and trasferosomes etc are being developed for phytomedicines. Novel drug delivery systems can improve bioavailability of drug that refers to the existence of drugs in the body part where they are actually needed. Ethosomes are noninvasive flexible vesicular carriers that enable the drugs to permeate through the deeper layers of skin and systemic circulation. They are mainly composed of phospholipids, high concentration of ethanol and water. As ethanol is known for its disturbance of skin lipid bilayer arrangement; therefore, inclusion of ethanol into a vesicular membrane provides the ability of vesicle to permeate through the stratum corneum. The high flexibility of ethosomal carrier from the added ethanol allows the elastic carrier to squeeze through the skin pores. Herbal ethosomal formulation has been effectively used to enhance bioavailability of many herbs including Glycyrrhiza glabra, Sophora alopercuroides, Cannabis sativa, Sesbania grandiflora and Podophyllum hexandrum

A total number of 1042 flathead mullet Mugil cephalus were searched for parasites during summer & autumn 2015 and winter & spring 2016. Six different parasite taxa belonging to Microsporidia, Myxozoa, Ciliophora, Anisakidae and Gnathostomatidae were identified. The total number of infested mullets along the study period with one or more parasites was 396 representing a percentage of 38.0%. Mullets were infested with Microsporum velveticum through ingesting the intermediate host. This parasite was observed in the intestinal epithelia, adipose tissue, liver, stomach epithelia, muscles and air bladder. Myxidium depressum was observed in the liver and gall bladder of infested mullets in a plasmid stage that had undergone sporogony forming multicellular myxospores. Trichodina murmanica was observed on the gill surface, the operculum and respiratory epithelium where superficial to deep ulcerative lesions were visible. Third Larval stages of Anisakis simplex, Raphidascaris acus and Gnathostoma spinigerum were observed free in the duodenum and ileim or encapsulated in the stomach epithelia, liver, and muscles. The infra-community of protists was highest in winter and fall while for parasitic nematodes was during spring and summer. Seasonal fluctuation of the parasite community was demonstrated by using standard calculations.

This is a cross sectional study of 60 patients with organophosphorus poisoning admitted at MGM Medical College and Maharaja Yashwantrao hospital Indore from June 2013 to May 2014. Severity of poisoning and requirement of ventilator support were studied in these patients. The POP scale and pseudo cholinesterase levels both showed a significant association in predicting the need for ventilatory support. Lower grade of poisoning had a better outcome whereas higher severity of poisoning had a poorer outcome

This cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the level of violence and influencing factors, reasons for violence according to women, women‟ behaviors in response to violence, reasons given by women who are exposed to violence for sustaining their marriage in Sanliurfa in Turkey between 15 December 2013 and 15 February 2014.Participants were selected by using 30 cluster sampling methods. A total of 300 married women were reached. The prevalence of being exposed to any type of violence was determined 78.7%; this included physical violence 18.3%, verbal violence 50.3%, emotional violence 38.3%, sexual violence 8.0%, and economic violence 57.0%. Considering all types of violence, the most common applicator of violence was husband (90–100%). Almost half of the women stated that they gave no reaction/became introverted and cried in response to violence from their husbands. Almost half of women being exposed to violence by their husbands were observed to sustain their marriage. It is also, 23.6% of women stated that they confirmed man's wife to violence in some cases (It is also 23.6% of women stated that they are OK with their husbans violance to themselves in some cases.) Women who participated in the study had a very high prevalence of being exposed to violence. Even more, violence was approved by women in some cases. These results show that health care professionals rendering services in the region have great responsibilities to prevent, determine and protect individuals from the violence, as well providing treatment and rehabilitation.

Patients with multiple myeloma may present a variety of renal manifestations as a result of damage from circulating light chain immunoglobulin components. The renal alterations can interest any of the renal compartments, and in certain cases more than one compartment can be affected. The resulting high serum concentrations of these proteins often lead to tubular interstitial injuries as endocytic receptors in the proximal tubules are overwhelmed. A 46-year-old white man with a history of left hip pain was diagnosed as multiple myeloma. Imaging including MRI and PET scan showed a left pelvic heterogenous mass causing bone destruction and compressing the adjacent organs. He was referred to the nephrology department due to the onset of acute kidney injury requiring hemodialysis. A kidney biopsy was performed and showed patterns of acute interstitial nephritis and focal linear staining for kappa light chains along tubular basement membranes on immunofluorescence. After glucocorticoids for acute interstitial nephritis and chemotherapy (Bortezomib -Cyclophosphamide - Dexamethasone) directed against the clone, the renal function partially improved and the patient got off hemodialysis support. Conclusion: Acute kidney injury may be the first clinical presentation in patients with multiple myeloma. Could interstitial nephritis be the only manifestation of MM without myeloma cast nephropathy and whether it was glucocorticoid or chemotherapy directed against the clone that has resulted in a significant improvement in renal function.