Hausa is a language of the people situated in Northern Nigeria, Niger, Ghana and as far as North Africa. The language was blessed with two writing systems: Ajami (with modified Arabic letters) and Boko (using Roman letters). The publication of Hausa Newspapers began in the year 1932 by the Translation Bureau in Zaria which was established in the year 1929. It was begun with a newspaper called Jaridar Nijeriya Ta Arewa. Since that time the Hausa newspaper has continued under different agencies and individuals up to the present time when over 130 newspapers are published in Hausa language. Out of this number, currently less than 40 are circulating and all the remaining ones have died. The aim of this paper is to assess the history of the publication of this newspaper starting from the background and finally suggest the way to empower them.

In developing countries, the sexually transmitted infection is one of top five diseases to which adults seek for medical help. There is an association between common STIs and sexual transmission of HIV. Therefore, control of STIs receives attention to control the spread of HIV. A retrospective study was conducted in Teaching Hospital Batticaloa during the period between 2014 and 2016. A total of 1190 cases were newly registered in STD clinic, of which 317 cases were confirmed to be having STIs. A total of 317 confirmed cases of infection episodes were recorded in all patients attended to STD clinics during this three years. Of which, 96.8% were due to STI and 3.2% due to lower reproductive infections. Among the STIs; genital herpes (22.71; Syphilis (16.71%). gonorrhoea infection 4.41%. Trichomonas vaginalis was 7.25%. During the period of three years only one case of HIV was identified. Hepatitis B infection constitutes to 15.14% stays in order next to Syphilis .bacterial infections shows a decreasing trend while a gradual increase of viral infections is observed. Public health should be strengthened especially use of condom and avoiding sexual contact with unreliable sexual partner in order to control STIs

Risks plays significant part in the construction projects success. Risk identification and assessment failure may result to inefficiency in the procedures of managing risks, in which may critically have an impact on the projects’ resources. A proper risk management is hardly applied in construction projects as a result of the lack of contractors’ awareness of critical risks. The purpose of this paper is to base its focus on the examination of risk factors in construction projects.

Buildings in hot countries experience significant amount of heat gain through windows and this affects the thermal comfort of buildings' occupants. The proposed glazing is specially designed to reduce the electricity consumption for lighting and cooling. The optical properties of the glazing have been optimized by using rigorous coupled-wave analysis method. The glazing consists of ITO and four periodic pairs of Si/SiO2, deposited on a glass sheet. The fabrication of the glazing and the testing has been performed at the laboratories of the Faculty of Science, University of Witwatersrand, South Africa. Magnetron sputtering technique has been used for the fabrication. The optimum thicknesses of ITO, Si and SiO2, obtained from the simulation and the experimental work, are 0.1 μm, 0.15 and o.4 μm, respectively. The glazing transmits 70-80% of the visible light and reflects almost all the infrared radiation.

In the contemporary victimological research, there has been a substantial growth in the study of the aftereffects of crime on the victims and how to assist them. Apart from physical and financial loss, victims of crime suffer from emotional losses. Such emotional losses may be in the form of depression, lowering of self-esteem, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The traditional criminal justice administration is bed rocked on the concept that the victims of crime get justice when the accused is convicted and sentenced to imprisonment. In recent times experiences in many countries across the globe have shown that one of the effective way of addressing the needs of the crime victims is by establishing within the criminal justice system programs that will provide victims of crime social, financial, emotional and psychological support.

We present a rare entity of incidentally detected microscopic thymoma in the thymectomy specimen of a female with early onset myasthenia gravis. The thymus was of normal size radiologically and macroscopically. Histological sections examined show multifocal tiny thymic epithelial proliferation suggestive of microscopic thymoma. Microscopic thymomas are rare tumours and less than 20 cases have been reported worldwide

The acronym CHARGE is used to describe specific congenital birth defects in children: Colobomata, Heart defect, Atresia of the choanae, Retarded growth or development, Genital hypoplasia, and Ear anomalies or deafness. To confirm a diagnosis of CHARGE association, the presence of at least four of these six abnormalities is sufficient

The skin is the largest organ in the body. A multitude of diseases are linked to an insufficient or overactive dermal vasculature. Vessels change their phenotype,i.e. vascular remodelling in inflammatory conditions. The aim of this study was to analyse the dermal vascular alterations in various inflammatory skin diseases & to assess their utility in establishing the differential diagnosis. A unicenter study of 55 (fifty five) skin biopsies received from patients of various non tumorous common inflammatory skin diseases such as, psoriasis, lichen planus, erythema multiform, blistering (bullous) lesions and 10 control samples were studied. Morphometric analysis was performed on CD 34 immunostained sections using image analysis software (Leica Q Win V3 software analysis system). Mean vascular density (MVD) and mean vascular calibre (MVC) was calculated. The MVD was maximum in psoriasis, followed by lichen planus, bullous lesions and erythema multiform. MVD in psoriasis was significantly higher than the controls. MVC was highest in psoriasis followed by erythema multiform, lichen planus and bullous lesions. The MVC in psoriasis, erythema multiform, lichen planus, bullous lesions were significantly higher than the controls. Elongated, tortuous blood vessels were more prominent in psoriasis. The endothelial changes noted were swelling in the form of nuclear hypertrophy, increased cytoplasm and endothelial gaps. Angiogenesis was increased in inflammatory skin diseases and it was highest in psoriasis. Therefore, therapeutic intervention at the level of vasoproliferation may prove to be useful.

HIV/AIDS is a serious challenge for the developing as well as the developed world. Globally, 35.0 million (33.2–37.2 million) people were living with HIV at the end of 2013. [1] Although many HIV‑infected individuals avoid risky behaviours, still substantial numbers of HIV‑infected persons, continue to engage in HIV transmission risk behaviours. To find out the Socio-Demographic, Behavioural characteristics and Clinical profile of People (Males more than 15 years) Living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA). An institutional based cross sectional study was carried out among People (male >15 years) living with HIV /AIDS (PLHA) attending Anti Retro Viral Therapy (ART) Centre of Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine (CSTM) for 12 months from May 2012 to April 2013. A predesigned and pretested schedule was used as study tool to collect required information. Maximum population (40.5%) belong to the age group 31-40 years followed by 24.1% in 41-50 years. Majority had coital debut at the age of 26-30 years (35.9%). First sexual partner among 41.7% was female commercial sex worker; 74.4% participants were not into monogamous relationship. More than half of study population (51.1%) were currently sexually active and 55.36 % of currently sexually active participant consistently used condom. Majority of the study population suffered from tuberculosis (28.2%) followed by candidiasis (24.5%). PLHA should be trained on safe sex strategy, correct and consistent use of condom among themselves & their partner as well as maintaining monogamous relationship. More involvement of Community Care centre to reinforce, care and counselling, support of PLHA against Opportunistic infection will reduce their poor health burden. IEC activities to promote value based lifestyle with reducing vulnerabilities among PLHA and creating a strong network among PLHA will prevent such harmful behaviour

This study was carried out to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and water extracts of six marine macroalgae belonging to different families namely green algae (Chlorophyceae), brown algae (Phaeophyceae) and the red algae (Rhodophyceae) collected from the intertidal area of the Sudanese Red Sea coast near Port Sudan. Successive extraction techniques using hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and water were used for extracting the active principles of the algae and the disc-diffusion method was performed to examine the activity of the crude extracts against four pathogenic bacteria and one fungus. Most of the tested algal extracts exhibited considerable bioactivity and inhibited the growth of most of pathogenic microorganisms under investigation. The chloroform extract of the red alga Gracillaria sp produced a maximum inhibition zone of 22 mm against Escherichia coli whereas the chloroform extract of the red alga Laurencia papillosa showed a low antimicrobial activity with a minimum inhibition zone of 5 mm against Bacillus subtilis.

Carcinomatous meningitis from solid tumors has not been investigated in detail in the Moroccan population. Therefore, we reviewed our experience with this disease to determine its clinical features and treatment outcomes in Moroccan patients. We performed a retrospective review of all patients with solid cancers admitted to the Military Hospital Moulay Ismail in Meknes, Morocco with carcinomatous meningitis between January 2011 and December 2017. A total of 12 patients were included. 5 were males and 7 were females. The median age was 54 years old (39 – 77 years old). The most frequent primary tumor was breast cancer (50%) and lung cancer (34%). The median time from initial cancer diagnosis to the development of carcinomatous meningitis was 6.9 months (0 – 49 months). The most common symptoms were headache (67%), nausea and vomiting (42%), and vision changes (34%). The diagnosis of CM was established by both CSF cytology and MRI in 25% of patients, by CSF cytology alone in 17%, and by MRI alone in 58%. One of the 12 patients received supportive care only. Chemotherapy was the only treatment for 50% of patients, 17% received radiotherapy alone, and 25% received both chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The median survival from the time of carcinomatous meningitis diagnosis was 9 weeks (2 – 29 weeks). Our results confirm the continued poor prognosis of carcinomatous meningitis in Moroccan patients with solid tumors as well. Further clinical trials are needed to improve therapeutic strategies including prophylactic approaches

Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) is generally the first stage in microwave communication system. The quality factor of the receiver is greatly determined by the performance of LNA. Design of a low noise amplifier (LNA) is a very critical as it amplifies the received signal and contributes most of the noise figure of whole receiver. LNA is an integral component of RF receiver and it performs various functions i.e. amplification, noise reduction, Noise Figure reduction, better stabilization and noise immunization. However, design of a LNA requires the tradeoff of many important parameters including gain, Noise Figure (NF), stability, power consumption, cost and design complexity. In this paper, we have designed and optimize the performance of a single stage stable LNA through an optimization algorithm. Our optimized single stage LNA circuit provides a gain of 11.78 dB and noise figure of 1.86 dB. These are the most important design parameter of a LNA. In this design, a microwave BJT numbered AT3103 from Avago technologies was used. The simulation and performance optimization was carried out in Agilent design package Advance Design Systems (ADS). This LNA operates at center frequency of 2 GHZ and it can be used in L-Band satellite applications.

This cross-sectional study aims to find out incidence and severity of stress among undergraduate male and female medical students and explore its association with Body mass index (BMI). A total of 523 young healthy males and females (19- 22 yrs) were categorized as normal, overweight and obese based on their BMI. The level of stress was determined among the participants using PSS-14 questionnaire. Majority of the male participants were found to be overweight with an average BMI 26.95±0.34 while average BMI noted in females was 23.66±1.25. Around 36% of these undergraduate medical students were found to be stressed with average stress score of 26.09± 0.51. In fact among overweight males incidence of stress was 33.66%. However, female subjects showed an increase in percentage prevalence of 94.12% in obese category. Interestingly stress score both in male and females showed a rising trend with maximum in obese being 26.09±0.51 in males and 32.53±1.73 in females. The level of stress was significantly different between obese male and obese females (P<0.00027). Statistically significant correlation (P<0.05) is observed between stress vs. BMI, Stress vs. Weight, Stress vs. Waist Circumference (WC) and stress vs. Hip circumference (HC) in the overweight females. The occurrence and severity of stress is found greater in female undergraduates.

The aim of this study is to analyze the relationships of the knowledge about environment, member’s participation on environment preservation, and member’s capacity to manage environment with the environment perspective of cooperatives’ members. This study was carried out at the ranch area in Leuwiliang, Bogor (2003) with 70 respondents selected by multi stage random sampling. Respondents are ranchers and the members of cooperative. The data were analyzed using simple regression, multiple regressions, simple correlation, and multiple correlations. The study reveals that there are positive relationships between: (1) the knowledge about environment with the environment perspective of cooperatives’ members, (2) member’s participation on environment preservation with the environment perspective of cooperatives’ members, (3) members capacity to manage environment with the environment perspective of cooperatives’ members, and (4) the knowledge about environment, members participation on environment preservation, and members capacity to manage environment, with the environment perspective of cooperatives’ members.

Sudanese values of HbA1c was found to be 3.8% ± 1.17 in males and 3.4% ± 1.17 in females and the diagnostic level of HbA1c was 6.5% according to WHO. The objective of this study was to measure the level of HbA1c in newly diagnosed diabetic Sudanese patients and to compare the results with the normal Sudanese values. This was a hospital based cross sectional pilot study conducted during 2017 in Omdurman teaching hospital, Khartoum state on Sudanese patients attending emergency department with age above 18 years and newly diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. Twenty patients were assessed by questionnaires covering age, family history of DM, physical activity and diet. The BMI was calculated from the weight and height and the blood pressure was measured and 5 ml of venous blood was taken to measure a test of HbA1cusing Nycocard© machine after overnight fasting. The mean of HbA1c in newly discovered males was 11.88%±0.43and in females was 13.26%±0.66%.Female gander was found to be positive relationship to HbA1C but statistically not significant with a p value (0.086). HbA1c level in newly diagnosed diabetic Sudanese patients was found to be very high compared to the normal Sudanese values of HbA1c (3.8% ± 1.17 in males and 3.4% ± 1.17 in females) and to the diagnostic value of HbAIc (6.5%) which might indicate that DM diagnosis was late.