The largest outbreak to date was the epidemic in West Africa, which occurred from December 2013 to January 2016 with 28,616 cases and 11,310 deaths. The aim of this work was to assess by a systematic literature review the impact of surveillance in health systems of Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone and Nigeria in combating Ebola Virus Disease outbreaks. Specific objectives include identifying the strength of their surveillance systems and exploring the impacts of surveillance on the containment of Ebola virus disease in the region. The PRISMA procedure was used in carrying out the study. The SPIDER tool was chosen and modified to establish the research question. Five databases were searched in this study viz., the Cochrane librarycentral, Medline, Google Scholar, PsycINFO and a grey literature called Open grey. Studies were critically analyzed and assessed using the Crowe critical appraisal Tool (CCAT). The search strategy generated a total of 30 articles, out of which 6 articles (5 studies and 1 report) were selected for data extraction. The need for professionalism and competence cannot be overemphasized in the healthcare and surveillance systems of West African countries, especially the ones under study.

Water samples of River Gwagwarwa and River Rafin Malam were subjected to liquid-liquid extraction and analyzed for organic pollutants. The organic parameters were determined using the standard methods of America Public health Agency (APHA) and was extracted and analyzed using Gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). Ten different organic compounds were detected at different percentage values at River Gwagwarwa while only seven different compounds were detected in River Rafin Malam. The compounds fall within five classes of organic compounds, which include carboxylic acid, acid chloride, ester, aldehyde and acid anhydride. The distribution pattern of the organic pollutants at the two sampling stations depict the pattern; River Gwagwarwa > River Rafin Malam. The study shows that organochlorine was the predominant organic pollutant present in River Gwagwarwa sample which is a hazardous pollutant while River Rafin Malam has no toxic pollutant which is attributed to lack of activity of the River.

River bank erosion has always been a challenging problem in Bangladesh. Conventional method of designing erosion protection structures are governed by the hydraulic loads resulting from currents and waves. In practice, toe protection elements are dumped into flowing water and settle somewhere on the river bed to form an apron. The present study has been undertaken to investigate experimentally the aspect of underwater threshold condition of toe protection elements. The experiments are conducted in the large tilting flume of the Hydraulics and River Engineering Laboratory of Water Resources Engineering Department, BUET. Cubeshaped Concrete Block (CC block) is considered as erosion resistant material. A geometrically similar undistorted scale factor of 20 has been selected to conduct the experiment. Hydraulic parameters and CC block are selected based on typical field condition and the experiment is designed according to the scale. Two different initial water level (set-up 1 and set-up 2) is deliberated for the same size of CC block to investigate the hydraulics of threshold characteristics. During experimentation various observations are made and the measured data are used to analyze various hydraulic features of threshold condition. Gradual smooth increment of flow is ensured to reach threshold condition. At this stage, water level is 0.212 m, section average velocity is 0.55 m/s and depth averaged velocity is 0.54 m/s for set-up 1. While for set-up 2, water level is 0.256 m, section average velocity is 0.54 m/s and depth averaged velocity is 0.53 m/s. Though the threshold velocity magnitude for setup 1 and set-up 2 are very close, the corresponding water level is quite different since initial depth of flow is different. It is expected that the results obtained here can be useful to develop predictive expression for estimating the threshold velocity of CC blocks. Scope of detailed analyses in this area of interest is in progress.

Water is one of the most natural resources in dry areas, as it controls the presence, distribution and density of plants, animals and humans. Water is scarce or non-existent on the surface of dry lands around the world, it is clearly characterized by the appearance of dry areas on the appearance of the adjacent rain areas, However, in order to utilize dry areas in grazing and in stable agriculture, in trade, in the utilization of mineral resources, and in the establishment of urban centers, water must be found in sufficient quantities that are reliable and have qualitative characteristics that allow for selected economic activity. The western Anbar Plateau (116,000), or 26.5% of Iraq's total area of 438,317 km2 and 84.2% of the Anbar region, is characterized by low water availability. It is therefore necessary to increase efforts and harness energies to discover new water sources which are represented by ground water that compensates for the shortage of surface water quantities, especially as its use (groundwater) began to increase in most countries of the world. Generally water is the source of life for all human creatures on the surface of this planet, In the near future; the conflict will also be over water rather than energy. Here the problem of the research appears which is identified by the following question: - Is there in the western plateau of Anbar, despite the large space occupied by the scarcity of water sources mature development projects rely primarily on the investment of groundwater reservoirs located therein, which contributes to the regular redistribution of the population. The hypothesis of the research was summarized as: - Defining the requirements of economic and social development that contribute to the foundations of human stability in that region by studying the groundwater and its areas of presence in the western plateau of Anbar.

This paper critically reviews methods applied in forecasting production of unconventional gas plays. The review focuses on methodologies suitable for shale gas plays, methodological ability to account for parameter and data uncertainty, as well as suitability for appraising undeveloped shale gas plays. The production analysis and forecast methods reviewed include empirical/decline curves, type curves and analytical/numerical methods applicable to unconventional gas production analysis and forecast. The review shows that most of the studies focus on developed shale gas plays, neither account for shale gas well reservoir heterogeneity nor account for below ground uncertainties-such as reservoir and source rock properties. This study concludes that significant research is needed to address the identified limitations of existing studies.

In an attempt to maintain a stable exchange rate and price level in Thailand given shocks from the United States, China, Euro Area, and Japan; the top five trading partners of Thailand, this study employs the system equations of VAR model techniques. Results show that the interest rates, demand shocks, and foreign prices affect the stability of the Thailand exchange rates and price levels. More so, empirical evidences validate the existence of unidirectional causality between Thailand exchange rate and domestic (as well as foreign) price inflation.

This study aims to calculate the fishery economic value of Limboto Lake including aquaculture, catch, and bibilo fishery. The research was conducted in Limboto Lake area and using survey method that based on questionnaire in collecting data. Respondents were 100 people who determined randomly. The productivity method is an estimate of the ecosystem economic value for a product or service that contributes to the commercial goods production in the market. The results showed that the fishery economic value of Limboto Lake is 51.474.000. 000 IDR / year. More than 50% of the value is contributed by aquaculture fishery.

Rosuvastatin calcium is hypolipidemic drug and has low oral bioavailability of about 20% due to poor aqueous solubility and hepatic first-pass metabolism. These are major boundaries inefficient delivery of RC by oral route. Several delivery approaches are known to moderate the difficulties of solubility and increase the oral bioavailability of RC. Among numerous approaches, nanotechnology-based delivery of RC has prospective to overcome the challenges associated with the oral administration. This review focuses on various nano-based delivery systems such as nanoparticles, lipid nanoparticles, SEDDS and SNEDDS and tried for improving the aqueous solubility, dissolution and subsequently bioavailability of RC upon oral administration. Of all, solid lipid nanoparticles appear to be promising delivery system, based on current reported results, for delivery of RC, as this system improved the oral bioavailability and possessed prolonged pharmacodynamic effect.

The research aimed to find out the difference in calcium concentration in breast milk between the good nutritional status and Chronic Energy deficiency in postpartum mothers. The research was the Cross Sectional design research type. The samples are 40 people who were chosen using the purposive sampling technique, and who met inclusive criteria. The samples were collected. Fourteen days after giving the researcher, they came to the respondent's house to measure BB, LILA and 24 hours foodrecall and milked 3 cc, done by the researcher, and will check their breast milk through laboratory test using Colorimetric Assay. The data with not normal distributed were tested using the statistical shapiro-wilk test with the resultof α> 0,05. The analytical test used Mann Whitney and Chi-Square test.The research indicated that there was a very significant difference of calcium concentration between postpartum the mothers with good nutrition status and the mother chronic energy deficiency with p value = 0.025 (p <0.05). The research also revealed thet postpartum mothers who experienced the decrease of low concentration (median 166.7 mg/L) 7.0 times more risk to experience the deficiency of cronic energy compared to the mother with postpartum good nutrition status.

Tetracera rosiflora Gilg is a medicinal plant used in the Congolese pharmacopeia for the treatment of various diseases. The aim of this work was to achieve the micrographic analysis of the powder of leaves of T. rosiflora from Pumbu City (Kinshasa) and Lukala areas (Kongo Central), to determine their chemical composition and to evaluate the antioxidant activities of their different extracts. Extracts from leaves of this species were characterized for their chemical fingerprint by Thin Layer Chromatography and their in vitro antioxidant activities were evaluated using ABTS, DPPH assays. Microscopically leaves can be characterised by non-glandular trichomes, sinuous anticlinal epidermal cells, and parenchymal cells with cristal of calcium oxalate, polycytic stomata and spiraled vessels. Thin Layer Chromatography showed that leaves of Tetracera rosiflora contain varied phytochemicals such as anthocyanins, flavonoids, coumarins, iridoids, phenolic acid, tanins and the terpenes. All tested extracts (methanolic and dichloromethane) have exhibited high antiradical activities. The obtained results showed that the interesting bioactivities of T. rosiflora correlated with the chemical composition, which depends on several factors including climatic conditions. T. rosiflora is a phytogenetic resource of the Congolese pharmacopoeia with promising therapeutic potentials for the management of various pathologies associated with oxidative stress.

A population of spiny-tailed lizard (Uromastyx aegyptia) exists in Hengam Island in the Persian Gulf. The field work was carried out over a period of 10 days by the use of a four-member group work in May 2015 through 10 random transects in the whole Island by the use of motorcycle. Once the animal’s cavity was found, some plots with dimensions of 10 by 10 meters were established over the center hole of the spiny-tailed lizard and habitat variables such as the region slope, geographical direction, type of the soil texture, percentage and number of plant cover according to species, distance to the nearest water source, road, and vegetation patches were measured. The habitat factors measured in the control points where there were no signs of the animal’s holes were also measured and compared with the present points. Ultimately, 28 holes of the spiny-tailed lizard in 7colony that had far from each other, were considered in the region. The results showed that the spiny-tailed lizard of the regions with a mean slope of 10% facing towards the north preferred rather semi hard soils (contain gravel and silt) (p<0.05). To protect the population of this species in the region, paying attention to some effective parameters such as the percentage cover of plant species, region slope and Acacia tree are of the most important factors for the use of the habitat of this species.

Gold is a safe haven asset especially in times of uncertainties and can provide long-term capital gain. The objective of this study is to investigate the causality relationship among the changes of the Malaysia stock price index (KLCI), US stock price index (DOJ), Malaysian currency exchange rate (EXR) and crude oil price (COP) on the gold price (POG) in the Malaysian Market. This study employs vector error correction method with co-integration analysis, Granger causality test, and model evaluation. Based on the findings, COP and the lagged of the gold price (POG) only have a significant short-term relationship, however, the KLCI, DOJ, EXR and COP has also a significant long-term relationship with the gold price. Moreover, POG granger causes KLCI and COP also granger causes POG, both are uni-directional causality. Furthermore, EXR granger causes POG with bi-directional causality. Evidently, EXR and COP changes are importantly affecting the gold price changes. Otherwise, the gold price changes are affecting also the changes of KLCI and EXR in the study. These findings are important for investors who are opportunities for investment in gold in Malaysia.

Diversity and conservation status of plant species used for oral and dental management by the inhabitants of Bayelsa State, Nigeria were assessed. Information on the indigenous knowledge of the plant species use was obtained via semi-structured questionnaire guide, and field trip involved key informants. Species used for oral and dental care were identified, and their relative abundant status determined. The study revealed that different kinds of plant with varied growth habits were used for orodental care; however some of the plants are becoming rare due to unprecedented deforestation. Fidelity level (FL), and Respondents Consensus Factor (RCF) revealed the relative importance and level of respondents’ reliance on the plants. The study further showed that leaves, roots and plant inflorescence played significant role in oral treatment either singly or in combination of other plant parts steeped in ogogoro, a local gin. Many of the plants assessed were obtained from the wild, forest being their primary source. Thus, with the increasing level of deforestation in the State and the unsustainable collection pattern, combined with blasé attitude, the consequence of erosion of culture: it becomes pertinent to document information of plant species used for oral and dental management in the State.

Climate change is one of the environmental challenges that threatens any single aspect of development. Therefore, climate change poses both environmental and development problems. Salinization of freshwater and soil as a result of climate-induced sea-level rise in The Gambia is a growing concern for agriculture and ecosystems. This paper shed light on adaptation strategy response at the institutional level to saline-water intrusion in River Gambia and tributaries well-known for its ecological and livelihood delivery services such as rice cultivation in the lowlands. The study used stakeholder participation approach to gather data through a workshop in which 100 experts from four (04) different institutions intervening in saline-water intrusion adaptation were involved to discuss five themes relevant for institutional adaptation to saline-water intrusion in the country. Microsoft Excel 2013 was used to process and analyse the data at the end of the workshop. Results revealed that saline-water intrusion adaptation at the institutional level is poor performing in terms of capacity building, financial resources allocation for saline-water intrusion adaptation, available technology as well as collaboration among institutions. The study recommends an increase in budget allocation for saline-water intrusion adaptation in the targeted various institutions, capacity enhancement of staff in the monitoring of water salinity and provision of sophisticated equipment and technology to effectively address salinity in River Gambia and tributaries in the country.

The study investigated information sourcing situation surrounding crop farmers in Abak agricultural zone of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Specifically, effective and responsive media sources were mapped in terms of availability, preference and Constraints to use among crop farmers in the study area. A multi-stage sampling technique was used in the selection of respondents. Preferred Sources of Information Questionnaire (PSIQ) with reliability index of 0.84 was administered on 90 Crop farmers in the study area. Data were analysed through the use of descriptive statistics. Findings revealed that the dominant age bracket constituted 64.5% of the sampled population. About 81.1% of the respondents were male and 55.6 % were married. 15.5% attended higher institution and 57.7% acquired SSC. Majority (52.22%) had between 3-10 years of farming experience while 66.67 % took crop farming as their primary occupation. 95.6% of the respondents identified mobile phones as their major available source of information while 92.2% identified both television and radio as their available sources of information. Other major available sources of information were internet (91.1%), co-farmers (90%), and extension agent (82.2%). Crop farmers association and posters (50%) each were considered the least available sources of information. Television and mobile phones with a mean value of 1.8 each were the most preferred sources of information utilized by crop farmers in the study area, followed by extension agents (1.6), internet (1.6) and co farmers (1.5). The results across all the constraints portrayed that almost all the identified constraints (16 out of 19) had influence on the utilization of available sources of information by the respondents. Adequate training centers, access to ICTs centers and increased extension agent ratio should be put in place to ameliorate the severity of the constraints faced by the respondents in utilizing the available sources of information in the study area.