This study was carried out during a 4 months period from December 2012 to March 2013. A total of 140 fresh and frozen ground beef samples were purchased from local butchers and supermarkets in Alexandria. Each of the ground beef sample was analyzed for its microbiological quality (total plate count, total coliform count and E. coli count). Regarding the type of meat, and according to their APC, fresh meat proved to be unsatisfactory in a higher percentage than fresh meat. However according to the TCC parameter, frozen meat samples were a little higher than the fresh meat samples, but in E. coli parameter the frozen meat percentage much higher than fresh meat.

The rate of non-fatal deliberate self-harm (DSH) in Sri Lanka has increased in recent years, with associated morbidity and economic cost to the country. Pesticide ingestion is the commonest mode of suicide in Asia with an estimated loss of around 300,000 lives every year. We conducted a cross-sectional observational study in patients with 12 years of age and above who were admitted with deliberate self-harm (DSH) in Teaching Hospital Batticaloa, SriLanka. Of the 121 patients observed 83 (68.6%) females and 38 (31.4%) males. Among them, 119 (98.34%) cases (1.65%)) were of intentional poisoning and only two cases (1.44%) were of accidental poisoning. In this study, the majority of victims 47(38.84%) were young age group (20-29). Forty-two (34.71%) were teenagers.In the present study, the commonest poisoning agent was yellow oleander seeds 33 (27.3 %) followed by organophosphorus compounds 23(19%) and Paracetamol overdose 22 (18.2%). These findings support a strategy of limiting easy access to pesticides and oleander, and for improving the supply and effectiveness of antidotes, as a strategy for reducing fatal self- poisoning in rural SriLanka

Abstract: The study sought to investigate the influence of knowledge management systems on performance of small and medium enterprises. The study was anchored on systems theory. Descriptive cross sectional research design was adopted. Owners and employees of small and medium enterprises in Nanyuki town were targeted. Stratified random sampling technique was used to select a sample of 115 respondents. Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics and regression analysis was used to establish the relationships between the variables. The findings were presented in tables and figures. The findings showed that knowledge management systems were lowly adopted by SMEs especially for feedback and decision support systems. Knowledge management systems (p=0.11) was not found to be statistically significant. It was concluded that majority of managers and employees did not have awareness of these systems. Failure to adopt these systems therefore remains the gap in the performance of SMEs. The study recommended that SME owners and employees should be sensitized about knowledge systems to enable them adopt the same and enhance performance.

Background: Pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PXF) is a well-known clinical condition associated with cataract and the more serious blinding secondary open angle glaucoma that lead silently if unilateral or asymmetrical to irreversible loss of vision as the condition will not diagnosed and treated early, so our objective is to estimate the size of the problem so we can plan to overcome the serious blinding outcome in the future. Objectives: 1-Assess the clinical condition frequency. 2-Assess associated complications as cataract and glaucoma (PXG). Settings and Design: Descriptive cross-sectional study of partially random sample. Patients and methods: Partially selected elderly Kurds patients aged 55 years or above those visited Aso eye hospital for any reason, we enrolled 252 patients, 128 female and 124 male patients in the survey, Full slit lamp examination, visual acuity, refraction, fundoscopy and intraocular pressure measurement by Applanation tonometer were done to the patients. Statistical analysis used: Microsoft excels 2010. Results: Of total 252 patients examined, we report 73 patients (146 eyes) have the syndrome; this represents a frequency or relative prevalence of about 29%. 30(44%) are females and 43 (56%) are males, so female to male ratio was about 2/3, of the affected 73 patients, 56 (76.7%) patients have the disease in both eyes (112 eyes) and 17 (23%) patients (34 eyes) of them was affected in one eye, of those affected 73 patients, 60 (82.2%) patient aged 65 years or above, 67(91.7%) of them were moderate to heavy smokers.

Abstract: Today, the tremendous possibilities that arise with scientific advancements in medicine, biotechnology, and affiliated sciences are distinct and clear. And so are the abuses, negative implications, and ethical dilemmas that arise with such revolutionary technology. As a civilized global society, it is our responsibility to ensure that such achievements may not be marred by the negligent actions of a few. The potential of gene modification technology is very exciting indeed, but we need to advance with caution for the sake of the safety of our global community. The aim of this article is to highlight the current practices and experimentations being conducted in the field of genetic engineering, the laws or the lack of laws pertaining to genetic engineering, the ethical concerns that arise from dwelling into such experiments and the Islamic perspective on this issue. It is concluded that the status quo restricts scientists from conducting unauthorised experiments based on a voluntary moratorium. There should be well defined boundaries that do not create unethical issues while at the same time promote research in this field which has the potential to cure diseases and improve the well-being of humankind.

Gluconeogenesis involves formation of glucose from the breakdown of protein to form glycogenic amino acid and lipid such as triglyceride to generate glycerol which is further utilized for the formation of glucose. Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) leaf has some non-scientific but traditional health benefit claims such as in the treatment of diabetes and hypertension. This work was designed to determine the evidence of Gluconeogenesis in rabbits given ypung cashew leaf extract using Plasma Value of Cortisol, Glycerol, Cortisol Binding Globulin Glucose, Total Triglyceride and Total Bile Acid. Materials and Methods: 10 rabbits of the same sex weighing 1.0-1.2Kg grouped into A1 (5 rabbits fed with normal meal and water only for 7 days), A2 (A1 rabbits given 500mg/KgBW of ethanolic extract for another seven days) and B1 (5 rabbits fed with normal meal and water only for 7 days), B2 (A1 rabbits given 500mg/KgBW of aqueous extract for another seven days). Plasma cortisol, glycerol, cortisol binding globulin, glucose, total triglyceride and total bile acid were measured biochemically using auto-analysis, ELISA and colorimetric techniques. The result obtained showed a significantly higher plasma value of cortisol, Glycerol and a significantly lower mean plasma value of Glucose and Total Triglyceride in rabbits (A2 and B2) given 500mg/KgBW of ethanolic or aqueous extract for seven days compared with the values of these parameters obtained in the same rabbits when they were fed with normal meal and water only for 7 days (A1 and B1) with p<0.05. This work reviled possible evidence of gluconeogenesis as indicated by the significant biochemical alterations the plasma values of cortisol, glycerol, glucose and total triglyceride with respect to changes in their plasma level before and after the supplementation of the extract of young cashew (Anacardium occidentale) leaf

Salmonellosis still remains as one of the major threat for poultry industry as well as public health in Bangladesh. Poultry is regarded as one of the most common reservoirs of Salmonella and contamination of poultry products can occur during any stage of poultry production. The current study was designed to identify Salmonella prevalence rate in broiler chickens and the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Salmonella spp. isolated from broiler chicken guts. A total of 320 bacterial colonies were isolated from broiler guts collected from 5 different markets of Sylhet city, Bangladesh, during January and February of the year 2017. The samples were subjected for isolation and identification of Salmonella spp.and through a series of morphological and biochemical observations, 14.37% of the isolates were identified as Salmonella. Antimicrobial sensitivity test was done against 8 commonly found antibiotics in chicken carcasses. Salmonella strains were found to be completely resistant against Ampicillin (100%). The frequency of antibiotic resistance ranked in the following order: Erythromycin (97.82%), Tetracycline (84.78%), Polymyxin B (73.91%), Co-trimoxazole (58.7%), Neomycin (13.04%) and Ciprofloxacin (6.52%). However, Salmonella isolates showed considerably greater sensitivity against Gentamycin (95.64%) and Ciprofloxacin (80.43%). Multidrug resistance was found to be present in all the isolates which is alarming for poultry business and consumer as well.

Squamous cell carcinoma of the male urethra is an exceptional tumor. All types tumors of the urethra representing less than 1% of urinary tract tumors. The prognosis remains unfavorable. We report the ninth case observed which manifested by a transtumoral spontaneous breaking of squamous cell carcinoma of the urethra in a patient aged 58 years-old. He was treated by external irradiation associated with chemotherapy, and died after progression of the disease. The spontaneous breaking of tumor of the urethra is an exceptional discovery testifying to a local evolution unfavorable, making these tumors difficult to operate. However, current hope lies in therapeutic protocols combining radio-chemotherapy.

Four different types of algae were recorded for the first time in the Iraqi aquatic environment in the city of Baghdad within the Tigris River, which belongs to the three Division of the algae, represented by the tributary Coleochaete sp. Return to the Division Chlorophyta and the algae Stipitococcus crassistipatus and Chrysidiastrum catenatum Returning to the division of Chrysophyta algae and moss Gymnodinium sp. Return to the Division of algae Pyrrhophyta.

Article revolves around the conspectus accentuating healthiness, quest significance of robustness in workforce proficiency, productivity and prosperity. Descriptive multination study articulated considering secondary data derived of various primary and secondary sources. Study embodies fifteen countries, five high, middle and low-income countries each, employing non-probability nonrandom sampling. Contrasted on considered variable embracing Health-Status, Intelligence-Quotient, Work-Capacity, Economic-Growth and Happiness-Score. Interpretation derived based on the statistical measurements and inferences. Computations performed employing Ms Excel. Complete compilation phase lasted for 2 months August to September ‘2017. Mentally and physically healthy individuals usually score higher in intelligence quotient, manages productive work hours, endures prolong life expectancies and tends to be more contented. Healthy status, intelligence quotient, economic growth, happiness score descends while work capacity ascends from high to low income countries. Healthiness drive workforce effectiveness and efficiency. Health diminutions, a growing concern globally, dispel proficiency, dissipates productivity, perplex prosperity. All means and measures should be encouraged actuating work dexterity concomitant with mental and physical wellbeing.

Fluoride is a double edged weapon. It is needed for development of bones and teeth but intake in excess amount is very harmful for humans, animals and plants. Udaipur region is endemic to fluoride and a large number of animals are afflicted with fluorosis. Therefore, a survey was done to assess dental fluorosis in domesticated animals in and around Umarda village of Udaipur, Rajasthan. Cattle (Bos taurus), buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) and goats (Capra hircus) were selected for the present study. The study revealed that domestic animals had varied degree of dental lesions. Patchy discoloured enamel, receding gums, erosion of teeth with exposed cementum and defective mastication were prominent in animals. Older age animals showed more severe symptoms like total abrasion and loss of teeth, due to long time exposure to fluoride. Severe dental fluorosis was expressed by 44% cattle, 43% buffaloes and 26.9% goats out of 2320 animals.

The diversity in reformed governmental financial information systems created a need for harmonized international accounting standards, resulting in the elaboration of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards. International accounting literature provides evidence that accounting quality has economic consequences such as costs of capita, similarly Financial reporting by public sector entities providing concepts that will underpin the development of international public sector accounting standards and recommended practice guidelines. Likewise, Gross National Product is the market value of all the products and services produced in a year by Labor and property supplied by the citizens of a country, unlike gross domestic product which defines production based on the geographical location of production. In Nigeria inadequate economic growth is the main cause of poverty, economy has a very narrow and weak base, depending most on exploration of petroleum crude oil as a major source of income. The findings indicated that the development of the private sector depends largely on the activities in the public sector in developing countries as Nigeria. It is concluded that there is a great number of poverty which was among due to high and growing unemployment that exacerbated the level of poverty. It is recommended that private sectors should not depend on the activities in the public sector; they should improve their own activities by training and retraining, organize workshop and agricultural sector which was ignored to be revived into life.

Drynaria quercifolia (Linn.) J. Smith has been used in many herbal folklore medicines in Ganjam - Gajapati districts of Odisha state, India. Study pertains to its toxicity profile was undertaken to establish its use as a safe drug for different ailments. Swiss albino mice and wistar albino rats were used for acute and sub-acute toxicity studies respectively. In acute toxicity model, the mice received a limit dose (2000mg/kg) of methanolic extract and kept under observation for 7 days. In sub acute toxicity studies, rats were treated with daily doses (1 g/kg body weight) of methanolic extract for 28 days. In acute toxicity study, samples did not show any mortality at the dose of 2000mg/kg body weight. Further, there were not any significant marked changes observed in hematological parameters too during sub acute toxicity tests. Methanolic extract (ME) of rhizomes of Drynaria quercifolia was found to be safe as a drug. It was without any toxicity at 2000mg/kg body weight and 1g/kg body weight during acute and sub acute toxicity evaluations respectively.

During the 1970’s the world’s economy began slowing even as government programs were growing as a result of fiscal distress, and Zero-Based Budgeting (ZBB) was seen as an attempt to rationally manage the size and scope of government as well as a remedy for dealing with the austerity. The aim of this study, therefore, is to ascertain whether the perceived benefits of Zero-Based budgeting would significantly influence its adoption in Borno state. Stratified sampling technique was used to arrive at a sample size of 103 drawn from the total population of 139. Binary logistic regression was employed to predict whether the predictor variable namely, perceived benefits have significant influence or not on the dependent variable, that is, the adoption of ZBB. The finding of the study establish that it is possible to adopt ZBB in Borno state because it is politically feasible as the covariate suggest, perceived benefits was statistically significantly related to the adoption of ZBB in the state. We, therefore, recommend for the adoption of ZBB in the state So as to embark upon administrative reforms to incorporate policies and prioritize their public spending projects based on the fundamental principles of zero-based budgeting system in order to accomplish it perceived benefits.

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) causes disturbances in the normal function of the endocrine system and has been associated with thyroid dysfunction in HIV patients on treatment. More data on thyroid dysfunction are needed in Zimbabwe to persuade the country program to institute routine monitoring if needed. We sought to establish if ART exposure is associated with thyroid dysfunction in HIV patients. A cross-sectional study with two comparative groups was conducted between 1 October and 31 December 2016. The participants included HIV-infected persons aged 18+ years who attended Opportunistic Infections (OI) clinics in urban areas around Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. Patient samples were tested at the Parirenyatwa Serology Laboratory in Harare, Zimbabwe. The two comparative groups were defined as cases and controls. Cases were HIV positive patients with thyroid dysfunction whilst controls were HIV positive patients without thyroid dysfunction. Participants included 100 females and 93 males who were on ART. The mean age was 34.6 (10.2) years and median age was 33.0 (43.5-68.3) years. The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction was 45.6% and all cases had hypothyroidism. Sex was not associated with thyroid dysfunction, but thyroid dysfunction was more significant in older patients (P=0.031). This study confirms that ART is associated with thyroid dysfunction in older HIV patients on ART. These results are worrying and may suggest a need for the country HIV program to establish strategies to mitigate this. It is cause for concern because the presence of an untreated thyroid dysfunction in HIV patients will worsen their prognosis.