Background: Like in other developing countries, cancer of cervix is one of the leading malignancies in women in Nepal. In Nepal cervical pap-smear screening is not done my most of woman due to lack of awareness. The objective of this study is to find the prevalence of abnormal cervical epithelial lesions. This was a retrospective study of 396 conventional cervical Pap smears reported from the Department of Pathology, Birat Medical College in Biratnagar, Nepal. The time period was from March 2016 to March 2018. We used Bethesda system to report our all our slides. We used the pap stain to use the slide. All the case was reviewed by consultant pathologist of Birat medical college. Total cases were 396 in two year period in which 396 cases were satisfactory for evaluation and 20 cases were unsatisfactory for evaluation which is due to thick neutrophilic exudates, mucous, degenerative cells and hemorrhage. Out 0f 396 cases 7 cases is ASCUS that is 1.76%,4 cases is LSIL that is 1.01%,3 cases is HSIL that is 0.75%,1 cases is SCC that is 0.25%.Negative for intraepithelial lesion and malignancy is 381 that is 98.21%

In the past 15 years, awareness concerning natural changes was evidently expanding among population and industries. International agencies and national governments have expanded their endeavors concerning natural resources depletion, ozone depletion, gas emissions and waste reduction. Therefore, the main purpose of this paper is to examine the existing literature on the relationship between just-in-time (JIT), total productive maintenance (TPM), total quality management (TQM) and organisational performance. In total, 20 articles were empirically reviewed, all published in peer-reviewed journals between 2014 and 2018. The articles are analysed in terms of several general variables such as type of research and theoretical viewpoint, and the perspective taken on organisational criteria. The empirical reviewed indicated that JIT, TPM and TQM, maintained by human resource practices, have a significant prospective to develop the organisational performance. However, a simultaneous implementation of JIT, TPM and TQM does not certainly lead to greater performance. As prospective purpose for this, human resources are viewed as restrictive factor both improvement programs draw on. Therefore, this limited resource is acknowledged as vital element with respect to organisational performance when implementing JIT, TPM and TQM concurrently.

This review assesses the impact of waterlogging and submergence on crop physiology and growth of important crops in Bangladesh along with its remedial measures. Waterlogging can take place because of heavy rainfall, inadequate drainage systems, natural flooding etc. Oxygen levels diminish very rapidly in waterlogged root environment. So, damage of crops depends on duration and severity of flooding. The oxygen deficient conditions hamper plant growth, development and survival based on their tolerance to excess water. Under such environment plants exhibit metabolic switch from aerobic respiration to anaerobic fermentation, resulting in reduced rate of energy production by 65-97%. Anaerobic roots may also die from self-poisoning byproducts of anaerobic metabolism. The flooding also impedes the diffusive escape and/or oxidative breakdown of gases such as ethylene or carbon dioxide resulting in its accumulations. The accumulated ethylene may slow root extension, while carbon dioxide can severely damage roots of certain species. Moreover, waterlogged plants often face the oxidative damage induced by the generation of reactive oxygen species. However, all the plants have the ability to detoxify the adverse effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by producing different types of antioxidants such as ascorbate peroxidase (APX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), ascorbic acid, glutathione, tocopherols and carotenoids. Prolonged exposure of plants to flooding conditions could result in root injuries which in turn restrict photosynthetic capacity by inducing certain alterations in biochemical reactions of photosynthesis. Waterlogging is also known to induce adverse effects on several physiological and biochemical processes of plants by creating deficiency of essential nutrients like nitrogen, magnesium, potassium, calcium. Species with inherently surface-inhabiting root systems are notably tolerant of prolonged waterlogging. There are several options for mitigation of submergence and waterlogging problems like breeding of waterlogging tolerant varieties, improvement of drainage systems and changing in crop husbandry. Providing adequate drainage, foliar spraying of fertilizers and hormones can alleviate waterlogging problems. Bed planting in waterlogged prone areas and floating beds in flooded areas are good options for high value crops.

This work is aimed at examining the effect of heavy metal concentration on surface water quality. This study was concentrated on the lower Niger River from Illah through Asaba/Onitsha to Okpai (Lat 6o 25' to Lat 5o 40' N and longitude 6o 37' to 6o 47' E). The data collected from water and were analyzed for the heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, Ni, Fe, Mn and Co) using urican 929 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The results showed that Turbidity, BOD, TSS, hydrocarbon, coliform, magnesium and iron concentrations in the sampled settlement did not meet the WHO (2010) threshold for drinking water quality. The following conclusions were reached; the Niger River water must be treated before drinking, to remove or reduce the amount of non-essential or essential heavy metal and eating of fish species that have bio-accumulated heavy metals above the WHO limits for consumption must be prohibited or discouraged. Also, further studies should be carried out to monitor the heavy metal concentration in the lower Niger River and to identify the point sources of entry; and various contributors to the contamination of the River Niger. Heavy metals have however been grouped into two categories – Essential and Non-Essential. Zinc, Iron, Manganese, Copper and Cobalt are essential and beneficial elements but become toxic when their concentrations exceed those required for normal life Lead, Arsenic, Beryllium, and Mercury are non-essential and are not required in biological systems because they are toxic. The following recommendations were made; frequent environmental monitoring (at least twice a year) must be conducted to know levels of heavy metals contamination especially of the aquatic systems; Education of the neighbouring populace on protection of the environment through various technical programmes may very useful; The Niger River water must be treated before drinking, to remove or reduce the amount of non-essential or essential heavy metal such as Cr and Fe; The eating of fish species that have bio accumulated heavy metals above the WHO limits for consumption must be prohibited or discouraged; Further studies should be carried out to monitor the heavy metal concentration in the lower Niger river and to identify the point sources of entry; but, the result of this study should form the baseline data for the assessment of the various contributors to the contamination or otherwise of the River Niger. Thus, the pollution trends in the future can easily be monitored.

In the present world, due to tremendous development in technology, a huge amount of information is available everywhere. Therefore, it is difficult for the users to understand the main content of the entire document as it takes a lot of time. In this work we use extractive text summarization which uses a method to give the version of summary for one or more file or document. Here we give an approach that maps sentences to nodes of a hierarchical ontology. Ontology explains what exists in a particular domain. For the ontology creation, vocabularies are collected. It is used as background knowledge and helps to find the related meaning of the terms which occur in the source documents. Text mining is the technique from which high quality information is derived from text. Clustering is a significant task. The clustering method groups similar or related terms into a single group. In the first stage, data collection takes place. The preprocessing stage includes stemming and stop words removal.TF-IDF process occurs after which clustering takes place. In the ontology creation, first the determination of the main sub topics of the article of interest is done. We classify sentences to nodes which have a predefined hierarchical ontology. Each ontology node has bag-of-words from a web search. We represent sentences by sub trees that permit to apply measures of similarity and find relations between sentences. The ontology used in this work is not domainspecific; it does not require labelled data. this work can be extended to topics focused on summarization framework to news articles or blogs and to also to various machine learning approaches

This study investigates the importance of critical thinking skills for domain specificity. A theatrical research is carried out to highlight the use of critical thinking skills for domain specificity. Literature highlights that students use their critical thinking skills in a specific domain and perform better in classroom and at work place. Literature further highlights that teachers must facilitate students in the knowledge of critical thinking skills by using their own critical faculties. Likewise, advocates of critical thinking stress that institutes must produce critical thinkers. Literature focuses on domain specificity for the use of critical thinking skills. Studies show that in a specific domain learners critically comprehend, analyze, infer and evaluate text and finally become critical thinkers in a specific domain.

Oncogenesis is a very complex and multistep process with many factors involved. Among the various cancers viral oncogenesis constitutes about 12%. The human population has been plaqued by viruses particularly viruses with oncogenic potential. Worldwide, viruses cause numerous miseries ranging from flu to complex cancers. A noteworthy few among them are caused by oncoviruses such as Human papilloma virus, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, HTLV-1, EBV. Among these viruses Human papilloma virus and Human T Lymphocyte virus have direct oncogenic potential whereas HIV, EBV, Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C have indirect oncogenic potential. In this review, we aim to discuss briefly about the pathogenesis of the most commonly 6 occuring oncoviruses and their oncogenic potential.

The challenge for today is not just retaining talented people, but fully engaging them, capturing their mind and hearts at every stage of their work lives. Employee engagement has emerged as a crucial driver of business success in today’s competitive marketplace. Further, employee engagement can be a key factor in organizational success. Not only does engagement have the potential to significantly affect employee retention strategy, productivity and loyalty, it is also a key connect to customer satisfaction, company reputation and overall stakeholder value. Thus, to gain a competitive edge, organizations are looking to HR to set the agenda for employee engagement and commitment. Employee engagement is rightly a property of the relationship between an organization and its employees. An "engaged employee" is defined as the one who is fully absorbed by and enthusiastic about their work and so takes positive action to further the organization's reputation and interests. Employee engagement is a way ahead to business success. An engaged workplace is one encourages commitment, energy and productivity from all those involved to help improve and achieve business performance. Employee engagement is about linking on our employees’ knowledge and ideas to improve our products and services, and be innovative. Employee engagement is about indulging a deeper commitment from our employees so fewer leave, sick absence reduces, accident rates decline, conflicts and grievances go down, productivity increases. Employee engagement is about organisation actions that are consistent with the organisation’s values. This paper is an attempt to review the available literature in the field of employee engagement which are in the form of models and draw conclusions on the available gap. It is purely based on secondary data

In rural areas, goats contribute to the reduction of malnutrition through their production of milk and meat. A review of the zootechnical and reproductive performance of goat breeds in Benin was made from ninety (90) articles, papers and documents related to these goat breeds. The main data concern the taxonomy of goats, their origin, the importance of goat rearing, the description and zootechnical parameters of the goat breeds encountered in Benin. The main local goat breeds encountered in Benin were the dwarf or Djallonke, the Sahelian breed and the red goat of Maradi. The exotic breeds mentionned in this paper concern the Alpine and the Saanen breeds. The zootechnical and reproductive performances varied from one goat race to another, but satisfactory overall. It is worth to focus on the breeding of these short-cycle species in order to meet the ever increasing demand for meat products. Alternatives for improving the performance of local breeds in crossing with exotic breeds constitute some ways to explore in order to boost the production of milk and meat goats in Benin.

Abstract: Main objective of this study is to utilize Agro wastes instead of pure sugars for cellulases productions. It was noted that maximum fungal cell growth was obtained 0.936g/100ml of Aspergillus niger was observed at pH 4.11 in hydrolyzed rice husk used as carbon source. Aspergillus niger was isolated from the soil of Khairpur. The collection and utilization of suitable Agro wastes used as a carbon source for cellulases production by fungi requirements optimized fermentation process. Five agricultural wastes were measured for cellulolytic enzyme production using pretreatment methods acid. Acid pretreatment was found to be the most efficient and best method for higher enzyme production. Using this cheap and renewable residue, for cellulolytic enzyme production by Aspergillus niger boosts its economic value which is not comparable with its current use as animal feed. Agro wastes such as sugarcane peelar bagasse, sugarcane bagasse, banana fruit stalk, sorghum husk and rice husk were hydrolyzed with 0.6N HCl. Rice husk was found good substrate in comparison to other Agro wastes for the growth of Aspergillus niger and cellulases production. Maximum activity of cellulases were noted 4.811 (units/ml). The Cellobiase and salicinase maximum production 4.717 and 4.742 units per ml obtained at 240 hours respectively.

HIV-related cutaneous manifestations are very common and can be easily detected. If studied systematically, they can serve as diagnostic and prognostic markers. It is aimed to study the skin biopsies of various dermatological manifestations that occur in HIV seropositive patients attended to a tertiary care centre. This is a prospective study of cases of 104 were studied histopathologically who were Seropositive for HIV. Majority are of 31- 40 years (32.69%), and closely followed by the age group 21-30 years (28.84 %). Patients of both sexes were affected with males females ratio of 1.19:1. The most common cutaneous manifestation observed was Papulosquamous lesions with 37.5% cases and in this 53.84% cases were pruritic papular urticaria. Infections observed were 25%, among which majority were of bacterial infections. Drug reactions were observed in 15.3% of cases and majority of patients presented with Stevens Johnson syndrome. Dermatitis was seen in 11.53% of patients and seborrheic dermatitis is the common non-infectious dermatosis. Other cutaneous manifestations like vascular involvement, neoplasms contributed minority of cases. Most of the patients presented with cutaneous manifestations having CD4 count in the range of 350-500. It was conclude that the dermatological lesions are extremely common and may present with early, severe, unusual and atypical manifestations in the course of HIV infection. Awareness of the varied pattern of these manifestations would help in the early diagnosis and management of HIV infection, which would in turn decrease the morbidity and improve the quality of life of HIV-infected patients.

Abstract: Syndrome Z is defined as the co-occurrence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and metabolic syndrome. There is a paucity of information on the magnitude of syndrome Z in the community and the factors associated with it. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has been linked to increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality from both coronary heart disease and stroke [1-3] but whether this risk is due to coexistent known cardiovascular risk factors or specific effects of OSA remains to be established. In populations at risk of vascular disease, many patients who experience a cardiovascular event either do not have identifiable risk factors or have disease severity which appears to be out of proportion to their known risk factors. A lot of the variance in the incidence of vascular disease is therefore not explained by known risk factors. It is possible that OSA is a cardiovascular risk factor, previously largely unrecognized, which may account for some of the apparently unexplained variance in vascular risk. Systemic hypertension during daytime measurements of blood pressure is common in patients with OSA [8] but a causal link between these two conditions has been disputed [2, 3]. Sleep apnea has been shown to be common in patients with hypertension [8-11] and, conversely, patients with OSA have a high prevalence of hypertension [1, 5]. The frequency with which risk factors for hypertension such as increasing age and obesity coexist in patients with OSA has confounded identification of a causal relationship between OSA and hypertension.

Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection is one of the important causes of hepatitis in developing countries. It is transmitted through feco-oral route. They pose major health problems. To determine the prevalence of HAV in patients presenting with acute viral hepatitis. Serum samples of the patients presenting with fever, nausea, vomiting, and jaundice were collected and analyzed by using commercially available RecombiLISA ELISA kit for the detection of immunoglobulin M (IgM) against HAV. A 20 months retrospective study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology, Shri M. P. Shah Govt. Medical College, Jamnagar, Gujarat (India). Of the 532 serum samples subjected to RecombiLISA ELISA for detection of anti-HAV IgM in patients, 157 (29.51%) were found to be positive. The prevalence was found to be more in male patients than in female patients, that is, 81(51.59%) and 76(48.41%), respectively, and was predominantly seen in the 6–15 years of the school-going age group. Peak cases were found in the monsoon season. Regular monitoring of clinical, serological and molecular characteristics would help in understanding the epidemiology of HAV and in planning the intervention studies.

Abstract: Lipoprotein (a) is independently associated with Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (ASCVD) and is referred to as the most atherogenic lipoprotein. It is synergistic with the effects of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Unlike other major classes of lipoproteins that have a normal distribution in the population, plasma levels of Lipoprotein (a) / Lp (a) have a skewed distribution towards the lower end with 85% population having concentration <30 mg/dL. The aim of present study is to estimate the level of serum Lp(a) in cerebrovascular diseases or Strokes. The study was conducted in the Department of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Sushila Tiwari Memorial Hospital, the teaching hospital of Uttaranchal Forest Hospital Trust (UFHT) Medical College, Haldwani (Nainital), Uttarakhand, on patients of cerebrovascular disease (CVD) which included estimation of Lp(a) and lipid profile (TC, TG, HDLc, LDLc, VLDLc) test. Out of the 17 women and 36 men in whom Lp (a) was measured, 2 women (mean age63.5 years) and 21 men (59years) had CVD (CVD(+), while 15 women (50.13 years) and 15 men (52.33 years) had no CVD [CVD(–)]. As shown in Table 1, there were no significant differences between women with or without CVD in age and concentration of total plasma cholesterol. The study was based on a small sized cohort of 23 cases suffering from (CVD) out of which 21 were males and 2 were females. Thirty (30) healthy subjects were taken as controls, who were not suffering from any disease, which may affect serum lipid levels and without any history of cerebrovascular disease. Total-C, LDLc, VLDLc, Triglyceride, HDLc, LDL/HDL, Cholesterol/HDL and Lp(a) were estimated in all the cases.

Mature cystic teratomas comprise of 10-20% of ovarian neoplasms. Malignant transformation in a dermoid cyst occurs in 0.17-2% of cases. Primary ovarian melanoma arising in a dermoid cyst is an extremely rare entity. It must be differentiated from a metastatic melanoma which is more common. A fifty nine year old female presented with lower abdominal pain and heaviness. A right adnexal mass was noted on Computed tomography (CT) scan. Left ovary and uterus were normal. She underwent a right salpingo-oopherectomy. Histopathological examination along with immunohistochemical analysis and clinical correlation serves the diagnostic purpose and surgery with adequate margin clearance plays an important role in management. We report a rare case of primary malignant melanoma arising in a mature cystic teratoma.