This is a doctrinal research on the Shariah basis of takaful (Islamic Insurance). The research reveals that that takaful has basis in ancient Arabia in the system of “Aqilah” which involves mutual assistance. It can also be traced down in the Sunnah of the Holy Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah upon him) and also his companions. Moreover, a study of the primary sources for Muslims (i.e. the Qur‟an and the Sunnah), indicates that members of the first Islamic community effectively applied systems of cooperative risk sharing, long before the beginning of takaful practices. Additionally, in takaful, contributions (premiums) are paid on donation (tabarru) basis, thus the element of gharar is totally avoided. Again, takaful is based on various transactions accepted by the Shariah. Essentially, the contemporary Islamic scholars mentioned that Mudarabah or wakalah or waqf or a combination of the three models is the most appropriate Islamic contracts which should be employed in managing takaful business. Furthermore, Islam does not prohibit accepting a good opinion from others, if it proves to be beneficial. Moreover, takaful shares same philosophy with insurance which is mutual cooperation between members for the sake of mutual cooperation and protection. The idea has been realized from the understanding of how Allah wants Muslims to cooperate in achieving the Ummah‟s interest. Takaful is an example of how Islamic Shariah can help to improve welfare of the Ummah and create new socioeconomic mechanism based on equity, justice and fair play.

Abstract: Since the dawn of the era of innovation, the need for novel methods in making life easier has been interminable. The learning process shows no exceptions to this rule. One would argue for the classic methods in handling the trade of information between the teacher and the students, which has been unilateral. The introduction of problem based learning (PBL) process to the system of education is facing many struggles. In this student-centered active learning process, the teacher is just a guide focal point of education systems. Literature search strategy included electronic database searches, internet searches, hand searching, ancestry searching and networking. Objectives: The objective of this review article is to study the challenges, obstacles and critical incident in PBL tutorial groups. Problem base learning model is counteracting by a lot of educational, financial and psychological challenges and barriers.

Copra is one among the coconut products, the kernel of the fruit of the coconut palm (Cocos nucifera). Copra is valued for the coconut oil extracted from it and for the resulting residue, coconut-oil cake, which is used mostly for livestock feed. Copra export occupies significant position in terms of quantity as well as value position in export earnings among the coconut products. In recent years, there have been ups and downs in export of copra from India. In this study was conducted to analyze export performance of copra in India. The required data collected for the period of 10 years. The annual common growth rate in terms of quantity and value were positive. Estimates trend of copra of quantity and value in India for the period of 2006-07 to 2015-16. It was resulted that the slightly fluctuated. On the basis of fitted trend. The growth was analysed the direction of causality between time and quantity, value of copra export. The findings indicate a strong relationship between the dependent and independent variables.

To assess the distribution and severity of tooth wear among adult population of Andhra Pradesh. A descriptive cross sectional study was conducted by trained and calibrated examiner. A stratified random sample of 1611 individuals with the age of 35-44 years were examined for tooth wear using Smith and Knight tooth wear index (1984). Descriptive statistics were applied to the data. Prevalence of tooth wear amounted to 70.62%. The highest frequency of score 1 was found for mandibular right 1st molar (41.6%) and score 2 for maxillary left central incisor (20.8%), score 3 for mandibular left 1st molar (6.3%) and score 4 for mandibular left 2nd premolar (7.3%). Occlusal surfaces were most commonly affected with tooth wear when compared to buccal, lingual and cervical surfaces. It also shows that occlusal surfaces of maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth were more commonly affected than the posterior teeth. No tooth wears on the lingual surfaces of posterior teeth of both the arches. Tooth wear remains a common finding in study population. Furthermore, the question of whether tooth wear is a public health problem remains open for debate.

In this study, Communication was examined to ascertain its influence on Managerial Decision-Making. . The sources of the data used for this research were primary and secondary data. A total of six hundred and sixty seven (667) employees of the Enugu Electricity Distribution Company Awka South branch, Anambra state branch were given questionnaires to fill, only five hundred and twenty six (526) of the respondents answered, completed and returned the questionnaire. The descriptive method was used to analyze the data generated for the research. This was supported by tables showing questions, responses of Yes or No, percentages. The hypothesis was tested using goodness- of-fit, descriptive statistics and one sample ttest. From the findings, the researcher came to a final decision that Communication is the livewire in an organization. Which means Communication is to a large extent very important to managerial Decision-Making in any organization.

Potentially malignant disorders and oral cancer are common diseases effecting oral cavity. The survival rate of these patients has not much improved, inspite of advances in the treatment modalities, due to their adverse effects. Many alternative medicines such as turmeric, aloevera, neem, tulsi, green tea, photo dynamic therapy, CO2 laser and stem cell culture etc are used to overcome these adverse effects. The aim of this study is to investigate the efficacy of turmeric along with honey in reducing the burning sensation in oral submucous fibrosis. Clinically diagnosed 30 patients of Oral Submucous Fibrosis (OSMF) were selected and local application of turmeric and honey was advised. Burning sensation using VAS scale was evaluated after 30 days. Statistical analysis was done using‘t’ test. There was significant decrease in VAS scale after treatment. In our study turmeric and honey showed positive results in reducing burning sensation in OSMF.

This paper reviews the weekend effect on stock market returns. The weekend effect anomaly is contrary to the theory of market efficiency. This anomaly is appealing to be examined because the presence of weekend effect can be useful as a trading strategy that can gain profits for investors. Investors could buy stocks on days with abnormally low returns and sell stocks on days with abnormally high returns.

Management uses strategic concepts to make the allocation of resources more effective in achieving educational goals. The process that plays an important role in determining strategic objectives is developed by various conflictive forces from within and outside. Like STAI Chairman Ibnu Sina, lecturers, stakeholders, students, parents, campus supply providers, central and provincial governments, municipalities and social groups are paying attention to campus programs. Educational institutions need to identify competitors' strategies, objectives, strengths, weaknesses, and patterns of reaction, they also need to know how to design effective information systems.

Aim of the present work was to prepare the colon-targeting pH dependent microcapsules of Thymoquinone for the treatment of colorectal cancer. pH dependent polymer Eudragit L100,and S100 were used to formulate the microcapsules by solvent evaporation technique using two methods. Microcapsules were evaluated for particle size, shape, flow properties, surface morphology by scanning electron microscopy, percentage yield, drug content, and in vitro drug release behaviour, in vivo targeting efficiency. The formulated microcapsules were discrete, almost spherical with somewhat folded and invaginated surface, and with good flow properties. Thymoquinone loaded microcapsules demonstrated good entrapment efficiency (of 86.438% in method 1 and 92.49% in method 2). Result of in vivo targeting efficiency showed that the formulation can able to target colon effectively. Formulation done by method 2 gave most promising result compared to first method. It is concluded from the present study that pH dependent Eudragit microcapsules are promising carriers for oral colon-targeted delivery of Thymoquinone for colorectal cancer.

A Rohingya young boy with the diplomat magazine 2014, named Mohammad rafique said that Burmese view to them simply, as ―animals,‖ ―nonhuman‖ or ―aliens.‖ Many inflammatory Burmese politicians and authors refer to the Rohingya as a ―virus.‖ Ordinary Burmese people view us as ―Illegal Bengali‖. Actually there have been decades of propaganda and brainwashing of the general public against Rohingya by various government and non-government organizations. History witnesses that they are being persecuted long after day by Burmese military. Rohingya often faces deadly discrimination since 1962. The Myanmar government treats with them as a ugly animals. Despite world authority‘s evocation, they are driving persecution bulldozer on Rohingya minor community. Recently united nation has defined this killing as a textbook example of ethnic cleansing. Whatever, this paper focuses the conflict and Massacre which is running on Rohingya Muslims community. It also examines the origin and emergence of this crisis and current situation of Rohingya dearth. It discuss about ongoing military campaign against Rohingya ethnic community. This paper illustrates how Myanmar government implicating ethnic cleansing day after day .It also analyzes international response to protect Rohingya Muslims .This paper describe major clash between Myanmar and Rohingya group since 1962.

Allopurinol is the drug of choice in the treatment of gout It reduces the concentration of urates and uric acid in tissues, plasma and urine, while increasing the concentration of xanthine and hypoxanthine. The purpose of this study was to examine the possibility of Biowaiver study for approval of generic brands of allopurinol tablets without additional in vivo bioequivalence and, to collect information on the safety and efficacy of the different allopurinol tablet brands using simple and cost effective in vitro methods. Physicochemical characteristics comprising drug content, hardness, friability, weight variation, disintegration and dissolution were evaluated for the six brands in comparison with the innovator. Dissolution test was carried under Biowaiver condition and the data analyzed by simple statistics and similarity and difference factors. The assay results showed that all the brands had active pharmaceutical ingredient within the specified official limits except Allo-4- , The crushing strength of three brands (Allo-1-, Allo-5- and Allo-7-) was out of the specified official limits, all the brands were complied with the specified limits For disintegration test, all the brands met the specified limits that stated by USP 32 for dissolution test , and according to f1 and f2 values, all the brands were similar to the innovator except Allo-4 and allo-6. From these results we can conclude that all the brands were met the specified limits for the physical tests, there is a failure of 9 % for content percent, and the brands were not accepted for Biowaiver under WHO criteria

The aim of this study was to compare three types of commercially available brackets for corrosion susceptibility after immersing them in artificial saliva. A total of 360 brackets were used. The brackets were divided in to four groups (Control Group X and Experimental Groups A, B and C). The experimental groups were divided on the basis of duration of immersion in artificial saliva of pH 6.75 ± 0.15. Each group was divided in to corresponding subgroups. The bracket surfaces were analysed using UV –Visible Spectrophotometer and Small Angle Xray Scattering (SAXSS). ANOVA (Analysis of One Way Variance) was used for group comparisons. For post hoc comparisons Newman-Keuls multiple posthoc procedure was applied. Leone and Nu Edge Cr- Co brackets showed progressive signs of corrosion and leaching of Fe and Mg ions after immersion in artificial saliva. Discovery SL brackets showed no signs of corrosion. Leone and Cr-Co Nu Edge are susceptible to corrosion activity in comparison to Discovery SL brackets.

Head and neck sarcomas are exceedingly rare, representing 4–10 per cent of all sarcomas and less than 1 per cent of head and neck malignanties. The objective of this study is to analyse epidemiological and histopathological data of these neoplasms in Fez, Morocco. This is a retrospective study including all head and neck sarcomas histologically proven between 2007 and 2016. It was conducted at the department of pathology of the Hassan II university hospital, fez, Morocco. The characteristics of patients including age, sex, location, and histological diagnosis were analyzed. 54 cases of head and neck sarcomas were diagnosed. There was a male predominance with a sex-ratio of 1.5. The mean age was 37.7 years (1 year-88years). There were 45 soft tissue sarcomas, mostly located in the face, and 9 bone sarcomas mostly located in the mandible. Rhabdomyosarcoma and leiomyosarcoma were the commonest types. In Fez, head and neck sarcomas share some characteristics with previous published series and present some differences. They occur mostly in males, with a younger age at diagnosis and a higher proportion of children. Soft tissue location is the most frequent, particularly facial and rhabdomyosarcoma and leiomyosarcoma are the commonest types

The aim of the study was to determine the antibacterial activity of pure Bacopa monnieri extract on periodontopathogenic bacteria; Porphyromonas gingivalis(Pg), Prevotella intermedia (Pi), Fusobacteria nucleatum (Fn) & Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) and Time kill curve assay were performed to assess the antibacterial effect of both ethanolic and aqueous extract of pure bacopa monnieri against periodontopathogenic bacteria by serial dilution method and colony forming units respectively. MIC values of ethanolic extract were in a range of 25-100 µg/ml for Pi, Fn and Pg and Aa showed a value of 0.8 µg/ml whereas the MIC values of aqueous extracts were in a range of 50-100 µg/ml and that of Aa was 0.4 µg/ml. The time kill curve showed a fast and sharp antibacterial activity of the ethanolic extract over Pi, Fn and Aa at baseline (0 min) whereas Pg showed no growth of colonies at 2 hours.The ethanolic and aqueous extract of Bacopa monnieri exhibited durable antibacterial activity on common periodontogenic bacteria.

Abstract: This study aimed to calculate body fat of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) women according to different measurements. It investigated correlation between estradiol2 (E2)and testosterone (T) levels and type of obesity, correlation between skin tan and body mass index, correlation between E2 and T levels and food intake, and impact of high caffeine consumption on infertility. Thirty-two infertile PCOS women were included. Different body fat distribution measurements were calculated. On cycle day 2, E2 and T levels were measured. There were recognizable differences in number of obese PCOS women according to different body fat measurements. No significant increase was in E2 and T levels (p=0.41, p=0.18, respectively) for android obese compared to gynoid obese. No significant association was between BMI and skin tan (p=0.57). Notable increase was in number of brown-colored obese compared to white-colored obese. No significant increase was in E2 and T levels for mixed food consumers compared to vegetarian (p=0.82, p=0.11, respectively). Type of infertility and caffeine intake were independent factors. Out of seven high caffeine consumption secondary infertile, five complained from spontaneous miscarriage. Obesity adversely affected fertility. Brown-colored was more susceptible to obesity. Inadequate food intake participated in infertility. High caffeine intake increased susceptibility to spontaneous miscarriage.