This study aims to predict the possibility of adopting zero-based budgeting (ZBB) system in Borno State. To ensure this, the study considered viability as predictor variable that was perceived to have contributed to adoption of ZBB in the state. ZBB has resurfaced as a prominent topic of discourse due to the economic downturn experienced in Nigeria as well as the failure of the existing traditional budgeting system to meet the economic objectives of the government. The focal point of discourse, therefore, dwelt on Borno state because it is adversely affected as a result of the revenue volatility witnessed in the country as well as the level of budget implementation with the existing budgeting system in the state experienced decade of monumental budget indiscipline at all levels of government. In view of this, Binary logistic regression was employed to examine whether the predictor variable have significant influence or not on the dependent variable, that is, the adoption of ZBB. Stratified sampling technique was used to arrive at a sample size of 103 drawn from the total population of 139. The findings of the study established that the adoption of ZBB in the state is politically feasible and offers more appealing opportunities in minimizing costs and prioritizing government‘s needs while adding value to the operational efficiency in the budgeting system. It is therefore, pertinent to recommend the establishment of implementation plan that are consistent with synergistic principle and application of ZBB which ensure aggregate fiscal discipline and enhanced technical efficiency through transparency and accountability.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the antibacterial properties of Acalypha indica. Number of resistant antibiotics is increasing and antibacterial activity testing is one of the steps to find treatment of diseases. Acalypha indica is well known medicinal plant and it is a wild plant. It was used as infection treatment for generation to treat several diseases such as asthma, and pneumonia.The susceptibility of five human pathogenic bacterial species to Acalyphin isolated from the leaves of Acalypha indica plant was screened using the agar well diffusion and broth micro-dilution assay. The purity of Acalyphin isolated was checked by TLC and column chromatography and total Acalyphin were quantified. In the present study, the inhibitory action of the Acalyphin was found to increase with an increase in concentration against all bacterial strains. The maximum zone of inhibition was observed at the concentration of 500 µg/ml against all the bacteria. In this study, the S. aureus and E. coli are the more susceptible than the other selected human pathogenic bacteria. From the above investigation the experimental Acalypha indica plant may solve the multidrug resistant bacteria problem and further higher studies is need for qualitative study for the present investigation.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent degenerative joint disease and the most important reason of the physical disability in the elderly population. Along with the fact that OA pathogenesis is not fully known, it is highlighted in the recent studies that oxidative stress is an important factor in OA progression. OA treatment comprises attenuation of pain, maintenance of functional capacity, and development of life quality. Tai Chi Chuan, also known as Tai Chi, is a traditional Chinese martial art and exercise. In recent studies, it has been reported that Tai Chi, as an alternative therapy, can alleviate the symptoms of OA and be effective against oxidative stress.

Six cyanobacterial strains were isolated from pesticide exposed paddy field soil by enrichment method. The isolate exhibited unicellular and filamentous character and are designated and identified as JMCTTKC1-Phormidium pachydermaticum, JMCTTKC3-Oscillatoria chalybea, JMCTTKC4-Oscillatoria tenuis, JMCTTKC5-Oscillatoria ornata, JMCTTKC6-Chroococcus dispersus and JMCTTKC7-Phormidium tenue. The effect of 0.05% of lambdacyhalothrin was analysed on chlorophyll-a and protein content of the cyanobacterial isolates in mineral medium at different time intervals. The maximum level of chlorophyll-a content JMCTTKC4-Oscillatoria tenuis-39.3500µg/mL and protein content JMCTTKC6-Chroococcus dispersus- 99.9µg/mL was recorded on the 9th day sample. At the same time decreased level of chlorophyll-a content JMCTTKC1-Phormidium pachydermaticum-3.8597µg/mL and protein content JMCTTKC3-Oscillatoria chalybea 24.73µg/mL was observed on 13th day sample. From this above observation it was clearly noted that the selected isolates are capable of degrading Lamdacyhalothrin pesticide and used its metabolites as a sole carbon and nitrogen source for their growth.

Hereditary gingival fibromatosis (FGH) is a gingival pathology of genetic origin characterized by a slow and progressive proliferation of the keratinized gingiva. The diagnosis is clinical, confirmed by histology. The treatment is surgical and involves the excision of excess tissue with gingivoplasty, but the recurrence rate remains high, especially in severe cases. We report a case of generalized FGH, whose evolution was favorable after surgical treatment. Observation: A 42-year-old patient, with no notable history, who presented in our consultation for a gingival hypertrophy evolving since childhood. Endobuccal examination showed diffuse gingival hypertrophy with poor oral status. Gingival biopsy revealed gingival fibromatosis. Treatment consisted of excision of excess tissue with gingivoplasty. No recidivism after a decline of three years. Discussion: FGH is a genetic gingival pathology whose clinical appearance is variable, it may be generalized or localized to a maxillary sector, isolated or associated. The positive diagnosis is mostly clinical confirmed by histology (hyperplastic epithelium and dense connective tissue), the treatment is surgical and consists of excision of excess gingival tissue with gingivoplasty. Our patient has a severe FGH that has evolved after surgical treatment

Presently an experiment was conducted so as to understand the moulting behaviour in freshwater crab Maydelliatelphusa masoniana in the laboratory conditions. Out of eight crabs only five could moult while three died during ecdysis. All the crabs exhibited the same pattern of moulting viz., appearance of double lining in pereiopods, the old carapace becoming light in colour follow by its split along the posterolateral margin of the dorsal side, anterolateral border of the ventral side and posterior border of the chelipeds and legs. A new pre-exuvial soft layer is formed below the old carapace. The whole process of moulting got completed within 20-25 minutes.

Staff development is crucial as it equips workers with life long survival skills on their jobs. Staff development also bridges the gap between the teachers’ available acquired skills and the new teaching skills required in the curriculum. Staff development is therefore concerned with the expansion of knowledge and skills of teachers so that they contribute to their growth in relation to their jobs and improve student learning through enhanced performance by the teachers. This study sought to evaluate the effectiveness of school based staff development programmes in Zimbabwean secondary schools using the quantitative paradigm. The study employed the survey descriptive design. The target population comprised all schools in Gweru District using a sample of 220 teachers and heads composed of 112 females and 108 males. All the information was collected using a questionnaire which had both close-ended questions and open-ended questions. The study revealed that lack of follow up evaluation sessions to staff development programmes affect the effectiveness of staff development design and implementation. The study also revealed that time allocated to staff development programmes was not adequate resources. The study recommends that there should be adequate resources to effectively plan and implement staff development programmes and that staff development programmes must be allocated enough time for them to be effectively carried out.

The Murrel fish (Channa striata) is a of freshwater fish species, native to South Asian region and it contains high nutritional values. The murrel fish is a good source of Omega fatty acids and proteins, omega fatty acids and proteins helps to speed up the healing processes. For the present study Murrel Fish is purchased from local market of Aurangabad (MS) India. The fatty acid composition of oil extracted from Murrel fish has been investigated. Fatty acid composition of the oil is determined by Gas Chromatography. It is found that the Murrel Fish is rich in Palmitic acid, Stearic acid, Oleic acid, and Linoleic acid. Arachidonic acid, Behenic acid & Ricinoleic acid are also found in Murrel fish.

The parotid gland lipomas are rare; they are located mainly in the superficial lobe. We report 3 cases of parotid lipomas whose diagnosis was suspected by tomodensitometry and confirmed by histology. Treatment was a superficial parotidectomy for two patients and enucleation for one patient. Parotid lipomas are located mainly in the superficial lobe. The diagnosis is based on imaging, but only histology can confirm. The treatment of superficial lipomas is based on superficial lobe parotidectomy but sometimes enucleation could be enough. In all cases, the recurrence rate is very low

Nowadays, Aquatic pollution has become a global problem. Fishes are sensitive to a wide variety of pesticide chemicals. The effect of Cypermethrin (25% EC) pesticide on behaviour and histopathology of black molly, P. latipinna is studied. The 96hr LC50 concentration is found as 0.035ppm. 1/10th of the concentration 0.0035ppm is used for this study. Decreased swimming activity, excessive secretions of mucous around opercular region are observed in Cypermethrin exposed fishes. The gill histopathological changes observed in at 1st, 4th, 8th, 12th and 16th day of 0.0035ppm exposure exhibited gill lamellae includes less affected and less damages in the gill structures, curling and fusion and shortening of gill lamellae, severe necrosis in primary and secondary gill lamellae, club shaped secondary gill lamellae. Cypermethrin (25% EC) pesticide becomes toxic to the aquatic organisms even in low concentration.

The purpose of present research work was to fabricate patient friendly, immediate release oral film of ondansetron hydrochloride using hydrophilic excipients. The film was prepared by solvent casting method. Hydroxyethyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinylpyrrolidone k30 along with different plasticizers (peg 400 and pg) were scrutinized for film formulation. The auxiliary excipients used were sodium saccharin and sodium lauryl sulphate. The final selection was done with hydroxyethyl cellulose as a film former and peg 400 as a plasticizer for the film. The drug loaded films of hydroxyethyl cellulose were evaluated for thickness, uniformity in drug content, folding endurance, disintegration time, in-vitro drug release studies, tensile strength and drug-excipient compatibility studies. Taste masking was done by novel sandwich technology (placing the ondansetron hydrochloride film between two listerine pocket pack films). This approach can be used as platform technology for other formulations also. Optimization of film was done by 32 factorial design taking amount of hydroxyethyl cellulose and sodium lauryl sulphate as independent variables, while disintegration time (dt), % cumulative drug release and folding endurance as response variables. Polynomial equations were derived. The validity of equations was checked by preparing check point batches. Response surface plots were constructed using design expert software. This exercise facilitates bio batch selection. Better predictive ability was achieved, when artificial neural network (ann) was used in place of regression analysis. Batch of3 containing hydroxyethyl cellulose showed disintegration time of 16 sec and 94.35 % drug release in 8 minutes.

Aqueous plant extracts in ophthalmic preparations is not uncommon. Folklore (Indigenous) herbal preparations in this regard claim to cure eye diseases need to be explored. Antimicrobial potency of such herbal formulation is studied with comparison of its efficacy against selected pathogens associated with eye diseases helps for its standardization and validation as well. Hence Herbal formulations were taken and their antimicrobial efficacy was compared with standard treatises against wide range of eye pathogens. Both agar well and disc diffusion methods were followed for this purpose. Effect of extract on viability of microbes was also studied taking absorbance data at 600nm spectral wavelength. The multidrug resistance of the strains was also tested prior to their use in antimicrobial sensitivity test. The antibacterial efficacy of standard eye drop showed highest zone of inhibition against E. coli and lowest against P. vulgaris. Similarly the indigenously prepared eye drop was found to be with fewer efficacies. However the 50% diluted ophthalmic preparation showed higher degree of inhibition was revealed. The study explored that the diluted and standardized indigenously prepared ophthalmic solution can be used as a more potential drug at least against microbe associated and induced eye diseases.

This study aimed to explore the gender and hierarchical level differences in loneliness at work. A sample of 143 employees who worked at the Thai government bank headquarters was gathered by using proportional stratified sampling technique. Loneliness at Work Scale (LWS) was modified to use as the instrument for data collection. Results of independent samples t-test analysis revealed that there was a significant difference in males and females with respect to loneliness at work (t = 3.079, p < 0.002). This suggested that males were experiencing loneliness at work more than females. Results also showed a significant difference in employees and employers with respect to loneliness at work (t = -3.458, p < 0.001). This suggested that employees were experiencing loneliness at work less than employers. This present study suggested that the further study should compare mean differences of loneliness in the workplace in other sociodemographic variables.

Drought causes decline in bio-productivity, affects livelihoods and threatens food security. However, it has been observed that access to assets (such as natural capital) and diversification of livelihood help in ameliorating drought risk. The aim of this paper is to examine the contributions of ownership of assets and livelihood diversification in the overall adaptation to drought of farming communities in Bungudu, Dange, Dawakin-Tofa and Rimi in Northwestern Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling adopted by this study led to the selection of four localities and eighty smallholder farmer households. The research used indicators for measuring adaptive capacity to construct an adaptive capacity index. The values of the indicators were normalized. All the normalized scores lie between -1 and 0. Then scorecard method was used to compare and rank contributions of ownership of assets and livelihood diversification to the adaptation to drought of the four communities. The Adaptation Index generated has shown that Dawakin-Tofa with scores the highest score (43.5) has been ranked 1st is among the communities with highest ownership of small ruminants and is the most adaptive among the four communities. The findings of this study have corroborated work that shown that low adaptation to drought is associated with among other things lacking of livestocks (including small ruminants). It is concluded that ownership of small ruminants scored highest and has been ranked 1st in its contribution to adaptation to drought in ¾ communities of the study area. The recommendations of this study are geared towards enhancing sustainable livelihood of the communities.

This study was conducted in 2017 among postgraduates students pursuing a business qualification at Kampala International University, Uganda; emotional intelligence (EI) was the predictor variable and leadership skills was the response variable. Testing four hypothesis: (i) Emotional intelligence has a significant positive effect on Leadership skills among postgraduate students in business management at Kampala International University, Uganda, (ii) There is a significant difference between gender and level of Leadership skills among postgraduate students in business management at Kampala International University, Uganda, (iii)There is a significant difference between age groups and level of Leadership skills among postgraduate students in business management at Kampala International University, Uganda, (iv) There is a significant difference between work experience and level of Leadership skills among postgraduate students in business management at Kampala International University, Uganda; the study adopted a descriptive- correlational research design. Purposive sampling was used to identify the 93 employed/working students who were considered for the study. The findings of the study revealed that there was a significant effect between emotional intelligence and leadership skills (r2= .33, p<.001); there was no significant difference between gender and leadership skills; there was a significant difference between age groups and leadership skills; and there was no significant difference between work experience and leadership skills. On the basis of the findings, conclusions and recommendations were made. The study provided additional evidence confirming the role of emotional intelligence in leadership and how age influences leadership skills as called for by Van Solinge, 2014.