Good multitudes of Cameroonian cities are characterized by a strong recurrence urban front issuant of combined population surge and industrialization. Douala as a sub-Saharan millionaire city witnessed an accelerated spiral of population increase and spatial sprawl in the wake of uncontrolled development of fronts. The fronts depict dynamic limits of growth of urban perimeters with uncoordinated urban physiognomy. The development of Douala is not homogenous in its planning and infrastructural growth due to improper monitoring of urbanisation process. This paper examines the modus-operandi of front development in the city and explains the gaps that have led to an unproductive dynamics of fronts in Douala. The study aims at mapping existing urban fronts and introducing control strategies to reduce unproductive front development in Douala. Field observations, interviews, on-the-spot appraisals, archival sources and documentary research constituted significant data collection sources. The urban space of Douala was determined from satellite images of two periods while the population increase was treated through the Microsoft excel spreadsheet to obtain results. Results revealed that urban front proliferation in Douala is triggered by a rapid population upsurge representing some 405.87% increase in 40 years with the population moving from 476.000 inhabitants in 1975, to 1.931.977 in 2015. The urban space of Douala increased in 24,251 hectares for the past 44 years passing from 3249 hectares in 1970 to 27500 in 2014. Douala is largely an archetypical urban mismanagement territory of poor planning policies, uncoordinated spatial layout of urban settlement and anarchical occupation of land. Legislation and governance has not succeeded in shaping land ownership and buildings leading to anarchy and unproductive dynamics of the fronts in the city. The paper suggests that a participatory management approach involving the public and private actors be used to implement control and address the anarchy that reigns in Douala.

Appendicitis represents one of the most common causes of abdominal pain and is the most common emergent surgical condition of the abdomen. Timely diagnosis and treatment of appendicitis is necessary to reduce the risk of perforation which is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Objective of the study is to determine the accuracy of the ultrasonographic examination in cases of appendicitis confirmed with that of surgeon's post-operative findings. A total number of 100 patients (56 men and 44 women) selected by non-probability convenience sampling over a period of 8 months, with the clinical suspicion of appendicitis, were subjected to abdominal ultrasonographic examination. Ultrasound positive cases were subjected to surgery. The accuracy of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of appendicitis was compared with clinical diagnosis and post-operative findings. Out of 100 cases that underwent ultrasonography, 74 cases were sonographically positive for appendicitis and 16 cases were negative. The overall specificity of ultrasound was 56.52% and the sensitivity was 96.1% in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis, with PPV, NPV of 88.1% and 81.25. Overall accuracy was 87%. Conclusion: Acute appendicitis is a common indication for emergency abdominal surgery. Ultrasonography is still a useful tool in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis in spite of sophisticated investigations like CT abdomen and laparoscopy; thus, reducing the cost of treatment and preventing negative laparotomies.

The article considers various issues related to the peculiarities of using a package of polymers in pharmaceutics. The main types of packaging from polymers for pharmaceutical preparations are analyzed. The main requirements for materials for packaging various drugs are defined. Classification of pharmaceutical preparations by the method of their application and packaging is presented. The classification of pharmaceutical preparations according to the dosage type, the type of treatment, the method of their packaging, and general requirements has been developed. It is shown that the proposed classifications became a prerequisite for the selection of eight basic pharmaceutical preparations types and materials for them. The diagrams of the percentage materials ratio in selected pharmaceutical preparations are constructed. The analysis of the corresponding diagram showed that polypropylene (PP) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) are most widely used. The most widespread use of materials for packaging pharmaceuticals has been analyzed the main polymers properties have been identified, the presence of which is necessary for the manufacture of packaging

A stability indicating method was developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of Emtricitabine, Tenofovir and Rilpivirine in pharmaceutical dosage form by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The chromatographic separation was performed using the Kromasil C18 (250mm × 4.6mm, 5µ) column run in an isocratic mode with a flow rate of 1mL/min at ambient temperature. The mobile phase consists of 0.01N Potassium dihydrogen phosphate and Acetonitrile in the ratio 65:35 (v/v/) and detected at the wave length 279nm. The retention times for Emtricitabine, Tenofovir and Rilpivirine were found to be 4.35min, 2.05min and 3.61min respectively. The drugs obeyed Beer’s law in the concentration range of 50µg/mL to 300µg/mL for Emtricitabine, 75µg/mL to 450µg/ml for Tenofovir and 6.25µg/mL to 37.5µg/mL for Rilpivirine respectively. The method was validated as per ICH guidelines for accuracy, precision, specificity, ruggedness, robustness and stability. The standard solution was subjected to stress conditions such as acidic, basic, oxidative, neutral, photolytic and thermal conditions. The net degradation was found to be within the limits

Various substituted ketones (R1-R10) were condensed with Thiophene aldehyde in the presence of ethanol to get various chalcones (P1-P10). Resulted chalcones were then made to react with hydrazine hydrate and hydrazine hydrate derivatives to get the various Pyrazoline compounds (PP1-PP10 and AA1-AA10). The structures of these compounds are established on the basis of elemental analysis and spectral analysis (UV, IR and NMR etc.). The synthesized compounds were evaluated for antimicrobial activity. All these compounds were found effective against almost all microorganisms.

Abstract: Biodiversity has become one of the major environmental issues of our time especially with the on-setting climate change. The basic problem is the increased rate of extinction as a result of expanding human population, over exploitation of natural resources, land clearing and land use development for mono agriculture without vast integration of trees into crop production. Biodiversity refers to the life forms on earth and include the millions of plants, animals, birds and micro-organisms, the gene they contain and the intricate ecosystems they help to built into living environment. If the biological wealth of the world is to be maintained, the benefits of biodiversity in agroforestry need an international recognition. It forms the major part of our life-support systems. It constitutes the source of all our food and much of our raw materials. In order to create the necessary consciousness that would lead to wise use of land and conservation of biodiversity, the knowledge of the benefits of biodiversity in agroforestry should be wide spread. This paper highlights some of these benefits.

Blood transfusion system is a basic necessity of health care delivery system. As off now more than 700 antigens and about 30 blood group systems have been identified. ABO and Rhesus (Rh) blood group systems are most important tool for blood transfusion, parental testing, legal medicine and in population genetic study. It is immensely important to identify the working pattern of a blood bank of rural West Bengal as it will facilitate to generate appropriate policies for better service. The main objective of the study is to determine age and sex wise frequency and distribution of ABO and Rh blood group pattern among blood donors and working pattern of newly developed blood bank and compare with other data from similar studies. Retrospective study was conducted at Blood bank of Khatra Sub-divisional Hospital, West Bengal over a period of one year. Blood group of the donors was determined by standard monoclonal antisera test by tube agglutination technique. Out of 1802 blood donors, 88.62% were male and 11.38% were female. 63 donors were deferred due to hypertension and diabetes. The commonest blood group observed was O+Ve followed by B+Ve and the rare one was AB-Ve. The study had a significant implication regarding the inventory management of blood bank and transfusion services for the patient admitted in the sub-divisional hospital of rural West Bengal and also necessary for the health planners while making efforts to face the future health challenges in this region

Abstract: The aim of this study was to assess the possible risk posed by suspected contaminants in Ekerekana and Okochiri river channels on ecological and human health using a resident fish, Periophthalmodon papillo. In this study, chemical- and bio-monitoring assessments were carried out in two sampling stations, Ekerekana (EKE) and Okochiri (OKO). The chemical monitoring involved sediment and environmental water quality analysis with the goal to identify target chemicals and evaluation of environmental water quality index (EWQI) for Ekerekana and Okochiri river channels. The bio-monitoring involved the assessment of target chemicals in fish tissue for the evaluation of the edibility status of the bio-indicator fish. Fish edibility study showed that the bio-indicator fish was found to be unsafe for consumption because lead (Pb) (5,4mg/kg) and Copper (Cu) (0,99mg/kg) were beyond their oral reference dose (RfD). The FCS showed an average Fish Consumption Rate (CR) of 5.3g/day in Okochiri and 4.6g/day in Ekerekana by subsistence fishers, with an age group range of 20-29 forming the highest consumers. The HQ>1 for Pb and Cu, meaning their levels in the edible part of the study fish is of potential concern and the estimated rate of the fish consumption can be hazardous to human health. The results suggest that the EKE and OKO creeks have a negative ecological and human health impact on the affected communities. There is therefore the urgent need to check the contamination of these creeks and river system in order to avert a more serious environmental consequence.

Bronchogenic cysts (BC) are rare tumours in the mediastinum, but well known to thoracic surgeon. We report a case of symptomatic mediastinal bronchogenic cyst (MBC) in adult who operated on by full thoracoscopy, and we discuss a surgical technic.

Trichobezoar is a rare intriguing disorder in which swallowed hair accumulate in the stomach. Trichobezoar occur most frequently in younger female patients with psychiatric disorders (Trichotillomania and trichophagia). We report a case of gastric trichobezoar in 22 year old female patient, who presented with the complaints of pain in abdomen, loss of appetite and lump in abdomen. Patient was having some cachectic look and without any history of psychiatric disorder and previous gastric surgery. She was investigated with ultrasonography, Barium meal study followed by Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, which confirmed the diagnosis of trichobezoar. She underwent gastrotomy, trichobezoar was removed and she recovered well. Patient was advised to consult in psychiatry but we lost the patient as she did not return in follow up.

One of the most serious complications of DM is cardiovascular disease, particularly among asymptomatic patients or those without glycemic control. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to assess the risk of cardiovascular disease (Heart attack, congestive heart failure, stroke and deep vein thrombosis) among Saudi Diabetic patients. In this study, bout 1406 diabetic patients’ records were retrieved from different hospitals and primary health centers in Hail region, Northern Saudi Arabia. The overall prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) among Saudi diabetic patients was 10.2%. The highest prevalence rate of cardiovascular conditions was pointed out to heart attack followed by stroke, CHF and DVT representing 4%, 3%, 1.6%, and 1.5%, respectively. The prevalence rates of CVD are relatively higher among Saudi diabetic population. There is urgent need for implementing specific strategies to decrease the prevalence of CVD among Saudi diabetic patients.

The government work report is a kind of style with Chinese characters of language expression. Therefore, when translating it, the translator must first understand the source language’s expression and analyze the discourse in order to make effective language conversion. Cohesion is one of the important methods of discourse analysis. In this paper, the author, taking 2017 government work report as an example, analyzes the application of discourse cohesion in government work report, emphasizing the importance of cultivating the ability of intralingual understanding and the awareness of cohesion in the process of Chinese to English Translation.

This study aims to determine the effect of service quality, brand image and promotion of purchasing decisions at MCU Eka Hospital. The research design used was quantitative and descriptive. The study population included 396 service users of MCU Eka Hospital. The sample size is 76 respondents by using purposive sample method. The research data was collected by distributing questionnaires to obtain the required data. Data testing techniques include instrument test and classical assumption test. Methods of data analysis used are multiple linear regression analysis method, t test, f test, coefficient of determination test (R2) and inter-dimensional correlation analysis with the help of SPSS 23.0 for windows program. The results showed that the quality of service, brand image and promotion have a significant positive effect simultaneously to the purchase decision at MCU Eka Hospital. Partially the quality of service has a significant positive effect on purchasing decision, brand image has a significant positive effect on purchasing decision and promotion have a significant positive effect on purchasing decision. Further research is suggested to add other variables that influence purchasing decisions that have not been used in this study such as price, product and customer relationship management.

The law about national education system shows that in learning process, a student as an object of learning is not adequate due to student’s role itself is equal to teacher. Learning process in elementary school is found interesting on condition that teacher is able to optimalize the implementation of proper learning media. In other words, by optimalizing the use of media, learning process would amuse the students and provide a valuable meaning needed in developing the result itself. This article aims to highlight innovation or optimalization of learning-media use established at X Elementary School Bandung in 2015. Research findings show learning process in X Elementary School is unable to comply with expectation. Based on observation result, it shows that learning process is monotonous due to a dull presentation and unvaried performance. By involving students into implementation of learning media, their point of interest in learning can develop as learning process becomes uncomplicated to perceive.

Performance management system is a process that focuses on individual performance against agreed work plans. It is a means of getting better results from the organisational teams and individuals by understanding and managing performance within an agreed-framework of planned goals, objectives and standards. In order therefore to assess individual’s work performance and contributions to the organisation, the performance management system has to be carried out. Zimbabwe has introduced the performance management system in its public sector institutions (including schools) as a way of improving the performance of the civil servants and public organisations. This study seeks to evaluate the impact of performance management on the supervision of teachers in secondary schools in Zimbabwe using the quantitative paradigm. The study adopted the survey descriptive design. The target population comprised all the secondary school teachers in Kwekwe District using a random sample of 200 teachers and 20 heads of schools made up of 112 males and 108 females. All the information was gathered using a questionnaire. The results of the study revealed that performance management had not changed the supervision practices of heads who still stuck to the traditional models of supervision that existed prior to the introduction of performance management. The study also revealed that identified training needs for personnel were not addressed at all. The study recommends that resources and opportunities be made available to address effectively training and development needs identified during performance management reviews in order to effectively improve personnel competencies and benefit the students learning.